@book {311, title = {Culture: The missing element in conservation and development: Abstracts of the 8th National Zoo Symposium held at the National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 1988}, year = {1998}, month = {8-9 April 1988}, pages = {xii, 160 pp.}, publisher = {Kendall/Hunt Publishers}, organization = {Kendall/Hunt Publishers}, address = {Dubuque, IA}, abstract = {

Includes the following papers:

This document contains the abstracts/summaries of the 8th National Zoo Symposium. Topics such as: common property, politics, community involvement, debt trade, indigenous knowledge, traditional wildlife management, natural resource management, and indigenous societies are addressed.

}, keywords = {American Indians, common property, community involvement, debt trade, indigenous knowledge, indigenous societies, local knowledge, Native Americans, natural resource management, politics, rainforests, traditional wildlife management}, isbn = {0787247618; 9780787247614}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/260057590}, author = {National Zoo}, editor = {R. J. Hoage and Katy Moran} } @article {816, title = {Culture based knowledge systems in development: Securing the foundations for a sustainable future}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, institution = {ONAKE Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)}, address = {Canada}, abstract = {Although this report focuses on the knowledge held by the approximately 5,000 indigenous, i.e. culturally distinct ethnic minority and/or tribal people groups world-wide, it as well addresses what is termed "local" or "peasant" knowledge systems. The principal objective of the study has been to document the utility and practicability of building upon and integrating the distinctive knowledge and skill resources held by indigenous peoples world-wide into Canadian ODA and NGO development activities. These knowledge systems cover such practical disciplines as: agronomy; natural resource and forestry management; aquaculture; human and veterinary medicine; nutrition; meteorology; social and management systems; familial based childhood education; consensus management; and environmental sciences. (author)}, keywords = {agronomy, aquaculture, culture, indigenous knowledge, knowledge systems, natural resource management, traditional medicine}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988787997}, author = {Raymond Obomsawin} } @article {593, title = {Indigenous natural-resource management systems for sustainable agricultural development: A global perspective}, journal = {Journal of International Development}, volume = {3}, year = {1991}, note = {An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Symposium on Natural Resource Management Systems held at New Delhi, India, 6?II February 1990 See also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jid.4010030312}, month = {1991}, pages = {387-401}, abstract = {Increasing pressure for food production due to the rapidly growing population has led to the gradual disappearance of numerous indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) related to natural-resource management. This process exposes the earth{\textquoteright}s natural resources to constant ecological instability (such as loss of genetic diversity) and severe environmental vulnerability (such as soil degradation and soil erosion). Recent research on indigenous natural-resource management systems indicates that they are highly sophisticated and complex, reflecting generations of careful observations of the natural and physical environment. Keeping these in view, a literature review has been conducted to identify major consequences of the disappearance of IKSs related to natural-resource management. An attempt has been made to categorize indigenous natural-resource management systems. IKSs documented from all over the globe and received at the Center for Indigenous Knowledge for Agriculture and Rural Development (CIKARD) were used to illustrate specific instances of locally adapted and economically viable indigenous natural-resource management systems. Such examples were found in indigenous agronomic practices, agroforestry, indigenous genetic resources, and pastoral management. An integrated natural-resource management model has been developed with an overall goal of increasing food production by small-scale farmers with a least amount of deterioration to nature{\textquoteright}s resource base. The salient features of the proposed model include promoting small-scale farmer participation, recording indigenous knowledge systems related to natural resource management, conducting diagnostic interviews, evaluating modern technologies and conducting on-farm farmer-oriented research (OFFOR) trials for integrating indigenous and modern technologies. Careful implementation of such a model could contribute to ameliorating the growing natural-resource problems of the developing world such as soil erosion, environmental degradation, and ecological destruction.}, keywords = {natural resource management, on-farm research, participatory research}, doi = {10.1002/jid.4010030312}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.4010030312/abstract}, author = {B. Rajasekaran and D. Michael Warren and S. C. Babu} } @inbook {904, title = {P{\'a}tzcuaro{\textquoteright}s lesson: Nature, production, and culture in an indigenous region of Mexico}, booktitle = {Biodiversity: Culture, conservation, and ecodevelopment}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {147-171}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This document looks at the ecosystem and cultural history in the region of Lake P{\'a}tzcuaro, Mexico. The production activities and use of natural resources (plant and animal, both wild and cultivated) of and by the local indigenous communities are detailed. Activities and knowledge of the Purh{\'e}pecha people are focused upon.}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agricultural ecology, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem, fish, forestry, germplasm resources, household, land redistribution, land tenure, landscapes, maize morphology, Mesoamerica, mestizo, mushroom, Native Americans, natural resource management, pasture, peasants, population, Pur{\'e}pecha, settlements, smallholders, soil classification, subsistence patterns, Tarascans, taxonomy, transect, woodland management}, isbn = {0-8133-7680-7; 978-0-8133-7680-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24467584}, author = {Victor M. Toledo}, editor = {Margery L. Oldfield and Janis B. Alcorn} } @book {310, title = {Conserving the world{\textquoteright}s biological diversity}, year = {1990}, note = {in conjunction with International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund (U.S.); World Bank}, month = {1990}, pages = {193}, publisher = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund-US; World Bank}, organization = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund-US; World Bank}, address = {Gland, Switzerland and Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The elements now exist that will reverse the trend toward the biotic impoverishment of the world. Novel approaches, new financial mechanisms, and new policies need to be applied at the appropriate level of responsibility to translate the new approaches into a reality of improved human well-being and secure biotic heritage. New partners in conservation need to be found, involving all ministries, departments and private institutions that are directly dependent on biological resources. National parks departments, for example should be joined in habitat management by a wide range of other institutions to represent all interests. Furthermore, other line agencies need to develop the capacity to manage biodiversity of particular relevance to their respective missions. Contains following sections:

}, keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, development, natural resource management, policy, rainforests, sustainability, tropical forests}, isbn = {0-8213-1384-3, 0-915824-42-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21193600}, author = {Jeffrey A. McNeely and Kenton R. Miller and Walter V. Reid and Russell A. Mittermeier and Timothy B. Werner} } @article {836, title = {The Cree view of land and resources: Indigenous ecological knowledge}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, institution = {Hamilton, Ontario, Canada}, address = {McMaster University}, abstract = {This document looks at the traditional ecological knowledge (indigenous knowledge) and its relationship with modern society. Specifically, it details the knowledge held by the Cree Indians of Canada{\textquoteright}s north and gives examples and makes suggestions on how indigenous knowledge and development programs can be linked.}, keywords = {American Indians, common property, ethics, Native Americans, natural resource management, worldview}, author = {Fikret Berkes and P. George and Richard Preston and J. Turner} } @article {572, title = {Genetic resource conservation and utilization in the context of international development}, journal = {Diversity}, volume = {6}, year = {1990}, month = {March 1990}, pages = {18-21}, abstract = {The approach presented here, and projects developed in its support, seek to integrate conservation and utilization of genetic resources and increase economic benefits derived from the maintenance of biodiversity. Speeding the use of genetic resources for sustainable agricultural development can be best accomplished by combining the efforts of conservation biologists, social scientists, agronomists, ethnobotanists, and ecologists in an interactive mode. Such teams represent mutual interests for both preservation and use of resource diversity for international development.}, keywords = {Ecuador, natural resource management, Philippines}, author = {Joel I. Cohen and Christopher S. Potter} } @article {719, title = {Usufruct rights to trees: The role of Ekwar in dryland central Turkana, Kenya}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, month = {June 1990}, pages = {163-176}, abstract = {Usufruct rights to trees (Ekwar) in the Turkana silvo-pastoral system are an important aspect of natural resource management, particularly in the drier central parts of Kenya. Originating from a participatory forestry extension program, a survey was carried out that showed the extent and duration, often in excess of one generation, of occupancy of a person{\textquoteright}s Ekwar. Such rights center around the dry season fodder resources, especially of Acacia tortilis. However they are not definite and are linked to risk-spreading by flexibility in livestock management and the need that they be maintained through efficient usage and social linkages. Hitherto, such natural resource management systems have all but been ignored in the development process in favor of the "tragedy of the commons" paradigm. Likewise, pastoral development has tended to emphasize range and water, while trees are not given the attention they deserve. This endangers the resilience of the system, and it is therefore important that development works with, not against, such environmentally-sound practices to try to make them more sustainable in the long term.}, keywords = {East Africa, ecology, Kenya, livestock, natural resource management, pastoralists, tenure, trees, usufruct rights}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602963}, author = {Edmund G. C. Barrow} } @article {573, title = {Grassroots conservation: Veld products and people}, journal = {African Wildlife}, volume = {43}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {286-293}, abstract = {The author calls plants "green glue," meaning they keep the soil together. He uses the term "veld products" and defines it as the use of plants by people for medicine, food supplements, shelter, fuel, etc. He is calling on researchers to develop and expand their focus on veld products. He talks of the needs of both plants and humans, vegetation change and plant use, resource management and conservation. He also talks of the consequences of conservation in his conclusion.}, keywords = {Acacia mearnsii, agroforestry, Australian black wattle, ethnobotany, fuelwood, Institute of Natural Resources, Kwa Zulu, Mark Gandar, medicinal plants, Natal, natural resource management, plants, qwa qwa, resource conservation, resource management, Southern Africa, Southern Life Association}, author = {Tony Cunningham} } @inbook {476, title = {Desertification}, booktitle = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, month = {1987}, pages = {229-238}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

