@article {732, title = {Can commercial tree planting ensure ecological recovery?}, year = {n.d.}, abstract = {

The problem of deforestation had generated many projects to help this situation. The most controversial project is afforestation. This has been backed by the World Bank Watershed which has funded this cause with over US $190 million.

The locals are seriously against the afforestation projects for fear of depletion of their groundwater and fodder resources. In India they are planting pine; in Ethiopia they are planting eucalyptus. Specifying what gets planted where is destroying the diversity of the rainforest. The World Bank does not usually work with agroforestry or afforestation. The locals are afraid that they will profit from the planting of specific types of trees and the trees will be of no use to the agriculture. The tree-planting that the World Bank is doing is not rebuilding, but it may end up changing the environment that the people are used to.

}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, deforestation, environment, rainforests}, author = {Khor Kok Peng} } @book {311, title = {Culture: The missing element in conservation and development: Abstracts of the 8th National Zoo Symposium held at the National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 1988}, year = {1998}, month = {8-9 April 1988}, pages = {xii, 160 pp.}, publisher = {Kendall/Hunt Publishers}, organization = {Kendall/Hunt Publishers}, address = {Dubuque, IA}, abstract = {

Includes the following papers:

This document contains the abstracts/summaries of the 8th National Zoo Symposium. Topics such as: common property, politics, community involvement, debt trade, indigenous knowledge, traditional wildlife management, natural resource management, and indigenous societies are addressed.

}, keywords = {American Indians, common property, community involvement, debt trade, indigenous knowledge, indigenous societies, local knowledge, Native Americans, natural resource management, politics, rainforests, traditional wildlife management}, isbn = {0787247618; 9780787247614}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/260057590}, author = {National Zoo}, editor = {R. J. Hoage and Katy Moran} } @inbook {877, title = {Indigenous African resource management of a tropical rain forest ecosystem: A case study of the Yoruba of Ara, Nigeria}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {1998}, note = {

Paper originally presented by D. Michael Warren at Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems: Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability August 29-30, 1994. The Beijier International Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm Sweden

}, month = {March 1998}, pages = {158-189}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {In his introduction, Dr. Warren defines the term "indigenous knowledge." He says that indigenous knowledge is a type of decision-making system. He calls for understanding and conserving natural resources. He states that "every community has the capacity to deal with its problems." He bases his study on a Yoruba state in the tropical rainforest in southwest Nigeria. The study also shows the way the community uses indigenous knowledge for decision-making processes and the utilization of the resources. There is a description of Ara, the changing land use, and the indigenous knowledge of biodiversity in Ara followed by his conclusions.}, keywords = {aafin Alara, agroforestry, cola acuminata, cola nitida, cultural diversity, ecosystem management, gari, Ghaga River, human ecology, ICRAF, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, molebi, Odo-Igbo River, rainforests, social ecology, social systems, sustainable development, USAID, West Africa Multipurpose Tree Project}, isbn = {0-521-59140-6; 978-0-521-59140-9}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/36470157}, author = {D. Michael Warren and Jennifer Pinkston}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @inbook {887, title = {Integrated management of a temperate montane rainforest ecosystem through wholistic forestry: A British Columbian example}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {1998}, note = {

CIKARD copy is a draft outline of a paper prepared for the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Project \"Social and Ecological System Linkages\" and later published in Linking social and ecological systems.

}, month = {1998}, pages = {363-389}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Evelyn Pinkerton identifies the problem of logging in the temperate rainforest of the Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, and Southeast Asia. She identifies the political and scientific dimensions of the problem. She discusses the limits of the wildlife and timber and what the research uncovered. She identified the term "new forestry." She lists and describes two other types of forestry: Wholistic and Gitksan Wholistic Forestry. She discusses the detail and economics of both types. She also includes five different pie charts with a brief definition for each.}, keywords = {ecosystem resilience, rainforests, riparian zone, transition zone}, isbn = {0-521-59140-6}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/36470157}, author = {Evelyn Pinkerton}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @conference {773, title = {Integrated management of a temperate rainforest ecosystem through wholistic forestry: A British Columbian example}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems: Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability August 29-30, 1994}, year = {1994}, note = {CIKARD copy is a draft outline of a paper prepared for the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Project "Social and Ecological System Linkages"}, month = {Aug. 29-30, 1994}, publisher = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, organization = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, abstract = {Evelyn Pinkerton identifies the problem of logging in the temperate rainforest of the Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, and Southeast Asia. She identifies the political and scientific dimensions of the problem. She discusses the limits of the wildlife and timber and what the research uncovered. She identified the term "new forestry." She lists and describes two other types of forestry: Wholistic and Gitksan Wholistic Forestry. She discusses the detail and economics of both types. She also includes five different pie charts with a brief definition for each.}, keywords = {adaptiveness, community involvement, ecosystem resilience, Jerry Franklin, participatory, rainforests, riparian zone, transition zone, unique ability}, author = {Evelyn Pinkerton} } @booklet {496, title = {The Protect-An-Acre Program}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, publisher = {Rainforest Action Network}, address = {San Fransico, CA}, abstract = {

A brochure.

Rainforest Action Network created the Protect-An-Acre program in 1991 to preserve the ecological and cultural integrity of the rainforest and its inhabitants. Protect-an-Acre provides funding to help forest peoples secure communal land title, guarantee land rights by marking boundaries, and implement projects that maintain the ecological balance of the forest and strengthen the rights and livelihood of its inhabitants. Rainforest Action a Network (RAN) believes this is the most effective means of maintaining ecological and cultural integrity.

}, keywords = {rainforests}, author = {Rainforest Action Network} } @article {432, title = {Sustainability}, volume = {13}, year = {1994}, note = {Entire issue}, month = {October 1994}, abstract = {

Contains the following articles:

}, keywords = {Brazil, deforestation, environmental utility space, ethnobotany, Indonesia, international development, medicinal plants, rainforests, reforestation, tropical forests}, author = {BOS} } @article {429, title = {Anthropology in Action (entire issue)}, volume = {16}, year = {1993}, month = {Autumn 1993}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, keywords = {aboriginal self-government, activism, Amazon, cultural survival, development, Ecuador, ethnic violence, Inuit, petroleum development, rainforests} } @article {525, title = {Can extractive reserves save the rain forest? An ecological and socioeconomic comparison of nontimber forest product extraction systems in Pet{\'e}n, Guatemala, and West Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, volume = {7}, year = {1993}, month = {March 1993}, pages = {39-52}, abstract = {

We compare existing non timber forest product extraction systems in Pet{\'e}n. Guatemala, and West Kalimantan, Indonesia, to identify key ecological, socioeconomic, and political factors in the design and implementation od extractive reserves. Ecological parameters include the spatial and temporal availability of harvested products and the sustainability of harvesting practices from both a population and an ecosystem perspective. Socioeconomic and political factors include the presence or absence well-defined resource tenure rights, physical and social infrastructure, markets, and alternative land uses. We conclude that although extractive reserves can play a significant role in preserving tropical forests as a part of a broader land-use spectrum, their effectiveness is highly dependent on prevailing local ecological, socioeconomic, and political conditions. Ultimately, extractive reserves should be regarded as one component of an overall approach to the problem of tropical deforestation.

