@inbook {882, title = {Indigenous knowledge and resource management systems in the Canadian subarctic}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {2000}, note = {CIKARD paper is from a workshop on Linking Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability. Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Sweden. Draft, August 1994}, month = {2000}, pages = {95-128}, abstract = {The Cree Amerindians of subarctic Canada lived as a group of hunter-gatherers. The social systems of the Cree and the ecological systems they have depended upon have survived for a long time. The paper explores possible mechanisms (local knowledge, resource management practices, institutions, worldview) that enabled this survival, and the ways in which these mechanisms may have evolved.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, Cree Indians, ecology, wildlife }, url = {https://worldcat.org/en/title/36470157}, author = {Fikret Berkes}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke and Johan Colding (assistant Ed.)} } @article {678, title = {The ecological and social consequences of conversion to Christianity among the Rungus Dusun of Sabah, Malaysia}, journal = {Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography}, volume = {11}, year = {1997}, note = {CIKARD collection contains the 1987 revised copy of the article (manuscript).}, month = {January 1997}, pages = {61-99}, abstract = {This paper looks at the effects of conversion to Christianity amongst the Rungus people of Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo) on the culture and the environment. Some of the consequences proposed include degradation of the forests, deterioration of water systems, and a breakdown of Rungus culture. Also proposed is the possible damage to the nutrient cycle and an increase in health problems. Includes reasons for conversion, outline of traditional Rungus religion, and a summary of traditional swidden agriculture.}, keywords = {ecology, nutrition}, author = {George N. Appell} } @proceedings {347, title = {Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992}, year = {1993}, publisher = {Regional Program for the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia, International Institute of Rural Reconstruction}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {

Contains the following papers:

}, keywords = {agricultural innovations, aquaculture, congresses, ecology, fish culture, Java, Kasepuhan, rice, rice-fish culture, sustainable development}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820560133}, author = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)} } @conference {805, title = {Traditional ecological knowledge in perspective}, booktitle = {Traditional ecological knowledge: Concepts and cases}, year = {1993}, month = {March 1993}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada}, organization = {Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada}, address = {International Program on Traditional Ecological Knowledge/IDRC}, abstract = {This paper deals with the concept of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). It outlines a definition of TEK and the spread of the idea. Included is a section on the similarities and differences between indigenous science and Western Science. Also included is a section on the practical applications/importance of TEK.}, keywords = {ecology, indigenous knowledge}, url = {https://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b10756577a.pdf}, author = {Fikret Berkes}, editor = {Julian T. Inglis} } @inbook {880, title = {Indigenous history and Amazonian biodiversity}, booktitle = {Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today{\textquoteright}s Challenges in Central and South America: Proceedings of a Conference Sponsored by the Forest History Society and IUFRO Forestry History Group, Conference held in San Jos{\'e}, Costa Rica}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {185-197}, publisher = {Forest History Society}, organization = {Forest History Society}, address = {Durham, NC}, abstract = {The rich biodiversity of Central and South American forests are undergoing difficult times. These forests have been altered throughout history, first by indigenous farming practices and now by state and private sustainable agriculture programs. Swidden type agriculture, practiced by indigenous people, converted many forests to fallows. Fallows and high forests can be compared using the Jaccard coefficient, which is simply the total number of species in a sample area. These numbers tell us that fallow forests represent indigenous reforestation, insofar as species richness of high forests are being replaced by an equivalently rich secondary forest. The number of most important species between fallow and high forests are significantly and predictably different. The indigenous farming practices are undoubtly less destructive than state practices. If modern states cannot protect the remaining indigenous populations, they may lose an abundance of knowledge relating to resource use, management, and biological and ecological diversification. (author)}, keywords = {biodiversity, Central America, ecology, forestry, South America}, isbn = {0-8223-1247-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25787422}, author = {William L. Balée}, editor = {Harold K. Steen and Richard P. Tucker} } @conference {794, title = {Rice and fish: Dual function of rice fields among the Kasepuhan people in West Java}, booktitle = { Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992}, year = {1992}, month = {Sept. 21-25 1992}, publisher = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)}, organization = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {

In West Java there is a group of people whose social world is considered to be almost completely based on traditional manners and custom. This particular community is the Kasepuhan people. They live on the slope of Mt. Halimun in the southern part of West Java. The Kasepuhan people still practice swidden agriculture, as well as wet rice agriculture. Until now they have refused the government proposal to change the planting and harvesting of rice from one to two times a year. This proposal is in conflict with their traditional belief. However, the government looks at this refusal as a protest to their agriculture development policy.

During the period of rest in the rice paddy field, fish are raised. This process brings economic as well as ecological benefits for the Kasepuhan people.

}, keywords = {aquaculture, ecology, fish culture, Java, Kasepuhan, rice, rice-fish culture}, author = {Kusnaka Adimihardja} } @book {392, title = {Taking care of Sib{\"o}{\textquoteright}s gifts: An environmental treatise from Costa Rica{\textquoteright}s K{\'e}k{\"o}Ldi Indigenous Reserve}, year = {1991}, note = {

Publisher noted in Ecology, ethnobotany, Rainforest, and Traditional Medicine original files: Editorama, S.A.