This paper will examine eight issues, selected because they are controversial, four in the realm of the diagnosis of the desertification process, and four in the realm of possible remedies. These issues are:

}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9; 978-0-8213-0909-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, author = {David R. Steeds}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @article {542, title = {Development anthropology and natural resource management}, journal = {L{\textquoteright}Uomo Societa tradizione sviluppo}, volume = {11}, year = {1987}, month = {Summer 1987}, pages = {226-249}, abstract = {

This is an opportune time to attempt an overview of this topic, because anthropologists have, in recent years, made important contributions to development policies and projects that are concerned with natural resources. The author examines several domains, including agriculture, pastoralism and range management, and forestry, with passing attention to others (fisheries, water and irrigation, soil conservation and game). In all these domains, he cites specific examples of anthropologists who have played direct and useful roles in development, in collaboration with governmental and international agencies. These agencies are showing an increased awareness of the potential help that anthropologists can provide, thereby creating a generally open and favorable climate for these activities. The contributions of anthropologists to all of these domains are given more prominence in development and create sensitivity to social and environmental concerns.

Development anthropology is a term that has become accepted over the last two decades, referring to the involvement of social anthropologists in planned attempts to encourage social and economic development, particularly (but not exclusively) in the third world. Dealing with the Institute for Development Anthropology, the United States Agency for International Development, United Nations Development Programme, and others, this report gives consideration to the different roles of development anthropology, followed by an analysis of the sorts of skills and training that are required, paying attention particularly to three overlapping fields: local natural resource management, indigenous knowledge systems and local participation. Then a detailed examination of the natural resource domains is provided. Followed by a review of how anthropologists actually work in this field, and finally ending with some conclusions and recommendations for specific actions.

}, keywords = {Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), IDA, integrated pest management, International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), local natural resource management, natural resource management, natural resources, UNDP, USAID}, author = {David W. Brokensha} } @inbook {477, title = {Farm forestry}, booktitle = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, month = {1987}, pages = {211-222}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The focus of this paper is on managed tree resources outside the forest. It is principally concerned with trees grown on-farm by individuals and with woodlots managed by user groups as a common property resource. It excludes those situations where tree products are still harvested from unmanaged open access resources.

A feature of most systems covered by this definition, which distinguishes them from conventional forestry, is the integration of the trees into predominantly agricultural land use patterns. Other distinguishing features are the small scale, the orientation to meeting local needs and the involvement of the users in the management of the resource.