}, keywords = {Guatemala, Indonesia, rainforests, sustainable agriculture, tropical deforestation}, doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07010039.x}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07010039.x}, author = {Nick Salafsky and Barbara L. Dugely and John W. Terborgh} } @article {742, title = {The economic potential of Mexican rain forests: An ethnoecological approach}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, abstract = {The research project has as its main objective to calculate the market value of all useful materials embodied in one hectare-plot of five sites containing tropical mature (1) and successional (4) forests of different ages, The samples will be carried out in three strategic regions of tropical Mexico ( La Chinantla, Oaxaca, Los Chimalapas, Oaxaca and La Lacandona, Chiapas), each one containing a different array of biological, social and cultural conditions. The analysis of each site will include the complete biological inventory as well as the identification of each useful and usable species of plant and animal.}, keywords = {rainforests, tropical forests}, author = {Victor M. Toledo} } @book {339, title = {Harvest Moonshine{\textquoteright} taking you for a ride: A critique of the rainforest harvest{\textemdash}Its theory and practice}, year = {1993}, note = {A shortened and edited version of this article appeared in The Ecologist vol. 23, no. 4, July/August 1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {16}, publisher = {Survival International}, organization = {Survival International}, address = {London}, abstract = {Some say that the "harvesting" of rainforest products and their marketing on an international level can save the forests and their inhabitants. Others, including the author of this article, believe this is at best a money-making gimmick and at worst a harmful idea which could have exactly the opposite effects and lead to more destruction. Focusing on the predicament of tribal peoples, the author argues that it is vital for their future that "harvest" ideology is rejected and that support for them is chanelled, not into purchasing power for forest products, but into a worldwide outcry demanding respect for their rights. These beliefs have been attacked by companies promoting the "harvest" and the debate has become a very serious difference of opinion, the eventual outcome of which could shape the way rainforests and tribal peoples{\textquoteright} issues are seen by the general public for years to come.}, keywords = {rainforests}, url = {http://assets.survivalinternational.org/static/files/books/harvestmoonshine.pdf}, author = {Stephen Corry} } @inbook {906, title = {Pharmaceutical discovery, ethnobotany, tropical forests and reciprocity: Integrating indigenous knowledge, conservation and sustainable development}, booktitle = {Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products}, year = {1992}, note = {

General Note: Proceedings of a meeting sponsored by Conservation International and the Asociaci{\'o}n Nacional para la Conservaci{\'o}n de la Naturaleza, held in Panama City on June 20-21, 1991
Bibliography note: Includes bibliographical references and index
Book title submitted as Sustainable Harvest of the Rainforest in original bibliography; Chapter 26 in Sustainable Harvest and Marketing of Rain Forest Products

}, month = {July 1992}, pages = {231-238 [1-12]}, publisher = {Island Press}, organization = {Island Press}, address = {Washington, DC and Covelo, CA}, abstract = {This is an incomplete paper that details the works and goals of Shaman Pharmaceuticals. They are trying to discover ways to develop antifungal, antiviral, and sedative drugs from the same type of plants. They are combining the methods of ethnobotany, chemistry, and pharmacology. Also, they are trying to come up with a better way to screen and test these drugs. The combination of ethnobotanists and medical personnel show the coming together of the two pieces of a scientific puzzle. The company has created The Healing Forest Conservancy, a non-profit organization to share the responsibilities of the development of plant biodiversity.}, keywords = {Conservation International, Asociaci{\'o}n Nacional para la Conservaci{\'o}n de la Naturaleza, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, medicinal plants, rainforests, traditional medicine}, isbn = {1-55963-168-6; 978-1-55963-168-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/231440749}, author = {Steven R. King}, editor = {Mark J. Plotkin and Lisa Famolare} } @inbook {909, title = {Problems of forest conservation: A feasible mechanism for biodiversity conservation}, booktitle = {Changing tropical forests: Historical perspectives on today{\textquoteright}s challenges in Central \& South America: Proceedings of a conference sponsored by the Forest History Society and IUFRO Forestry History Group, San Jos{\'e}, Costa Rica}, year = {1992}, month = {December 1991}, pages = {154-164}, publisher = {Forest History Society}, organization = {Forest History Society}, address = {Durham, NC}, abstract = {In traditional systems, genetic biodiversity is maintained both through cultural intervention and through natural selection. On the other hand, traditional cultivars have a twofold value that make them worth preserving: as germplasm repositories that can eventually be inserted into modern crops, and as a complex genetic bank adapted to specific environment conditions. To people living in developing countries, these cultivars have an additional value -- to allow production for self-subsistence where modern crops are either not available or not adequate.}, keywords = {congresses, deforestation, forest ecology, forestry, history, Latin America, rainforests}, isbn = {0-8223-1247-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/311396291}, author = {Silvia del Amo R}, editor = {Harold K. Steen and Richard P. Tucker} } @article {831, title = {Report on funding and investment opportunities for income generating activities that could complement strategies to halt environmental degradation in the greater Amazon Basin}, year = {1992}, note = {

Sourced from Refugee Studies Centre.

Report for the Biodiversity Support Program, World Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy, WRI/Center for International Development and Environment

}, month = {Feb. 18, 1992}, institution = {Cultural Survival, Inc.}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {This report summarizes the lessons learned from Cultural Survival{\textquoteright}s attempts to generate markets for Amazonian nontimber forest products. It identifies key research, institution building, production and processing constraints that must be addressed. These require funding if income generating efforts are to become part of overall solutions to saving the biological and cultural diversity of the Amazon. The major causes of environmental degradation, including Amazonian rainforest destruction, are population pressure, poverty, greed and ignorance. Scientists are coming to understand what forest residents have long known, namely that forests are capable of generating more income and employment than the same areas cleared for pasture or agriculture.}, keywords = {Bolivia, Brazil, environmental degradation, financing, income-generating projects, investment, marketing, rainforests}, author = {Dr. Jason W. Clay} } @book {391, title = {Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products}, year = {1992}, note = {CIKARD copy: 4 page table of contents from the book}, month = {July 1992}, pages = {xv, 325 pages}, publisher = {Island Press}, organization = {Island Press}, address = {Washington, DC and Covelo, CA}, keywords = {ethnopharmacology, medicinal plants, rainforests, traditional medicine}, isbn = {1-55963-169-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24952705}, editor = {Mark J. Plotkin and Lisa Famolare} } @article {423, title = {Rain forest plan stirs debate at World Bank}, year = {1991}, month = {October 14, 1991}, pages = {A7}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The World Bank has come under heavy attack after issuing a memorandum that details the eviction of hundreds of thousands of people. They are planning a forestry project that will make it possible for roads to be built making the forest accessible. The problem is there are no resources to place these evicted forest dwellers into new homes. The purpose is to "improve management of the forest," and advance logging projects. They say they are making provisions to help with resettlement, however critics are still unsatisfied with the upcoming proposal.}, keywords = {forest resource management, rainforests}, url = {http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/14/world/rain-forest-project-in-africa-stirs-debate-at-world-bank.html?pagewanted=all\&src=pm}, author = {Keith Bradsher} } @book {392, title = {Taking care of Sib{\"o}{\textquoteright}s gifts: An environmental treatise from Costa Rica{\textquoteright}s K{\'e}k{\"o}Ldi Indigenous Reserve}, year = {1991}, note = {

Publisher noted in Ecology, ethnobotany, Rainforest, and Traditional Medicine original files: Editorama, S.A.