}, month = {1991}, publisher = {Asociaci{\'o}n de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Ind{\'\i}gena Cocles/K{\'e}k{\"o}Ldi}, organization = {Asociaci{\'o}n de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Ind{\'\i}gena Cocles/K{\'e}k{\"o}Ldi}, address = {San Jos{\'e}, Costa Rica}, abstract = {This document details an example of the relationship that indigenous societies have with their environment and how they specifically set out to conserve their natural surroundings. A definition of what indigenous people are is given. Issues and laws surrounding conservation of rainforest resources (botanical and zoological) in the K{\'e}k{\"o}ldi region on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica are explained.}, keywords = {Central America, ecology, ethnobotany, medicinal plants, natural conservation, rainforests}, isbn = {9977-88-006-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24535846}, author = {Paula Palmer and Juanita S{\'a}nchez and Gloria Mayorga} } @book {294, title = {Alternatives to deforestation: Steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest}, year = {1990}, month = {July 1990}, pages = {281 pp.}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, organization = {Columbia University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Alternatives to Deforestation explores some of the possible sustainable uses of the world{\textquoteright}s largest rain forest, the Amazon. The collection by scientists, policy makers, and foundations presents innovative approaches and technologies that will permit simultaneous use and conservation of the rain forest, and will benefit the population of Amazonia as a whole, rather than just a small rural minority. By presenting sustainable land-use alternatives that are both economically viable and ecologically sound, this book represents a valuable contribution in the effort to end the tragic consequences of tropical deforestation. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazon, deforestation, ecology}, isbn = {0-231-06892-1; 978-0-231-06892-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/803206060}, editor = {Anthony B. Anderson} } @inbook {878, title = {Indigenous agroforestry strategies meeting farmers{\textquoteright} needs}, booktitle = {Alternatives to deforestation: Steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest.}, year = {1990}, note = {Author Affiliation: Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA}, month = {1990}, pages = {141-151}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, organization = {Columbia University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Seven characteristics of indigenous agroforestry strategies are discussed: they incorporate native trees and communities; they rely on natural succession; they use natural environmental variation; they incorporate numerous crop and native species; they are flexible; they spread risks by retaining diversity; and they work to ensure independent survival using backup resources available to the community. Specific examples from the sequential agroforestry and forest grove systems of Mexican Huastec and Peruvian Bora farmers show the ways in which indigenous strategies are used.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Bora, deforestation, ecology, Huastec, Mexico, Peru}, isbn = {0-231-06892-1; 978-0-231-06892-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/803206060}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn}, editor = {Anthony B. Anderson} } @article {589, title = {Indigenous knowledge and economic production: The food crop cultivation, preservation and storage methods of a West African community}, journal = {Ecology of Food and Nutrition}, volume = {24}, year = {1990}, month = {January 1990}, pages = {1-20}, abstract = {This paper examines specific cultivation, preservation and storage techniques for some selected staple crops in the food farming community of Ayirebi, near Akyem Oda in southeastern Ghana. The traditional subsistence methods of Ayirebi farming households are well adapted to the social and geographical environments of the region. The long-term future of developing African communities may well lie in building up thriving rural communities producing the food needed by the wider population. However, before this can be achieved, the particular food cultivation strategies of local communities need to be understood. Micro-level studies such as this one will provide specific data vital to formulating and implementing a general agenda for national agricultural and economic development.}, keywords = {cultivation, ecology, foodstuffs, Ghana, processing, storage, sustainable development, West Africa}, doi = {10.1080/03670244.1990.9991115}, author = {George J.S. Dei} } @article {719, title = {Usufruct rights to trees: The role of Ekwar in dryland central Turkana, Kenya}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, month = {June 1990}, pages = {163-176}, abstract = {Usufruct rights to trees (Ekwar) in the Turkana silvo-pastoral system are an important aspect of natural resource management, particularly in the drier central parts of Kenya. Originating from a participatory forestry extension program, a survey was carried out that showed the extent and duration, often in excess of one generation, of occupancy of a person{\textquoteright}s Ekwar. Such rights center around the dry season fodder resources, especially of Acacia tortilis. However they are not definite and are linked to risk-spreading by flexibility in livestock management and the need that they be maintained through efficient usage and social linkages. Hitherto, such natural resource management systems have all but been ignored in the development process in favor of the "tragedy of the commons" paradigm. Likewise, pastoral development has tended to emphasize range and water, while trees are not given the attention they deserve. This endangers the resilience of the system, and it is therefore important that development works with, not against, such environmentally-sound practices to try to make them more sustainable in the long term.