@conference {769,
	title = {Indigenous knowledge and development (revised version)},
	year = {1991},
	note = {Background paper for seminar series on "Sociology and Natural Resource Management", Agriculture Department, The World Bank, December 3, 1990},
	month = {Feb. 20, 1991},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	abstract = {There are now hundreds of studies which have recorded indigenous knowledge in many countries. A review of these documents reveals useful insights in how indigenous knowledge and scientific research can benefit from one another. Despite improvements in crop and livestock production technologies, many farmers do not adopt these innovations. Research indicates that the farmers{\textquoteright} decisions to reject an innovation are often rational when viewed through the indigenous system. Many farming systems are based on intimate knowledge of soils, vegetation, climate, and pests. They also reflect strategies that allow the farmer to avoid perceived input, output and marketing risks or uncertainties. Understanding these perceived risks and ways of avoiding them can be an important first step towards fruitful partnerships between development professionals and farmers. Several examples of types of indigenous knowledge useful for development are outlined in this paper.},
	keywords = {agroforestry, aquatic resources, ethnoveterinary medicine, fisheries, forest gardens, mixed cropping, pest management, rice, traditional medicine, trees},
	author = {D. Michael Warren}
}
@book {351,
	title = {Indigenous technical knowledge in farming systems and rural technology: A bibliography on Eastern Africa},
	series = {Working paper (Technische Hogeschool Twente. Vakgroep Ontwikkelingskunde) no. 38},
	year = {1988},
	month = {February 1988},
	pages = {40},
	publisher = {University of Twente, Technology and Development Group},
	organization = {University of Twente, Technology and Development Group},
	address = {[Enschede, Netherlands]},
	abstract = {The vast majority of the literature describes particular aspects and issues in eastern African farming systems. There is a natural focus on ITK concerning small-scale farming systems and land-use, including pastoral systems and agroforestry systems. In addition, there are some references on specific technologies and domestic activities.},
	keywords = {agroforestry, biomass, crop husbandry, East Africa, food, land management, medicine, pest management, water , women},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38348173},
	author = {Michael Keith McCall}
}
@conference {808,
	title = {Use of ethnoecology in agroforestry systems research: An example of AF technology and pest management research in Kenya},
	booktitle = {Paper presented at Annual Symposium on Farming Systems Research, October 18-21, 1987, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville},
	year = {1987},
	month = {Oct 18-21, 1987},
	address = {University of Arkansas, Fayetteville},
	abstract = {This paper looks at the benefits of combining ethnobotany (human ecology and ethnography) and agroecology (environmental systems science). This detailed look at an ICRAF agroforestry research project in Mbiuni, Kenya (Machakos District) provides a positive outlook on the role of indigenous participation in identifying and solving development problems. Through small group meetings and informant interviews, many potential research areas were discovered. The most important of these being domestication of indigenous plants and trees, pest control (termites), and off-farm flora collection. Included also in this paper are the results of some local experiments in the above research topics. Also contains ideas for further study.},
	keywords = {Acacia, Africa, agroecology, agroforestry, conservation, ecology, ethnobotany, eucalyptus, indigenous technical knowledge , Kenya, pest management, resource management, soil conservation, sustainable development, termites, trees, women in development},
	author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau and Luis Malaret}
}
@article {638,
	title = {Potential of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) for pest control and rural development},
	journal = {Economic Botany},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1986},
	month = {April-June 1986},
	pages = {201-209},
	abstract = {The neem tree (Azadirachta indica) contains promising pest-control substances found effective against many economically important pests. These materials are easy to process by village-level industries and easy to use by limited-resource farmers, thereby offering potential for crop protection and off-farm income generation. The tree{\textquoteright}s numerous pharmacological and other complementary uses make it doubly attractive for incorporation in large-scale rural development efforts. (author)},
	keywords = {insects, medicinal plants, pest management},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02859144},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4254854},
	author = {Saleem Ahmed and Michael Grainge}
}
@article {541,
	title = {Developing sustainable agroecosystems},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {33},
	year = {1983},
	month = {January 1983},
	pages = {45-49},
	abstract = {Yields in modern agricultural systems are sustained by investing costly external resources of uncertain future availability and with technologies that have prompted ecosystemic degradation. The ecological and socioeconomic aspects of developing alternative, self-sustained, energy efficient, less resource-intensive agroecosystems are analyzed. (author)},
	keywords = {agronomy, biodiversity, ecosystem, energy use, food production, insects, land use, local knowledge, pest management, plant diseases, soils, sustainable agriculture, weeds},
	doi = {10.2307/1309244},
	url = {http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/1/45},
	author = {Miguel A. Altieri and Deborah K. Letourneau and James R. Davis}
}