}, month = {1991}, publisher = {Asociaci{\'o}n de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Ind{\'\i}gena Cocles/K{\'e}k{\"o}Ldi}, organization = {Asociaci{\'o}n de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Ind{\'\i}gena Cocles/K{\'e}k{\"o}Ldi}, address = {San Jos{\'e}, Costa Rica}, abstract = {This document details an example of the relationship that indigenous societies have with their environment and how they specifically set out to conserve their natural surroundings. A definition of what indigenous people are is given. Issues and laws surrounding conservation of rainforest resources (botanical and zoological) in the K{\'e}k{\"o}ldi region on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica are explained.}, keywords = {Central America, ecology, ethnobotany, medicinal plants, natural conservation, rainforests}, isbn = {9977-88-006-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24535846}, author = {Paula Palmer and Juanita S{\'a}nchez and Gloria Mayorga} } @book {295, title = {Amazonia: Voices from the rainforest}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {98}, publisher = {Rainforest Action Network and Amazonia Film Project}, organization = {Rainforest Action Network and Amazonia Film Project}, address = {San Francisco}, abstract = {This guide, based on information gathered from questionnaires and interviews with amazonian organizations,discusses the efforts of the indigenous people of the Amazon to defend their rain forests. It also discusses what these Amazonian organizations feel outside world needs to know about their fight and what hey can do to help.}, keywords = {Amazon, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232654290}, author = {Monti Aguirre and Angela Gennio and Brent Milikan and Maria Amalia Souza and Glenn Switkes} } @book {310, title = {Conserving the world{\textquoteright}s biological diversity}, year = {1990}, note = {in conjunction with International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund (U.S.); World Bank}, month = {1990}, pages = {193}, publisher = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund-US; World Bank}, organization = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund-US; World Bank}, address = {Gland, Switzerland and Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The elements now exist that will reverse the trend toward the biotic impoverishment of the world. Novel approaches, new financial mechanisms, and new policies need to be applied at the appropriate level of responsibility to translate the new approaches into a reality of improved human well-being and secure biotic heritage. New partners in conservation need to be found, involving all ministries, departments and private institutions that are directly dependent on biological resources. National parks departments, for example should be joined in habitat management by a wide range of other institutions to represent all interests. Furthermore, other line agencies need to develop the capacity to manage biodiversity of particular relevance to their respective missions. Contains following sections:

}, keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, development, natural resource management, policy, rainforests, sustainability, tropical forests}, isbn = {0-8213-1384-3, 0-915824-42-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21193600}, author = {Jeffrey A. McNeely and Kenton R. Miller and Walter V. Reid and Russell A. Mittermeier and Timothy B. Werner} } @book {329, title = {Food and nutrition in the African rain forest}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {96}, publisher = {UNESCO/MAB}, organization = {UNESCO/MAB}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {

This document is a collection of articles on the food practices of different tribes in the rain forest and tropical climatic zones of central Africa (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Garbon, and Zaire). It looks at hunting and gathering practices, forest cultivation, food processing and consumption, physiological/biomedical aspects of food, and the socio-cultural aspects of food and nutrition. Tribes include: Aka, Baka, Issongo, Kola, Monzombo, Mvae, Ngando, Ngbaka, Ntomba, Oto, Twa, Yassa

}, keywords = {Aka, Baka, food processing and consumption, forest cultivation, hunter-gatherer, Issongo, Kola, Monzombo, Mvae, Ngando, Ngbaka, Ntomba, Oto, physiological/biomedical aspects of food, rainforests, socio-cultural aspects of food and nutrition, Twa, Yassa}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22740525}, editor = {C. M. Hladik and S. Bahuchet and I. de Garine} } @inbook {883, title = {Indigenous resource exploitation}, booktitle = {Ecology and Land Management in Amazonia}, year = {1990}, note = {Chapter 4}, month = {1990}, pages = {62-85}, publisher = {Belhaven Press}, organization = {Belhaven Press}, address = {New York/London}, abstract = {This document looks at various forms of indigenous resource exploitation in the Amazon basin. It details plant and animal (both wild and cultivated) use in the forest, savannas, and wetlands by numerous tribes. European influence is also briefly discussed.}, keywords = {Amazon River region, American Indians, Andoke, anteater, aquatic resources, archaeology, Brazil, Colombia, crop production, environmental policy, fishing, food sources, Guyana, hunter-gatherer, maize, manioc, Native Americans, natural resource conservation, nutrition, Piaroa, polyculture, rainforests, shifting cultivation, South America, swiddens, timber , tubers, Uanano, Venezuela, wetlands, Witoto, Yanomamo}, isbn = {1-85293-118-3; 978-1-85293-118-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21195403}, author = {Michael J. Eden} } @article {828, title = {People in between: A case study on the Kumil Timber Project, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea}, year = {1990}, month = {April 1990}, institution = {International Work Group for Ingineous Affairs}, address = {Copenhagen}, abstract = {

The description and discussion of a definite example of a regional project related to \"development\" and timber extraction in the tropical rainforest in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea presents an opportunity to illustrate actual transformation processes concerning the situation of indigenous populations, land rights, economic development, environmental issues and national integration.

Projects of timber utilization have to deal not only with forestry but also with legal, political, economic and socio-cultural domains. This document will draw attention to the hitherto unexplored complexity of timber utilization.