}, keywords = {East Africa, ecology, Kenya, livestock, natural resource management, pastoralists, tenure, trees, usufruct rights}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602963}, author = {Edmund G. C. Barrow} } @inbook {933, title = {Why study traditional agriculture?}, booktitle = {Agroecology}, series = {Biological resource management}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {551-564}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, address = {New York}, abstract = {It is difficult to separate the study of agricultural systems from the study of the cultures that nurture them. For this reason, this paper deals with both the complexity of the production systems as well as with the sophistication of the knowledge of the people that manage them. This paper also attempts to integrate the arguments advanced by both social scientists and biologists, in order to justify the need to continue studying traditional agroecosystems. It is here argued that rescue of this knowledge must occur rapidly, not only because it is being irreversibly lost, but also because it is crucial for the advancement of agricultural ecology.}, keywords = {agricultural ecology, ecology}, isbn = {0-07-052923-X; 978-0-07-052923-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20055574}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri}, editor = {C. Ronald Caroll and John H. Vandermeer and Peter M. Rosset} } @proceedings {421, title = {Workshop to develop an Agroforestry Technology Information Kit, November 4-13, 1989}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, publisher = {Philippene Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR); International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR); Ford Foundation (FF)}, address = {Quezon City, Philippines; Silang Cavite, Philippines; Manila, Philippines}, abstract = {The "Agroforestry Technology Information Kit" was prepared for the use and guidance of the Social Forestry Officers and Technicians of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. This kit was meant to help our forestry officers and technicians be effective in their role as extension workers for the upland dwellers. It is full of narative know-how and skills that make life in the uplands more meaningful, profitable and ecologically sustainable. It is well-prepared and if properly operationalized and seriously implemented, it is expected to create a new dimension in the struggle for upland rehibilitation that can only be maintained through concerted and sustained effort of the government and the people. This kit is Philippine- focused: it is intended for use primarily in support of the training of DENR{\textquoteright}s 1,200 technicians for its Social Forestry Program nationwide. This program of DENR aims to give the Filipino uplanders access to forest lands for a tenure of 25 years or more. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, conservation, ecology, Filipino, fruit, home-lot, livestock, management, natural resources, Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources, plants, seeds, soil and water conservation (SWC), sustainability, Taungya System, trees, water }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51168241}, editor = {Francis Korten and Romulo del Castillo and Julian Gonsalves and Jaime Roquillo and Forester Nicanor Iscala Jr} } @book {303, title = {Common property resources: Ecology and community-based sustainable development}, year = {1989}, note = {Published in association with the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; Conference on Conservation Development Implementing the World Conservation Strategy (1986: Ottawa, Ont); World Congress of Ecology (4th: 1986: Syracuse, NY)}, month = {1989}, pages = {302}, publisher = {Belhaven Press}, organization = {Belhaven Press}, address = {London; New York}, abstract = {Includes the following papers presented at the Conference on Conservation and Development: Implementing the World Conservation Strategy, held June 1986, Ottawa and the Fourth International Congress of Ecology, held Aug 1986, Syracuse, NY: Institutional arrangements for management of rural resources: common-property regimes; Natural resources: access, rights-to-use and management; The evolution of appropriate resource-management systems; Cooperation from the perspective of human ecology; Graphs and gaffs: A cautionary tale in the common-property resources debate; Reforming the use of natural resources; Multi-jurisdictional resources: testing a typology for problem structuring; Meeting environmental concerns caused by common-property mismanagement in economic development projects; Solving the common-property dilemma: Village fisheries rights in Japanese coastal waters; The evolution of Mexico{\textquoteright}s spiny lobster fishery; Where have all the exploiters gone? Co-management of the Maine lobster industry; Water as common property: The case of irrigation water rights in the Philippines; On the diversification of common-property resource use by Indian society; Changes taking place in common-property resource management in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali; Traditional resource management in the Melanesian South Pacific: A development dilemma.}, keywords = {congresses, Conservation of natural resources, ecology, economic development, environmental aspects}, isbn = {1-85293-080-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/478258426}, editor = {Fikret Berkes} } @inbook {863, title = {Costs and benefits of floodplain forest management by rural inhabitants in the Amazon estuary: A case study of Acai palm production}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {114-129}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

