@conference {777, title = {Land-use management towards increased biodiversity of ecosystems}, booktitle = {Workshop on Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, abstract = {Farmers on the island of Leyte are utilizing a range of ecosystems along a catena that can reach from primary mountain forest to the pelagial of the adjacent sea. Being a farmer during daytime and a fisherman at night requires a wide range of skills but has historically not brought about a need for the development of a sustainable land use management. This parodistic situation has drastically changed within this century of increasing human population and led to severe degradation of most accessible ecosystems. Research is undertaken to generate new and compact widely scattered indigenous knowledge on the highly diverse flora and fauna of all major ecosystems. The results are translated into environmental awareness and pilot projects. While for the aquatic ecosystems protected reproduction zones are recommended, our efforts to sustain human food production and simultaneously preserve the biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems and their vital functions for mankind, led to the development of a "Closed Canopy \& High Diversity Forest Farming System." The system is aiming to replace the more destructive forms of kaingin practices, form a buffer zone around the primary forests, help maintain the water cycle of the island, and provide our farmers with a stable and higher income. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources, biodiversity, fishing, indigenous farming, Leyte, Philippines}, author = {Paciencia P. Milan and Josef Margraf} } @article {675, title = {The diffusion of {\textquoteright}lambreta,{\textquoteright} an artifcial lure, at B{\'u}zios Island (Brazil)}, journal = {MAST}, volume = {4}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {87-103}, abstract = {

We studied the adoption process of a special jig used to catch bluefish (enchova - Pomatomus saltator) at B{\'u}zios Island. B{\'u}zios Island is a fishing community of about 44 households located in southeast Brazil (S{\~a}o Paulo State). Data were collected through direct observations and interviews. Observations of fishing trips were done at Porto do Meio harbor. The main hook-and-line techniques used to catch bluefish at B{\'u}zios are lambreta (jigging), corrico (trolling) and deep line. The lambreta has been replacing the corrico. Lambreta allows more yield per hour fishing than corrico. Unlike the corrico, it does not require natural bait (nylon skirts give the lure a life-like motion). Innovator categories were also found: younger and full-time fishermen are most likely to adopt the lambreta in contrast to older and part-time fishermen. Both features of the innovation and adopters are important to understand the process of the diffusion of the lambreta among fisherman categories. (author)

}, keywords = {Brazil, fishing}, url = {http://www.marecentre.nl/mast/documents/artikel6_002.pdf}, author = {Alpina Begossi and Peter J. Richerson} } @proceedings {379, title = {Proceedings of "Do It Herself" -- Women and Technological Innovation, Africa Regional Seminar, 23-24 September 1991, Harare, Zimbabwe}, year = {1991}, month = {September 1991}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Development Group}, address = {Rugby, England}, abstract = {

Women have long been regarded as \&$\#$39;non technological\&$\#$39; whilst men have always been granted credit for technological innovations by technical development specialists. Despite the fact that it is women who are widespread users of small-scale technologies with extensive knowledge of their environments and production systems, research and development of new tools and techniques has tended to focus on men\&$\#$39;s activities, and improved equipment has often been introduced to men even where women have been the traditional operators. (author) Includes following case studies:

}, keywords = {aquatic resources, fishing, potters, salt extraction, sorghum}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/876298731} } @inbook {883, title = {Indigenous resource exploitation}, booktitle = {Ecology and Land Management in Amazonia}, year = {1990}, note = {Chapter 4}, month = {1990}, pages = {62-85}, publisher = {Belhaven Press}, organization = {Belhaven Press}, address = {New York/London}, abstract = {This document looks at various forms of indigenous resource exploitation in the Amazon basin. It details plant and animal (both wild and cultivated) use in the forest, savannas, and wetlands by numerous tribes. European influence is also briefly discussed.}, keywords = {Amazon River region, American Indians, Andoke, anteater, aquatic resources, archaeology, Brazil, Colombia, crop production, environmental policy, fishing, food sources, Guyana, hunter-gatherer, maize, manioc, Native Americans, natural resource conservation, nutrition, Piaroa, polyculture, rainforests, shifting cultivation, South America, swiddens, timber , tubers, Uanano, Venezuela, wetlands, Witoto, Yanomamo}, isbn = {1-85293-118-3; 978-1-85293-118-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21195403}, author = {Michael J. Eden} } @article {561, title = {Farming, fishing, and fire in the history of the upper R{\'\i}o Negro region of Venezuela}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {15}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {1-26}, abstract = {Studies of R{\'\i}o Negro subsistence farming and fishing activities are used to estimate the human carrying capacity for the region and the likely pattern of human land-use during prehistory. Ceramic evidence suggests human presence in the region more than 3,000 years ago. Traditional farming is labor intensive and relatively unproductive. Nevertheless, farmers achieve an energy return of 15.2:1, and produce 2,600 kcal per work hour. Fish are the major protein source, but fish catch per unit of effort and fish yield per hectare of floodplain are very low; fishermen are probably exploiting local fish resources very close to their limit. The low human population density would suggest that the R{\'\i}o Negro forest has been relatively undisturbed. Nevertheless, charcoal is widespread and abundant in forest soils. This charcoal is probably from anthropogenic or natural wildfires. These results suggest a much more complex history for Amazonia than previously thought. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, Amazon, energetics, fire, fishing, subsistence agriculture, Venezuela, wildfires}, doi = {10.1007/BF00891369}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602829}, author = {Kathleen Clark and Christopher Uhl} } @article {681, title = {The economy of the Batek of Malaysia: Annual and historical perspectives}, journal = {Research in Economic Anthropology}, volume = {6}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {29-52}, abstract = {This paper describes and provides an analyses of the economy of one Semang group, the Batek De{\textquoteright} of Kelantan. The paper focuses on the variation in economic activity, both seasonally and historically (since 1875), and attempt to determine the principles that govern these variations. Also, an attempt to explain why the Batek follow a hunter-gather lifeway rather than another possible way of life (i.e., swidden) is made.}, keywords = {agriculture, aquatic resources, Batek, Batek De{\textquoteright}, economic anthropology, economics, fishing, gathering, hunter-gatherer, hunting, Kelantan, Lebir River, Malaysia, peasants, rattan trading, Semang, trading}, author = {Kirk Endicott} } @article {616, title = {Marine conservation in relation to traditional life-styles of tropical artisanal fishermen}, journal = {The Environmentalist}, volume = {4}, year = {1984}, month = {July 1984}, pages = {30-35}, abstract = {

Managing a resource involves regulating the behaviour of the people whose activities affect that resource. In order to do so effectively, therefore, it is necessary to study not only the resource itself, but also the local methods, traditions and knowledge associated with its use. Artisanal fishermen often act in ways that deliberately or inadvertently function as conservation measures. Such traditional practices include the observation of fishing rights (a form of limited entry), and self-imposed closed seasons, closed areas, and gear restrictions. Management and conservation laws that are compatible with such customs are more liable to achieve public acceptance than those that are perceived as alien. Such acceptance is especially important in developing tropical countries because money and personnel available for enforcement are generally minimal.

Scientific knowledge concerning natural resources in the tropics is often inadequate. Traditional users of these resources possess knowledge about them that can be of considerable value to conservationists and resource managers. Such knowledge includes information on fish migrations, the timing and location of spawning of various species and the locations of important fishing sites that should be protected from deleterious human activities such as pollution, dredging and filling.

}, keywords = {conservation measure, fishing, local method, resource manager, scientific knowledge}, doi = {10.1007/BF01907290}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01907290}, author = {R. E. Johannes} } @book {396, title = {The Aymara Indians of the Lake Titicaca Plateau, Bolivia}, series = {American Anthropologist Association: Memoirs}, volume = {50; 1, Part 2}, year = {1948}, month = {January 1948}, pages = {250 pp.; 13 p of plates; 70-77, 204-205}, publisher = {American Anthropological Association}, organization = {American Anthropological Association}, address = {Menasha, WI}, abstract = {This paper focuses on the Aymara Indians of Bolivia. The areas discussed are animal husbandry, fishing, hunting, and ethnobotany. All of these are discussed as a major topic of Aymara culture and economy.}, keywords = {animal husbandry, Aymara Indians, culture, economics, ethnobotany, fishing, hunting}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610259267}, author = {Raoul Weston La Barre} }