}, keywords = {cash crops, communications, development aid, division of labor, ecosystems, forestry, languages, logging, rainforests, schools, self-determination, settlement patterns, subsistence production, women}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22234105}, author = {Daniela Renner} } @article {424, title = {Research in {\textquoteright}virgin{\textquoteright} Amazon uncovers complex farming}, year = {1990}, note = {Science Times (Section C)}, month = {April 3, 1990}, pages = {C1, C12}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Techniques let Indians harvest the jungle without destroying it.}, keywords = {Brazil, Indians, Kayapo, rainforests, shifting cultivation}, url = {http://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/03/science/research-in-virgin-amazon-uncovers-complex-farming.html?pagewanted=all\&src=pm}, author = {William K. Stevens} } @book {402, title = {The tropical forestry action plan: What progress?}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {89}, publisher = {World Rainforest Movement and the Ecologist}, organization = {World Rainforest Movement and the Ecologist}, address = {Penang, Malaysia}, abstract = {This book discusses the results of a review of the implementation and success of the Tropical Forestry action Plan since it was introduced in 1985 as the answer to the tropical deforestation problem. This review details nine of the currently used plans in terms of their goals and how well they have met these goals.}, keywords = {forest policy, rainforests}, isbn = {967-99987-2-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23738011}, author = {Marcus Colchester and Larry Lohmann} } @article {727, title = {Yams and megapode mounds in the lowland rain forest of Papua New Guinea}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, month = {June 1990}, pages = {177-185}, abstract = {Kubo people of Papua New Guinea sometimes grew Dioscorea yams in mounds of forest litter that were made as egg-incubation sites by birds (Megapodiidae). The small yam plots were included within larger banana gardens and, in the latter, it was yams, not bananas, that took precedence in the gardening decisions of people. The technique would be viable in the absence of a larger garden. It is interpreted as an expression of an ancient pattern of small-scale plant domestication.}, keywords = {intercropping, Kubo, megapodes, Papua New Guinea, plant domestication, rainforests, yams}, doi = {10.1007/BF00889181}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602964}, author = {Peter D. Dwyer and Monica Minnegal} } @article {815, title = {Contributing to sustained resource use in the humid and sub-humid tropics: Some research approaches and insights}, year = {1989}, note = {CIKARD copy is a 24-page working draft}, month = {1989}, institution = {UNESCO}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {This document reviews the current activities of the MAB Programme that are contributing to the development of sustainable land-use systems that are in tune with the social, cultural, and biological characteristics of the peoples and ecological systems of the humid and sub-humid tropics. Topics covered are: biological diversity, traditional ecological knowledge, and integrated conservation in the humid tropics; ecological and economic sustainability of tropical rain forest management; forest regeneration and ecosystem rehabilitation in the humid tropics; tropical soil fertility and its biological management; savanna ecology and management; responding to stress and disturbance; and technical synthesis, training, and institutional development.}, keywords = {Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, rainforests, UNESCO }, url = {http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000865/086504eo.pdf}, author = {Malcolm Hadley and Kathrin Schreckenberg} } @book {314, title = {Developing a partnership of indigenous peoples, conservationists, and land use planners in Latin America}, series = {Policy, planning, and research working papers -- Environment (WPS 245)}, year = {1989}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/500811468776777817/pdf/multi-page.pdf}, month = {October 1989}, pages = {96}, publisher = {Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank}, organization = {Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Policy, Planning, and Research Working Papers - Environment Recommendations for working in partnership with indigenous peoples, recognizing their land rights, incorporating their environmental knowledge into wildlands and native area planning, and paying more serious attention to the economics and resource implications of local activities to harvest wild resources - especially in environmentally delicate areas such as tropical rainforests. The major finding of the report is that a fundamental shift (a paradigm shift in the language of the historian of science Thomas Kuhn) has started in the way in which the international conservation community has come to view the issue of planning in areas which are occupied and used by indigenous peoples. Under the traditional paradigm, represented by several National Parks, wildlife reserves and other types of protected areas where indigenous peoples have aboriginal claims, indigenous peoples are allowed to continue to occupy and use the resources of these areas but only so long as they use the natural resources sustainably. This use, agreed with the park authorities, should reconcile the needs of both the indigenous peoples and the conservationists. Experience has found that these needs can be reconciled and made compatible, although this is far from being routine. Clearly major deforestation or firearm hunting for commerce by indigenous peoples are not compatible with wildlands protection. Where indigenous people and park authorities do not agree, then either the park or the people are encouraged to move. (author)}, keywords = {ache, acquatic resources, agriculture, Alaska Whaling Commission, Amboseli National Park, animal protection, Annapurna Conservation Project, aquaculture, Arctic Research Establishment, Aripuana Indian Park, Australia, Awa Ethnic Forest Reserve, Beni Biosphere Reserve, Bolivia, Brazil, Caribou Management Boards, Chile, Coburg National Park, Colombia, Conservation of natural resources, Costa Rica, Cuyabeno, Darien Biosphere Reserve, economic conditions, ecosystem management, Ecuador, environmental policy, Eskimo Walrus Commission, ethnoecology, ethnology, forestry, Honduras, Huaorani, Indians of South America, indigenous peoples, Kakadu National Park, Kenya, Kuna Yala Project, La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, La Planada, Lake Titicaca National Reserve, land tenure, land use planning, Latin America, Lauca National Park, Makivik Research Center, Manu National Park, Mbaracayu Wildland Area, Mexico, national parks, Native Americans, Nepal, NGOs, non-governmental organizations, oil exploration, Pacaya Samira National Reserve, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, rainforests, Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve, Sian Ka{\textquoteright}an Biosphere Reserve, Sierra de Manantlan Biosphere Reserve, Siona-Secoya, sport hunting, subsistence economy, subsistence hunting, Tagaira, UNESCO , usufruct rights, wildlife , World Bank, Xingu National Park, Yanomami Indian Park, Yasuni National Park}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29810664}, author = {Peter Poole} } @inbook {884, title = {Indigenous soil management in the Amazon basin: Some implications for development}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, series = {Westview Special Studies in Social, Political, and Economic Development}, year = {1989}, note = {Chapter 11}, month = {1989}, pages = {166-181}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This paper focuses on two main issues. First, it discusses the indigenous versus modernization approaches to soil resource management in Amazonian research and development strategies. The production systems of the Kayap{\'o} Indians of southern Para state are compared with those that inform current regional agricultural programs. While indigenous systems are complex, the principles that underlie them are not. Native land management models could be adapted by development planning agencies in a fuller way. Second, the outcomes of Kayap{\'o} and conventional colonist and livestock systems are compared in terms of soil fertility and yields. (author)}, keywords = {American Indians, deforestation, Kayapo, local knowledge, Native Americans, nutrition, pasture, Peru, rainforests, soil degradation, South America, tropical forests, Yurimaguas}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6; 978-0-8133-7705-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18351601}, author = {Susanna B. Hecht}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @article {632, title = {Ownership of traditional information: Moral and legal obligation to compensate for taking}, journal = {Northeast Indian Quarterly}, volume = {6}, year = {1989}, month = {1989 Fall}, pages = {30-35}, abstract = {Technically developed societies have benefited greatly by the knowledge which they have extracted from indigenous, tribal societies, especially those living in the tropical rainforests. Tropical plants, and occasionally animals, have been used to produce many valuable pharmaceutical products; genetic variants of domestic crops have been used to produce increased yields, resistance to disease, and other valuable characteristics. Knowledge of these values of tropical plants has been created and discovered, sometimes at great hazard, over generations of people. The intellectual property so created and cared for is owned and has value. The knowledge has sometimes been extracted from rainforest people by ethnobotanists, anthropologists, and others, in transactions which may be characterized as unjust and illegal. From both moral and legal standpoints we may have obligations to compensate people of these tribal societies for the immensely valuable intellectual property which we have obtained from them. Various methods are available for compensation for past injustices and to produce fair transactions in the future. (author)}, keywords = {biodiversity, ethics, ethnobotany, intellectual property rights, medicinal plants, rainforests}, author = {Richard J. McNeil and Michael J. McNeil} } @inbook {916, title = {Succession management and resource distribution in an Amazonian rain forest}, booktitle = {Resource management in Amazonia: Indigenous and folk strategies}, series = {Advances in economic botany no. 7}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {223-237}, publisher = {New York Botanical Garden}, organization = {New York Botanical Garden}, address = {Bronx, NY}, abstract = {