This chapter is a case study of an economically productive and ecologically sustainable land use that has evolved among traditional inhabitants in the floodplain of the Amazon estuary. These river dwellers (\"ribeirinhos\"), typically mestizo in ethnicity, constitute a living bridge between indigenous Amerindian knowledge of the natural diversity and inherent productivity of the Amazon\&$\#$39;s floodplain resources and the modern world with its more limited view of the economic potential of natural ecosystems. The river dwellers of the Amazon estuary participate in the market economy, and are often mistakenly included in the economically marginal, rural population of lesser-developed countries that recent multi-lateral development programs have sought to advance. What prevailing development programs have failed to consider is how the river dwellers\&$\#$39; knowledge of their environment can contribute to a better use of fragile lands in the floodplain.

The present case study does not aspire to propose a comprehensive sustainable land-use strategy for the Amazon\&$\#$39;s floodplain (\"varzea\"). Rather, it focuses on the economic potential of one important natural resource element in the regional economy, the \"acai\" palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). We report the findings of a field experiment designed to measure the effects of different management practices utilized by river dwellers on fruit yields in natural stands of acai. Although measurements of the effects of these practices on other floodplain forest species were not included in this experiment, our findings are important since acai is the foremost commercial floodplain forest resource for rural inhabitants over extensive areas of the estuary. The case study described in this chapter is particularly interesting because rural inhabitants of the Amazon estuary implement an extensive form of land use in a biotope generally considered to have the greatest potential for intensive agriculture in Amazonia: the varzea floodplain of sediment-rich rivers. Forest resources are the most fragile component of the floodplain, which has served as the principal location for agriculture in Amazonia since aboriginal times. The acai palm is an especially fragile resource, as it has been subjected to intensive exploitation in the form of palm heart extraction since the 1960\&$\#$39;s. In contrast to other floodplain areas however, river dwellers in the estuary we studied have largely maintained the native forest cover and have developed management practices that assure the sustained utilization of forest resources such as acai.

The general adoption of a less intensive form of land use in a biotope of high agricultural potential is frequently viewed as a sign of the inhabitants\&$\#$39; lack of industry, \"collecting mentality,\" Indian blood, and \"primitive\" land-use practices. However, this option is in fact a rational one from ecological, cultural, and economic perspectives. Elsewhere, the ecological and cultural bases for this option have been examined in detail. Here we shall examine this option from an economic perspective by conducting a cost-benefit analysis of various management practices carried out by local inhabitants in naturally occurring stands of the acai palm. (author)

}, keywords = {Amazon, ecology, palm production}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6; 978-0-8133-7705-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18351601}, author = {Anthony B. Anderson and M{\'a}rio Augusto G Jardim}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @book {335, title = {Funding ecological and social destruction: The World Bank and International Monetary Fund}, year = {1989}, month = {[1989?]}, pages = {43 pp.}, publisher = {The [Bank Information] Center}, organization = {The [Bank Information] Center}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This book gives a brief history of The World Bank and its underlying purpose. It also examines the work done by The World Bank through case studies describing the work being done by them in several South American and African countries.}, keywords = {ecology}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22205663}, author = {The Bank Information Center} } @article {825, title = {Institutional options and multiple sources of agricultural innovation: Evidence from an Ecuadorean case study}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, institution = {Overseas Development Institute (ODI), Agricultural Administration Unit}, address = {London}, abstract = {Taking farmer-oriented agricultural research and extension as the starting point, this paper outlines the roles played by different actors in a local system of technology development and dissemination in south-central Ecuador. A brief review of efforts to institute a participatory research program within the national agricultural research system suggests that the success of this, and of linking research to extension, have depended on national political and economic context and institutional dynamics. The local case study then shows clearly that the public sector is not the only actor in technology development and dissemination. Farmer organizations and non-governmental grassroots support organizations are also very active and combine their agricultural work to broader goals of strengthening farmer organization, cultural recovery and ecological agriculture. Their work methods are highly participatory, greatly reduce the research/extension linkage problem and are built upon much local knowledge. They have significant capacity to distribute technology and train indigenous agricultural promoters. Nonetheless, they too have certain limitations, which are reviewed. While they conduct some controlled investigation, much of their research is iterative. Thus, while the public sector could learn much from these organizations for its own work, there is also a potential complementarity between them and the national agricultural research system.}, keywords = {agricultural innovations, ecology, Ecuador}, author = {Anthony Bebbington} } @book {375, title = {Phytopractices in tropical regions: A preliminary survey of traditional crop improvement techniques}, series = {Man and the Biosphere Program Project}, year = {1989}, note = {UNESCO/Programme on Man and the Biosphere; France. Institut de botanique. Laboratoire de botanique tropicale}, month = {1989}, pages = {71}, publisher = {United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)}, organization = {United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {The aim of this report is threefold: first, to present a compilation of traditional techniques of plant manipulation in tropical regions, as a contribution to current efforts to improve agricultural production in these zones; second, to invite comments and suggestions for modifying and completing the present text; third, to encourage new initiatives of research, synthesis and application geared to sustained development in the tropics, which is in tune with the ecological and socio-cultural characteristics and constraints of these regions.}, keywords = {biotechnology, crops, ecology, ethnobotany, genetic engineering, plant genetic engineering}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21010205}, author = {Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas and F. Pinglo} } @inbook {795, title = {Rural development and the careful utilization of natural resources in the Peruvian Sierra}, booktitle = {Report on the Workshop-Seminar held in Achoma (Arequipa), Peru, 31 March to 9 April 1987}, year = {1989}, month = {March-April 1987}, publisher = {Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Entwicklung (German Foundation for International Development)}, organization = {Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Entwicklung (German Foundation for International Development)}, address = {Berlin, Germany}, abstract = {The Workshop-Seminar held in Achoma was the third in a series, its closest antecedent being the meeting held in 1984 in Feldafing (Federal Republic of Germany), which was likewise organized by DSE. On that occasion, the participants, who had been mainly concerned with analysing the ecological and development problems facing Peru, concluded and agreed that "If the quality of life in the Sierra does not improve, the country as a whole will be unable to make progress. Here lies the central problem of rural development in Peru." (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, Callalli, camelidae, Colca Valley, ecology, integrated management, Jalca, livestock, Maca, natural resources, Peru, Puna, rural development, Sierra, soils, Suni, trees, water , watersheds}, isbn = {3-924441-44-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/243201934}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a Ang{\'e}lica Salas} } @mastersthesis {447, title = {Sherpa settlement and subsistence: Cultural ecology and history in highland Nepal}, year = {1989}, note = {