Until recently, the issues relating to management of such tree resources received remarkably little attention. The mandate of most forest services and forestry research organizations confined their attention to forest areas, and agricultural services were concerned only with those tree species which had been domesticated and adopted as agricultural crops. During the past ten to twenty years, the importance of tree products in the rural economy, and of local tree resources to supply those products, has become widely recognized with the growing attention to the place of the rural sector in the development process, environmental issues, and rising energy costs.

The management of farm and communal resources is as yet only imperfectly understood because it has attracted attention only recently. By comparison with other aspects of developing country agriculture, a severe shortage of quantitative information exists. However, experience is accumulating rapidly, and now allows us to formulate a number of propositions about some of the issues involved.

}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, author = {J. E. M. Arnold}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @inbook {481, title = {The preservation of germplasm}, booktitle = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, month = {1987}, pages = {252-269}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Some people consider germplasm to be the world{\textquoteright}s most valuable natural resource, yet its great value remains largely unrecognized. Long before people had any knowledge of the basis of heredity they applied selection pressures in propagating the plants and animals they domesticated. It is the manipulation of germplasm that has led to the development of agriculture and, thus, of human society. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9}, url = {http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, author = {John A. Pino and Michael S. Strauss}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @inbook {480, title = {Some thoughts on economic development, sustainability, and the environment}, booktitle = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, month = {1987}, pages = {371-382}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This paper addresses issues having to do with economic development and its relationship to environmental and sustainability problems. This set of issues is important for a number of reasons. First, it appears to be widely perceived by many that economic development is the cause of environmental damage and reduction in sustainability. Proponents of this view tend to have an anti-development perspective in their rhetoric. Secondly, this set of issues is important because of its relevance to the World Bank{\textquoteright}s lending program.}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9; 978-0-8213-0909-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, author = {G. Edward Schuh}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @book {389, title = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, month = {1987}, pages = {viii, 383}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Contains following papers:

}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9; 978-0-8213-0909-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @inbook {849, title = {Agricultura en camellones en la cuena del lago Titicaca: aspectos tecnicos y su futuro}, booktitle = {Andenes y Camellones en el Peru Andino: historia presente y futuro}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {331-350}, publisher = {Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Techologia, Oficina de Politica Cientifica y Technologica}, organization = {Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Techologia, Oficina de Politica Cientifica y Technologica}, address = {Lima, Peru}, abstract = {This article examines the past indigenous technology of raised field agriculture on the banks of Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia. The author proposes that individual peasants and communal groups, without extraordinary foreign assistance, can reconstruct the abandoned raised fields and utilize them in new production. The article proposes that the plains of the altiplano, while they are of poor soil and unpredictable weather patterns, can be reclaimed by indigenous populations if the raised fields are cultivated with Andean plants indigenous to the area. The author proposes the principals to sustain this system. They are: the control of water, production, and recycling of nutrients, and managing the microclimate (fish and animals) of the raised fields. The author concludes by examining the future of raised field agriculture in Peru and Bolivia.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, Bolivia, furrow irrigation, hill farming, natural resource management, Peru, raised fields, terraces}, author = {Clark L. Erickson} } @inbook {899, title = {Native cultures and protected areas: Management options}, booktitle = {Culture and conservation: The human dimension in environmental planning}, year = {1985}, note = {Chapter 2}, month = {1985}, pages = {33-44}, publisher = {Croom Helm}, organization = {Croom Helm}, address = {London}, abstract = {On their own lands, the culturally native populations of Latin America protect large areas in natural ecosystems and achieve a renewable resource of a living environment. This relation can be reinforced by each of the four management options for the formal designation and organization or protected areas which are outlined in this paper: native owned lands, where the protection of the area is by native peoples; reserves, where a protected natural area corresponds with the territory of a particular native population; buffer zones, where a protected area serves as a physical or ecological barrier between native lands and the lands of others; and research stations, where certain areas under native management are organized as agricultural or ecological research stations.}, keywords = {common property, commons, community forestry, forest management, land tenure, land use, natural resource management}, author = {Leslie A. Brownrigg}, editor = {Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt} }