Many Amazonian peoples have a profound effect on rain forest structure and species composition through a process I call succession management. This article describes and examines the extent of such management in a Runa Indian community in Napo Province, Equador. The Runa live in dispersed settlements at low density, below 2 persons/km2. Unlike Amazonian people living in concentrated settlements, they are not under strong pressure to intensify succession management in order to concentrate forest resources. In order to assess the magnitude of such manipulation under low density conditions, I compare succession in two managed and two unmanaged five-year-old forest fallows. I found that management increases the species diversity of trees greater than 10 cm dbh (diameter at breast height). Planted tree crops accounted for between 8\% and 19\% of trees in this size class, and protected secondary species for between 6\% and 16\%. The distribution of many species, however, was not the result of conscious management decisions, although seedling establishment may have been altered by agriculture. It is possible that succession management in this Runa community could be further intensified to increase the proportion of useful planted and protected species. Nevertheless, resources present in Runa managed fallows provide significant amounts of food, construction material, and firewood as well as medicinal plants and other needed household items. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazon, Ecuador, fuelwood, rainforests, resource management, Runa, South America, succession}, isbn = {0-89327-340-6; 978-0-89327-340-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19623957}, author = {Dominique Irvine}, editor = {Darrell Addison Posey and William L. BaleĢe} } @article {715, title = {Use and misuse of forest-harvested fruits in the Iquitos area}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, pages = {350-361}, abstract = {Of 193 fruit species observed to be regularly consumed in the region surrounding Iquitos, Peru, 120 species are exclusively wold-harvested and 19 more originate from both wold and cultivated sources.The wild-harvested fruits of 57 species belonging to 24 different plant families are sold in the Iquitos market and are very important in the economy and diets of the area. Nearly half of the Iquitos fruit vendors sell wild-harvested fruits ( if fruits used as vegetables or starch sources are excluded), and over half of the fruit species sold are wild-harvested. Many fruit species consumed at Iquitos differ from those consumed in other parts of Amazonia. Although some native fruit species are beginning to be grown as crops, the wild populations of these high-potential species are being rapidly depleted by destructive harvesting techniques as market pressure begins to build. In the last few years, the availability of several of the most popular fruit species has decreased markedly. If nondestructive sustained-yield harvesting or resources such as wild-harvested fruits if to play its suggested important role in tropical forest conservation, much stronger efforts will be needed to prevent destructive over harvesting of these potentially significant resources.}, keywords = {deforestation, Iquitos, Peru, rainforests}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00241.x}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00241.x}, author = {Rodolfo Vasquez and Alwyn H. Gentry} } @article {422, title = {Amazon fires unstoppable, official says}, year = {1988}, month = {Sept 1, 1988}, pages = {7A}, address = {Des Moines, IA}, abstract = {Brazilian officials of forest protection have admitted that the deliberate and blatant destruction of the rainforest cannot be stopped. They stated that they have no way for the government to intervene because of a government policy implemented in the 1970s. Other Brazilian officials have refused to admit how bad the destruction has become. Previous statistics provided by the forest service were much lower than the actual damage. Tons of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide have been pumped into the earths{\textquoteright}s atmosphere, contributing to the "greenhouse effect."}, keywords = {Brazil, rainforests, slash and burn}, author = {Jan Rocha} } @inbook {918, title = {The Brazilian fiber belt: Harvest and management of Piassava palm (Attalea funifera Mart.)}, booktitle = {The palm -- Tree of life: Biology, utilization, and conservation symposium at the 1986 Annual Meeting of the Society for Economic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, 13-14 June 1986}, series = {Advances in Economic Botany no. 6}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {254-267}, publisher = {New York Botanical Garden}, organization = {New York Botanical Garden}, address = {New York}, abstract = {

Piassava palm (Attalea funifera Mart.) is endemic to the coastal restinge forests of Bahia, Brazil. Its durable water resistant fiber has been commercially exploited since the 1500s, first in the fashioning of ship\&$\#$39;s anchor ropes and later in the manufacture of brooms and brushes. Although still destructively exploited on unattended land, piassava is increasingly being protected and managed as a valuable perennial crop. The leaf fibers harvested either seasonally or on a continuous basis, depending on the competing interests of the cutters and land owners. Management strategies for piassava habitat include:

  1. benign neglect
  2. burning
  3. planting

During burning, piassava\&$\#$39;s deep subterranean stems escape the flames, allowing this species to survive and numerically dominate the post-fire environment. Although widespread, the use of fire to \"improve\" piassave habitat is temporally infrequent. Land owners began planting on an experimental basis in the 1970s. Although geographical differences in fiber quality are recognized, planting is carried out exclusively with seed from local sources.

Piasava fiber exports have steadily declined since the beginning of this century due to over-exploitation and competition with other natural as well as synthetic materials. This situation has been aggravated by the rising value of the U.S. dollar. Export losses have been more than balanced, however, by the growing demand for piassava fiber within Brazil.

}, keywords = {Attalea, Bahia, fire, palms, Piassava, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17353831}, author = {Robert A. Voeks}, editor = {Michael J. Balick} } @article {484, title = {Brazil{\textquoteright}s jungle blackboard: A test for conservation deep in Amazonas}, volume = {276}, year = {1988}, month = {March 1988}, pages = {65-70}, abstract = {This report discusses an Amazonian conservation project called the Minimum Critical Size of Ecosystems project, which is the brainchild of Tom Lovejoy. This project examines an island biogeography ? the fragmentation of ecosystems into patches that resemble islands that are insulated from the original ecosystem. This project seeks the answers to such questions as "What is the numerical relationship between insularization and doom?" "How big must a rain forest be to remain a rain forest?" "If one hectare of this ecosystem is too small to sustain itself, if ten hectares is also too small, then how much is enough?" and "What is the minimum critical size of a piece of Amazon jungle?"}, keywords = {Amazon, Brazil, ecosystem, ecosystem decay, fauna, faunal collapse, jungle, Minimum Critical Size of Ecosystems project, rainforests, relaxation to equilibrium, South America}, author = {David Quammen} } @article {631, title = {On the diversity of tree species in tropical rain forest ecosystems}, journal = {Plant Research and Development}, volume = {28}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {110-125}, abstract = {

Numerous theories have been developed in the past on the species diversity of the tropical moist forest ecosystems. In this paper the theories were grouped in five categories according to their emphasis on:

Some pro and contra evidence for each of these theories is briefly discussed. The Author arrives at the conclusion that none of the above theories offers a satisfactory explanation as the sole cause for the species richness of tropical moist forest ecosystems. The high species diversity of tropical forests is therefore probably the multi-causal result mainly of:

}, keywords = {rainforests, species diversity, trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3048499}, author = {Hans-Joachim Weidelt} } @book {349, title = {Indigenous peoples and tropical forests: Models of land use and management from Latin America}, series = {Cultural survival report no. 27}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, publisher = {Cultural Survival, Inc.}, organization = {Cultural Survival, Inc.}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {This document describes and analyzes different land use systems in the rain forests of Latin America. It considers examples from different realms of resource use, such as: gathering; hunting; fishing and other aquatic resources; swidden agriculture; permanent agriculture; and large-scale sustainable resource management systems. Research priorities are suggested for each realm.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, land use, Latin America, rainforests}, isbn = {0-939521-38-5, 978-0-939521-38-8, 0-939521-32-6, 978-0-939521-32-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/249738828}, author = {Jason W. Clay} } @book {372, title = {People of the tropical rain forest}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {231}, publisher = {University of California Press}, organization = {University of California Press}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, abstract = {A compilation of writings some of which are incomplete. Beginning with chapter five this is an incomplete book about the specific people of the rain forest. It starts with the Indian National Resource management, Hill People of Northern Thailand, Hunters and Farmers of the African Forest, and people of the floodplain and forest. Not only does this excerpt discuss the Indians of Amazonia, but also discusses the regions. It also discusses the way each of the tribes make their living and how they use the resources around them. The last thing the chapter talks of is the ribere{\~n}os{\textquoteright} lives beyond the village. The excerpt includes many pictures and a few graphs.}, keywords = {Amazon, boats, Brazil, canoes, Central America, fallow, Native Americans, rainforests, slash and burn, smallholders, South America, swiddens, tribal peoples, tropical forests}, isbn = {0-520-06295-7; 0-520-06351-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59892476}, editor = {Julie Sloan Denslow and Christine Padoch} } @article {658, title = {Starving in the forest}, journal = {Plant Research and Development}, volume = {28}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {7-31}, abstract = {

This paper gives a brief history of the tropical rainforest regions of Middle America \—Yucatan. It relates this history to the present destruction of the forests and how this destruction is interrelated with starvation. This paper demonstrates, through an example of water use, how planning and aid should be suited to a locality. Sections include: land use in tropical Middle America; determination of the forest function; exploiting the forests; loss of the forest; traditional [living] alternatives; Milpa: the shifting cultivation of the Maya; conuco; tree gardens; peasants and state projects; and land use planning in the pre-Spanish era.

}, keywords = {forestry, Maya, Mexico, Native Americans, Oxkutzcab, plan Tabi, rainforests, trees, Yucatan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3048499}, author = {Bernd Neugebauer} } @inbook {875, title = {Genetic conservation and the role of botanic gardens}, booktitle = {Botanic gardens and the world conservation strategy: Proceedings of an international conference, 26-30 November 1985 held at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {161-173}, publisher = {Academic Press Inc.}, organization = {Academic Press Inc.}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Botanic gardens -- although historically of great importance in the introduction of exotic materials often linked to cash crop development -- were part of the plant introduction systems out of which developed the genetic resource programs in the past few decades. But they have been less than successful in conserving plant materials. With the rapid growth in the nature conservation movement and the economic recession limiting funds, many have realized they have changing roles. Much of this has been sparked by dramatic appeals from botanic gardens in developed countries to help in conservation of the rapidly eroding tropical rain forest.

Current compartmentalized action needs to be coordinated, not from the viewpoint of assuming roles and responsibilities which will only exacerbate the inactivities of many organizations over the past couple of decades, but to produce fruitful liaison based on good science and not emotional or financial considerations.

To this end the authors outline a number of scientific imperatives which could lead to positive action and enable all organizations at this conference to assume their moral and evolutionary responsibilities. They may require radical changes in thinking (but after all evolution is based on genetic change in relation to environment). The manipulation of plants by man has led to a wealth of diversity for food, fiber, shelter and medicine. Now we have the chance to manipulate at the molecular level. We must stand ready with our material available, well documented and with clear priorities for future action.

}, keywords = {botanical gardens, conservation, rainforests}, isbn = {0-12-125462-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16718888}, author = {J. T. Williams and J. L. Creech}, editor = {D. Bramwell and O. Hamann and V. H. Heywood and H. Synge} } @article {625, title = {Natural forest management in C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {39}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {53-60}, abstract = {

The reaction of the tropical rain forest to different silvicultural operations\—logging and thinning\—was studied in three forest reserves in C{\^o}te d\&$\#$39;Ivoire. Measurement taken over a span of four years made it possible to follow the diameter growth of more than 50 commercially valuable species, providing information hitherto unavailable about the requirements and behaviors of these species. Taking into account the growth, mortality and regeneration of an entire stand, the results clearly indicated the value of silvicultural operations, which frequently resulted in a doubling of production, and also forested the establishment of the most valuable species.