Chapter 9: Sherpa Forest Use and Management. Chapter 10: Forest Nationalization and Environmental Change. Maps; charts; figures; tables. (Has since been published as Claiming the High Ground. University of California Press. 1993.)

}, month = {1989}, school = {University of California, Berkeley, Department of Geography}, address = {Berkeley, California}, abstract = {

\"Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography in the graduate division of the University of California at Berkeley.\" A detailed analysis of forest conservation amongst the Khumbu Sherpas of Highland Nepal. Stevens outlines forest uses of the Sherpas as well as giving linguistic definitions of different indigenous conservation programs. Includes the effect of national government intervention on forest conservation in Highland Nepal.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, conservation, ecology, environment systems, government intervention}, url = {https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ak06-013}, author = {Stanley Francis Stevens} } @book {406, title = {Traditional ecological knowledge: A collection of essays}, series = {IUCN conservation library}, year = {1989}, note = {November 1989 Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-77)}, month = {November 1989 }, pages = {77}, publisher = {IUCN}, organization = {IUCN}, address = {Gland [Switzerland]; Cambridge}, abstract = {

IUCN is pleased to publish this collection of articles which originate from the working group on Traditional Ecological Knowledge of our Commission on Ecology. This book does not presume to be an authoritative review of the state of knowledge in the field. It is, rather, a collection of free essays which offer fascinating glimpses of the deep understanding and practice of \"ecology\" displayed by traditional societies on different continents. (editor)

Contains the following essays:

}, keywords = {ecology, natural conservation}, isbn = {2-88032-998-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/729639587}, editor = {R. E. (Robert Earle) Johannes} } @article {425, title = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {Articles from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) also listed independently.}, month = {Win-Spr 1988}, abstract = {articles; book reviews}, keywords = {development assistance, ecology, economics, ethics, famine, fisheries, food, gender, history, international development}, url = {https://www.springer.com/journal/10460} } @article {820, title = {Farmer strategies in regional agricultural change: The case of commercial potato production in Oxapampa}, year = {1988}, month = {September 1988}, institution = {International Potato Center (CIP), Social Science Department}, address = {Lima, Peru}, abstract = {

Regional agricultural systems are continually constituted and reconstituted by the strategies of individual farmers as they draw upon, and iteratively change, the resources to which they have access, and the constraints to which they are subject because of their personal experience and their membership of a particular social group. One important factor in regional agricultural change is the propensity of farmers to experiment with and change their agricultural strategies. The range of potential experiments is, however, limited by what the farmer conceives as possible. Moreover, the potential long-term success of such innovation depends upon the acquisition of accurate knowledge of the new crop and the environmental factors to which it is subject.

Examining the case of recent changes in potato farming in Oxapampa on the east slopes of the Andes, this paper demonstrates how this interplay between perceived possibilities, farmer experimentation and knowledge of the economic and ecological environment contributed to the rapid rise, and then fall, of potato cultivation. Implications both for the concept of adaptation and for the introduction of new crop technologies are discussed.

}, keywords = {Andes, ecology, Oxapampa, potato production}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/647893566}, author = {Anthony Bebbington} } @article {575, title = {Historical forces in world agriculture and the changing role of international development assistance}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {Win-Spr 1988}, pages = {77-91}, abstract = {

The first part of this paper discusses five sets of forces that have had a major influence on world agriculture in the post-World War II period. These include:

  1. high rates of population growth in the developing countries
  2. a steady increase in economic integration world-wide, driven by technological breakthroughs in the communication and transportation sectors
  3. major realignments in the values of national currencies
  4. growing distortions in economic policies in both the industrialized and developing countries
  5. growing diffusion of new production technology from the industrialized to the developing countries.

The second part reviews the changing role of international development assistance in support of agriculture in light of these historical forces. Such assistance successively stressed the development of extension services, food aid, institutional development of higher level education institutions, the development of research capacity, and rural development.

A look to the future is the subject of the third part of the paper. This includes a discussion of the difficulties in sustaining U.S. foreign assistance, especially when that nation is letting its own economic house fall into such disarray.

}, keywords = {development assistance, ecology, economic integration, economic policies, economics, education institution, ethics, famine, fisheries, food agricultural economics, gender, history, international development, production technology, rural development}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217179}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217179}, author = {G. Edward Schuh} } @article {436, title = {The human ecology of agricultural development: The ethics and rationale of international technical cooperation in agriculture and rural life}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {Articles also listed independently.}, month = {Win-Spr 1988}, keywords = {development assistance, ecology, economics, ethics, famine, fisheries, food, gender, history, international development}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/0889-048x/5/1-2/} } @book {401, title = {The status of multipurpose trees in Thailand}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series Report 2}, year = {1988}, month = {August 1988}, pages = {104}, publisher = {Winrock International}, organization = {Winrock International}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {As the forestry problems are enormous, forest researchers have to find the proper program to tackle the existing problem. To promote the general well-being of the Thais there is the need to establish tree-lands wherever possible. To ensure progressively increasing supplies of fuelwood and charcoal as well as industrial wood, establishment of multipurpose trees is considered to be a superb chance for increasing wood productivity as well as restoring a proper ecological balance.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ecology, Thailand}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26788851}, author = {Suree Bhumibhamon} } @book {413, title = {Useful farming practices: New edition}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {451}, publisher = {Japan Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry}, organization = {Japan Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry}, address = {Tokyo}, abstract = {This book is a general overview of farming techniques for diverse ecological systems and technological capabilities. Major areas of discussion are horticulture, animal husbandry, agricultural engineering, farming machines and tools, sericulture, forestry, and fisheries. There is also an emphasis on rice cultivation.}, keywords = {agricultural engineering, agroforestry, animal husbandry, appropriate technology and intermediate technology, aquatic resources, ecology, ethnobotany, fisheries, forestry, horticulture, rice, sericulture, upland farming}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22662784}, author = {Japan Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry (AICAF)} } @book {417, title = {Weed management in agroecosystems: Ecological approaches}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {354}, publisher = {CRC Press, Inc.}, organization = {CRC Press, Inc.}, address = {Boca Raton, FL}, abstract = {Consists of table of contents and introduction. The chapters of this book describe the physiological, population, and community ecology of weeds within agroecosystems, with the goal of recognizing details relevant for better weed management. Recognition of the germination, establishment, growth, and reproduction requirements of different weeds will allow identification of life stages that are particularly susceptible to attack. Recognition of the effects of different tillage and crop rotation systems will be present in a particular field at a particular point in time. Recognition of how crops, insects, and pathogens affect weed performance through resource competition, allelopathy, herbivory, and disease will suggest better ways to use these phenomena in integrated approaches to weed management. Recognition of how and when weeds affect crop performance through resource competition, allelopathy, and positive and negative interactions with crop insect and disease pests will provide insights into when and how thoroughly weed management tactics should be imposed.}, keywords = {agricultural ecology, agricultural systems, biological control, ecology, integrated control, tillage, weeds}, isbn = {0-8493-6816-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16682275}, editor = {Miguel A. Altieri and Matt Liebman} } @book {293, title = {Agroforestry: Realities, possibilities and potentials}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {227 pp.}, publisher = {Martinus Nijhoff in cooperation with ICRAF (International Council for Research in Agroforestry); distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Martinus Nijhoff in cooperation with ICRAF (International Council for Research in Agroforestry); distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster}, keywords = {agroforestry, ecology}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @conference {808, title = {Use of ethnoecology in agroforestry systems research: An example of AF technology and pest management research in Kenya}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Annual Symposium on Farming Systems Research, October 18-21, 1987, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville}, year = {1987}, month = {Oct 18-21, 1987}, address = {University of Arkansas, Fayetteville}, abstract = {This paper looks at the benefits of combining ethnobotany (human ecology and ethnography) and agroecology (environmental systems science). This detailed look at an ICRAF agroforestry research project in Mbiuni, Kenya (Machakos District) provides a positive outlook on the role of indigenous participation in identifying and solving development problems. Through small group meetings and informant interviews, many potential research areas were discovered. The most important of these being domestication of indigenous plants and trees, pest control (termites), and off-farm flora collection. Included also in this paper are the results of some local experiments in the above research topics. Also contains ideas for further study.}, keywords = {Acacia, Africa, agroecology, agroforestry, conservation, ecology, ethnobotany, eucalyptus, indigenous technical knowledge , Kenya, pest management, resource management, soil conservation, sustainable development, termites, trees, women in development}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau and Luis Malaret} } @inbook {927, title = {Traditional agroforestry in West Java: The pekarangan (homegarden) and kebun-talun (annual-perennial rotation) cropping systems}, booktitle = {Traditional agriculture in southeast Asia: A human ecology perspective}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {132-157}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This chapter looks at the role of kebun-talun and pekarangan in the Javanese landscape. Kebun-talun (rotation system between mixed garden and tree plantation) is a traditional system that increases overall production and serves multiple functions by sequentially combining agricultural crops with tree crops. Pekarangan (homegarden intercropping system) is a traditional system located in the villages that provides both subsistence and commercial products and serves multiple functions by simultaneously combining agricultural crops with tree crops and animals.}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, animals, crop rotation, ecology, farming, home gardens, Indonesia, intercropping, Java, Javanese, kebun-talun, pekarangan, rice, tree crops, trees, upland farming}, isbn = {0-8133-7026-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12975293}, author = {Linda Christanty and Oekan S. Abdoellah and Gerald G. Marten and Johan Iskandar}, editor = {Gerald G. Marten} } @article {701, title = {The uses of mesquite (Prosopis spp.) in the highlands of San Luis Potosi, Mexico}, journal = {Forest Ecology and Management}, volume = {16}, year = {1986}, month = {October 1986}, pages = {49-56}, abstract = {An account is given of the uses of mesquite--Prosopis laevigata (Humb. and Bonpl. ex Willd.) M.C. Johnst. and P. glandulosa var. torreyana (L Benson) M.C. Johnst.--in the highlands of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The products of mesquite are used as human food, folk medicine, forage, fuel and for construction. The plant communities where it is the most important element provide wildlife reguge, recreation, nectar and desertification control. The development of these species by cultivation and plant breeding should be directed towards supplying those products in high demand. (author)}, keywords = {ecology, medicinal plants, multi-use species, traditional medicine}, doi = {10.1016/0378-1127(86)90007-1}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378112786900071}, author = {Sergio Galindo Almanza and Edmundo Garcia Moya} } @article {535, title = {Conservation and rural development: Towards an integrated approach}, journal = {The Environmentalist}, volume = {4}, year = {1984}, month = {July 1984}, pages = {60-67}, abstract = {