}, keywords = {forestry, rainforests}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/s4550e/s4550e08.htm}, author = {H. F. Maitre} } @book {371, title = {People and the tropical forest: A research report from the United States Man and the Biosphere Program}, series = {Man and the Biosphere Program Project}, year = {1987}, note = {U.S. National Committee for Man and the Biosphere Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, month = {1987}, pages = {75}, publisher = {U.S. Department of State, U.S. Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program, Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, organization = {U.S. Department of State, U.S. Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program, Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, forest management, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/721051055}, editor = {Ariel E. Lugo and John J. Ewel and Susanna B. Hecht and Peter G. Murphy and Christine Padoch and Marianne C. Schmink and Donald Stone} } @article {501, title = {A second look at the economics of natural management systems in tropical mixed forests}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {155}, year = {1987}, note = {A.J. Leslie is a former Director of FAO{\textquoteright}s Forest Industries Division}, month = {March-April 1987}, pages = {46-58}, abstract = {A.J. Leslie states that the reason for national management{\textquoteright}s failure was that it was not given a good enough chance. National management was all too easily dismissed and the greed of timber production was one of the biggest reasons for its downfall. Leslie is trying to outline the deeper aspects of economic analysis. The author says that conservation of the forest is possible through management. He lists the case and its weaknesses against national management. He also states the problem of generalities of forest management includes a timeline, approximating the rate that a cycle could last. He inserts 3 tables illustrating cost estimates. He also includes a glossary of terms.}, keywords = {benefit cost ratio, discount rate, Faustmann formula, India, rainforests, shadow prices}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1930e/s1930e06.htm}, author = {A. J. Leslie} } @article {714, title = {Tropical rain forest management: A status report}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {39}, year = {1987}, month = {February 1987}, pages = {2-17}, abstract = {The potential for sustained management of natural forests in the humid tropics continues to be a subject of concern and uncertainty among tropical foresters. In this article, adapted from a paper presented at the Unesco-IVIC International Workshop on Rain Forest Regeneration and Management, Guri, Venezuela, in November 1986, the author examines a series of recent FAO studies and projects reports that indicate that the productive management of many humid lowland forests is both technically feasible and economically viable.}, keywords = {rainforests, regeneration, sustainable management}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/s2850e/s2850e02.htm$\#$tropical\%20rain\%20forest\%20management}, author = {R. Schmidt} } @article {487, title = {Unraveling another Mayan mystery}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {40-49}, abstract = {It has been thought for some time that he inability of the Maya to feed themselves was the precursor of their downfall. However Arturo Gomez-Pompa, a botanist and conservationist at the University of California at Riverside, has found evidence of raised fields in Maya territory which would have had the ability to support the Maya at their height. This paper contrasts raised field technology with slash-and-burn technology and looks at the advantages of raised fields over both slash and burn and modern agriculture.}, keywords = {citrus, cocao, mahogany, mamey, Maya, pet kot, rainforests, raised fields, raman, sapodilla, sapote, slash and burn, Yucatan}, author = {Allan Chen} } @article {512, title = {Amazon ecology and adaptation}, journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology}, volume = {15}, year = {1986}, month = {October 1986}, pages = {67-97}, abstract = {This document looks at the ecology of Amazonia and relates how humans have adapted to this environment. It details both the primary abiotic (soils and water) and biotic (plants and animals) components of the ecosystem and the cultural systems that have arisen for use of these natural resources (hunting, fishing, gathering, agriculture). Significant changes - past, present and future - to these systems are discussed. Research (biological and anthropological) trends and needs in Amazonia are also discussed. (author)}, keywords = {Amazonia, culture, ecosystem, human ecology, rainforests, South America}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.000435}, url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.000435}, author = {L. E. Sponsel} } @inbook {921, title = {The question of hunter-gatherer territoriality: The case of the Batek of Malaysia}, booktitle = {The past and future of !Kung ethnography: Critical reflections and symbolic perspectives: Essays in honour of Lorna Marshall}, series = {Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung no. 4}, year = {1986}, month = {1987}, pages = {137-162}, publisher = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, organization = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, address = {Hamburg}, abstract = {In this paper we hope to make a small additional contribution to the understanding of hunter-gatherer territoriality by describing the social organization, economic activities, and rights to land and resources among the Batek of peninsular Malaysia. The Batek provide an interesting complementary case to the !Kung because they live in a tropical rain forest, where food and water resources are relatively abundant, and because, unlike the !Kung, exchange with outsiders is an important part of their economy. The most striking contrast, however, is that the Batek are not territorial in any of the usual senses of the term.}, keywords = {Batek, gatherer, hunter-gatherer, Kung, Malaysia, rainforests, rattan, territoriality, tropical, wild fruit}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16967559}, author = {Kirk Endicott and Karen Lampell Endicott}, editor = {Megan Biesele and Robert Gordon and Richard Lee} } @inbook {864, title = {Cultural beliefs and management of agroecosystems}, booktitle = {An introduction to human ecology research on agricultural systems in southeast Asia}, year = {1984}, month = {December 1984}, publisher = {University of the Philippines at Los Ba{\~n}os and East-West Center.}, organization = {University of the Philippines at Los Ba{\~n}os and East-West Center.}, address = {Laguna, Phillippines and Honolulu, HI}, abstract = {This excerpt concerns the use of indigenous knowledge in ecological research and educational programs. It outlines ways in which incorporation of indigenous knowledge was and is useful (if not vital) to said projects. Also included is information about Orang Asli in the Malausian rainforest, particularly their implementation of weapons technology.}, keywords = {curriculum, Malaysia, rainforests}, isbn = {0866380620; 9780866380621}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11290046}, author = {George W. Lovelace}, editor = {A. Terry Rambo and Percy E. Sajise} } @article {529, title = {Change and indigenous agroforestry in East Kalimantan [Part II]}, journal = {Borneo Research Bulletin}, volume = {15}, year = {1983}, note = {Part I in Borneo Research Bulletin, 1983 15(1)
CIKARD 91-01903}, month = {September 1983}, pages = {70-87}, abstract = {

This section is essentially an account of the differences that result when the third element, commerce, is introduced. To understand the changes and their impacts, we must first examine the system by which goods and food are produced and aquired in Long Ampung, in the virtual absence of commerce. The crux or core of the economic system is a form of agroforestry composed of at least two important components:

  1. a ricefield and its gradual transition back to (and including) primary forest, and
  2. a number of special purpose plots that for one reason or another do not appear to be involved in the \"normal\" forest succession process. (author)
}, keywords = {Apo Kayan, cash cropping, commercialism, gardening, lumber, marketing, primary forest, rainforests, rice, secondary forest, shopkeeping, tropical forests}, url = {http://www.borneoresearchcouncil.org/BRB\%20PDF\%20scans/BRB_1983_15_02.pdf}, author = {Carol J. Pierce Colfer} } @inbook {895, title = {Machiguenga Gardens}, booktitle = {Adaptive responses of native Amazonians}, year = {1983}, note = {Chapter 2}, month = {1983}, pages = {29-63}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The present description concerns shifting cultivation among the Machiguenga, Native American inhabitants of the tropical rainforest of the Upper Amazon, specifically, a community on the Kompiroshiato River, a tributary of the Urubamba River in the department of Cuzco, Peru. The language is of the Arawakan family, and is closely allied to that of the Amuesha, Campa, and Piro Indians, who also inhabit the montana of Southeastern Peru. As is typical of the montana region, Machiguenga settlements vary from single families to small hamlets of related families located on a stream that provides clean water for household needs, near a river suitable for fishing, and with abundant forest for hunting and from which gardens are cleared. Population density is 0.3 persons/km2. The Machiguenga spend nearly as much time procuring wild foods as they do cultivating their gardens, but it is from their gardens that the vast bulk of their food derives, including a great overproduction of starchy tubers for food security under isolated and vulnerable living conditions. (author)}, keywords = {cacao, coffee, forest dwellers, horticulture, hunter-gatherer, labor, maize, manioc, Native Americans, rainforests, shifting cultivation, slash and burn, soils, South America, weeds, women, yams}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8827760}, author = {Allen Johnson}, editor = {Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers} } @inbook {903, title = {Patterns of resource use and human settlement in tropical forests}, booktitle = {Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Structure and function}, series = {Ecosystems of the world no. 14A}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {301-313}, publisher = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company}, organization = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company}, address = {New York}, abstract = {

Criticisms of traditional resource use patterns in the tropics as wasteful and inefficient predominated in the literature in the past, but has given way in recent years to praise of the stability and conservativeness of these technologies. Such revised views are not surprising and are at least partially justified. They reflect the realization that traditional resource users usually allowed tropical forests to survive or at least to largely regenerate, whereas modern, fossil fuel-using man is expected to destroy these forests within the next century. However, in stressing the long-term persistence of traditional patterns, the: necessity\" and universality of some techniques and the self-sufficience and integrity of pre-modern resource use systems, commentators have done justice neither to the complexity nor the variability -- temporal, spatial, and technological -- of traditional human accommodations to tropical forests.

In this chapter, the authors review some of the conventional ways of viewing and classifying traditional resource use patterns, then point out some of the limitations of these familiar typologies, and finally discuss actual subsistence and settlement patterns in tropical forests, and comment on prospects for development of these areas.