The overall goal of rural development programmes should be the reduction of poverty, unemployment, malnutrition and inequity, and an integral part of all these programmes is the introduction of a positive rural landuse strategy, which recognizes the prime importance of food production, but at the same time safeguards soil and representative areas of natural ecosystems. The goal of theWorld Conservation Strategy is the integration of conservation and development so that we may all have a way of life which is sustainable. However, it is becoming increasingly difficult to sustain legitimate human demands because high rates of human population growth, coupled with a high rate of world economic growth are threatening the four basic biological systems that support the global economy, the grasslands, fisheries, croplands and forests.

This paper gives an outline of how these systems are threatened, with emphasis on the relationship between rural development, as defined by theWorld Conservation Strategy, conservation and environmental degradation. The importance of determining felt needs and aspirations in designing both conservation and rural development activities is discussed, with particular reference to the advantages and disadvantages of traditional life-styles.

}, keywords = {development programme, ecology, economic growth, environmental management, human population, natural conservation, population growth}, doi = {10.1007/BF01907295}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01907295}, author = {J. Hanks} } @article {624, title = {Natural biological compounds traditionally used as pesticides and medicines}, journal = {The Environmentalist}, volume = {4}, year = {1984}, month = {July 1984}, pages = {11-14}, abstract = {Although a knowledge of bioactive substances found in plants and used traditionally as pesticides and medicines is important, the value of these traditions is difficult to assess without having further information on the preparation and production of the active ingredients. An overview is presented on the role of traditional medicines in national development, and the present status of these medicines. In addition, information is presented on the plants that are traditionally used in pest control, together with a review of the main bioactive compounds in plants used traditionally as pesticides and medicines.}, keywords = {bioactive compound, ecology, environmental management, ethnobotany, natural conservation}, doi = {10.1007/BF01907285}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01907285}, author = {Sasongko S. Adisewojo and Sidik Tjokronegoro and Rukmiati Tjokronegoro} } @article {523, title = {Bora Indian agroforestry: An alternative to deforestation}, journal = {Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine}, volume = {6}, year = {1982}, month = {June 1982}, pages = {15-16}, abstract = {

Native cultivators in the Amazon have developed efficient and ecologically sound methods for making the tropical forest yield useful products. Their principal form of agriculture - shifting cultivation [swidden agriculture] - has evolved into a system of land management with features worthy of careful study. (author)

This document looks at how shifting cultivation is linked to agroforestry - another kind of system of land use which is currently recommended for the tropics. It also describes the methods the researchers used to collect data on a Bora swidden field.

}, keywords = {Amazon, Bora, deforestation, ecology, land management, methodology, Peru, tropical forests}, url = {http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/bora-indian-agroforestry-an-alternative-deforestation}, author = {John M. Treacy} } @article {579, title = {Huastec noncrop resource management: Implications for prehistoric rain forest management}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {9}, year = {1981}, month = {December 1981}, pages = {395-417}, abstract = {The Huastec have interacted with elements of a diverse flora in northeastern Mexico for 30 centuries. A Huastec plant-management model is derived from patterns reflected in all anthropogenic vegetation zones, from the dooryard to the forest, and used to discuss the possible effects of human activities upon the prehistoric rain forest. Huastec plant management is discussed from an analytical perspective which views plant management as resulting from the integration of two types of plant manipulation: the manipulation of vegetation en masse and the manipulation of individual plants. Decisions about plant manipulation reflect a concern for minimal labor investment to place the resource at hand. Noncrop plant manipulation practices potentially influence the evolution of individual plants and plant communities primarily by affecting species{\textquoteright} distribution and population parameters. Since the impact of plant-management practices clearly goes beyond domestication, ways of evaluating such practices in order to expand our understanding of ethnobotanical interactions and their impact are suggested.}, keywords = {anthropology/archaeometry, domestication, ecology, environmental management, Huastec, rainforests, resource management, sociology, tropical agroecosystem}, doi = {10.1007/BF01418729}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01418729}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn} } @conference {762, title = {Effect of culture on home garden structure}, booktitle = {Tropical ecology and development: Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology, 16-21 April 1979, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, year = {1980}, month = {04/16-21/1979}, pages = {447-451}, publisher = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, organization = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, address = {Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, abstract = {The village of Bantar Kalong Pananjung is situated in the transition region of West Java and Central Java. The people of Bantar Kalong consist of Sundanese and Javanese who are living and assimilated together. But they still maintain their customs based on their respective culture. This study is to compare the Sundanese and Javanese home garden structure, and to understand how far the Javanese culture affects Sundanese home garden structure.}, keywords = {culture, ecology, home gardens}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7942294}, author = {Oekan S. Abdoellah and H. H. Isnawan}, editor = {José I. Furtado} } @mastersthesis {446, title = {Saami ethnoecology: Resource management in Norwegian Lapland}, year = {1978}, note = {CIKARD collection only includes the abstract and draft table of contents. See also: https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ep04-018}, month = {1978}, school = {Yale University}, address = {New Haven, CT}, abstract = {

The social organization, folk knowledge, and physiographic factors shaping Saami transactions with the natural environment are systematized for various ethnoecologic domains and examined for patterns underlying the structure, persistence, and change in the classification of knowledge involved in resource management. The study is an outgrowth of nearly five years of fieldwork among reindeer-breeding and sedentary population segments in the region comprising western Finnmark and northern Troms counties. This study emphasizes the dynamic nature of sociocultural, linguistic, cognitive, and ecological processes articulating a system of resource management in space and through time.

}, keywords = {cognition, ecology, ethnoecology, Lapland, linguistics, Norway, reindeer, resource, resource management, sociocultural}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8329793}, author = {Myrdene Anderson} } @article {552, title = {El manejo de las selvas por los Mayas: Sus implicaciones silv{\'\i}colas y agr{\'\i}colas}, journal = {Bi{\'o}tica}, volume = {2}, year = {1977}, month = {1977}, pages = {47-61}, abstract = {

The Maya culture is one of the very few outstanding cultures that flourished in a tropical rain forest area. Their land use strategies, as a part of the great Middle America civilization, for agriculture, horticulture and forestry remain up to date scattered among the Maya communities that have conserved their Indian heritage. They are based in a diversity of crops and land uses that are adopted to the different climatic regions of the Maya area. They used the space in the past in a magnificent way using horizontal and vertical strategies. They had channels, terraces and drained fields for intensive agriculture. They used shifting agriculture in soils where no other alternative seemed to be better. They used their wild plant resources and developed forest practices to enrich their forest with desirable species composition. The present floristic composition of many rain forests of the Maya area is a result of ancient silviculture practices. All of these practices were part of a single land use strategy. For these reasons we cannot blame the fall of the Maya culture to an \"ecological collapse\" as has been proposed.

We feel that the answer can be found in economic, political and social reasons. There is a lot to learn from the Mayans to solve some of the present day problems for the management of biotic resources of the tropics. (author)

}, keywords = {ecology, fallow, Mexico, Native Americans, tropical forests}, url = {http://www.reservaeleden.org/agp/libro/lec/Cap23_manejo_selvas.pdf}, author = {A. Barrera and A. Gomez-Pompa and C. Vazquez-Yans} } @book {384, title = {Shifting cultivation in Africa: The Zande system of agriculture}, year = {1956}, month = {1956}, pages = {xxxi, 304 pp.}, publisher = {Routledge \& Kegan Paul}, organization = {Routledge \& Kegan Paul}, address = {London, England}, abstract = {The excerpts from this book talk about the Zande ecological conceptions concerning swidden farming, rock and stone formations. The second part of this excerpt looks at Zande Crops: millet, Maize, sorghum, rice, cowpeas, green gram. The excerpt finishes with a discussion of overcultivation.}, keywords = {cowpeas, crop rotation, ecology, green gram, maize, millet, overcultivation, rice, rock formations, slash and burn, sorghum, swiddens, taxonomy, Zande}, url = {https://ehrafworldcultures-beta.its.yale.edu/cultures/fo07/documents/060}, author = {Pierre de Schlippe} }