In most broad discussions of indigenous resource use, some typology of food-getting technologies and/or of crops, crop types or crop assemblages, is meant to subsume the basic patterns of livelihood of all traditional groups. The division of technologies into hunting-gathering, shifting, cultivation, and permanent-field cropping is probably most familiar and commonly employed. These three very broad divisions of the spectrum of traditional subsistence, often erroneously assumed to be a necessary evolutionary sequence, are used by anthropologists and geographers to designate different levels of intensity of land resource use, as well as to differentiate levels of control and modification of forest environments. Observers have generally considered the following practices and patterns, technological and social, to be characteristic of these three very general types.

}, keywords = {rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7576493}, author = {Christine Padoch and Andrew P. Vayda}, editor = {F. B. Golley} } @conference {923, title = {The role of trees in agroforestry: Some comments}, booktitle = {Plant research and agroforestry: Proceedings of a consultative meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981}, year = {1983}, note = {

Proceedings of a Consultative Meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981

Chapter 18

}, month = {1983}, pages = {257-270}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

In agroforestry land use systems, the woody perennial components (\&$\#$39;trees\&$\#$39;) play a role in both productivity and sustainability. Some general characteristics of woody perennials are outlined and the need to consider the possible advantages or disadvantages of these in relation to specific agroforestry systems is emphasized. In deciding about introducing trees on farm land the challenge is to answer the questions: What trees? How many? How are they best arranged? Answers to the first of these will arise from the many existing and planned trials with multipurpose trees now being established worldwide. This paper addresses mainly the second question: How many trees?

Three-dimensional diagrams are used to illustrate the effects of a replacement series (tree-crop, crop-tree) on changes in total productivity and soil status with time. The types of response surfaces produced are discussed and various \&$\#$39;scenarios\&$\#$39; shown to illustrate the value of this approach. Such diagrams are less a predictive tool than a means of comprehending the plant and environment changes involved.

The final section briefly discusses tree/shrub arrangement, which will depend on management considerations, soil/water conservation needs, and biological aspects of optimizing productivity. (author)

}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, botany, community woodlots, crops, fuelwood, rainforests, tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {P. A. Huxley}, editor = {P. A. Huxley} } @inbook {871, title = {Exploitation in southeast Asia}, booktitle = {Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Biogeographical and ecological studies}, series = {Ecosystems of the world no. 14B}, year = {1982}, note = {Chapter 34}, month = {1982}, pages = {591-610}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, abstract = {

The area we cover is insular Southeast Asia, or Melanesia, comprising the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. The countries of mainland Southeast Asia are excluded, as they contain little tropical rain forest. Our own research experience leads us to focus mainly on Indonesia.

We consider three categories of exploitation: logging, rattan collection, and shifting cultivation. All are economically important in Southeast Asia and all have had increasingly widespread and deleterious effects in the last few decades. We first describe an example of \"traditional\" (that is, non-mechanized) logging, from the remote Apo Kayan region of the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. Timber cutting in the Apo Kayan is still largely for local use, and employs means that must have been more widespread in Borneo in pre-industrial times. It is far less environmentally destructive than modern commercial logging in lowland dipterocarp forests, which is a subject we also consider. We then turn to rattan collection, drawing especially on the work of Dransfield, who has considered the relation of rattan biology to methods of management and conservation. The last section is a discussion of some aspects of shifting cultivation. (author)

}, keywords = {rainforests, southeast Asia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21303776}, author = {K. Kartawinata and T. C. Jessup and Andrew P. Vayda}, editor = {H. Leith and M. J. A. Werger} } @article {579, title = {Huastec noncrop resource management: Implications for prehistoric rain forest management}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {9}, year = {1981}, month = {December 1981}, pages = {395-417}, abstract = {The Huastec have interacted with elements of a diverse flora in northeastern Mexico for 30 centuries. A Huastec plant-management model is derived from patterns reflected in all anthropogenic vegetation zones, from the dooryard to the forest, and used to discuss the possible effects of human activities upon the prehistoric rain forest. Huastec plant management is discussed from an analytical perspective which views plant management as resulting from the integration of two types of plant manipulation: the manipulation of vegetation en masse and the manipulation of individual plants. Decisions about plant manipulation reflect a concern for minimal labor investment to place the resource at hand. Noncrop plant manipulation practices potentially influence the evolution of individual plants and plant communities primarily by affecting species{\textquoteright} distribution and population parameters. Since the impact of plant-management practices clearly goes beyond domestication, ways of evaluating such practices in order to expand our understanding of ethnobotanical interactions and their impact are suggested.}, keywords = {anthropology/archaeometry, domestication, ecology, environmental management, Huastec, rainforests, resource management, sociology, tropical agroecosystem}, doi = {10.1007/BF01418729}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01418729}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn} } @mastersthesis {443, title = {Indigenous technology transfer and the MAB biosphere reserve program}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, school = {The University of Michigan}, abstract = {

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Natural Resource Management) in The University of Michigan.

This document looks at the effectiveness of the Man and Biosphere Reserve Program in humid tropical forest ecosystems in Latin America. It also evaluates indigenous technology transfer in relation to the AB program and specifically looks at the Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve in Honduras. Recommendations are made for many organizations and individuals concerned with the MAB program.

}, keywords = {deforestation, medicinal plants, rainforests}, doi = {http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/106355}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/68792144}, author = {Dennis Allen Glick} } @article {723, title = {Why do Apo Kayan shifting cultivators move?}, journal = {Borneo Research Bulletin}, volume = {13}, year = {1981}, month = {April 1981}, pages = {16-32}, abstract = {This paper examines shifting cultivation patterns in Apo Kayan on the island of Borner (East Kalimantan). Includes reasons for moving from fields not related to food productions and discards the idea that shifting cultivators cannot adjust to a cash economy. Another "myth" this is discarded is that shifting cultivators are destroyers of primary forests. Also includes suggestions for resettlement program planning as well as expediting economic growth.}, keywords = {Indonesia, rainforests, rice, trade}, url = {http://www.borneoresearchcouncil.org/BRB\%20PDF\%20scans/BRB_1981_13_01.pdf}, author = {Timothy C. Jessup} } @article {682, title = {The evolutionary potential of Lacandon Maya sustained-yield tropical forest agriculture}, journal = {Journal of Anthropological Research}, volume = {36}, year = {1980}, month = {Spring 1980}, pages = {1-30}, abstract = {As centuries-long residents of the southern Maya lowlands, the Lacandon Maya of Chiapas, Mexico, have developed and preserved ecologically sound strategies for sustained-yield food production in the tropical forest biome. Their traditional system of agriculture and food extraction emphasizes successful exploitation of the rain forest environment in a manner compatible with forest regeneration and preservation. The authors describe the Lacandon systems of agricultural production, wildlife management, and forest maintenance, then explore the potential these strategies hold for investigation of ancient Maya food production systems and the development of modern resource utilization schemes in the humid tropics.}, keywords = {Maya, Mexico, Milpas, montane forests, old growth forests, fruits, corn, rainforests, sustainable agriculture, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1086/jar.36.1.3629550}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3629550}, author = {James D. Nations and Ronald B. Nigh} } @conference {746, title = {A traditional agro-system in the Amazon region of Colombia}, booktitle = {Tropical Ecology and Development: Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology}, year = {1980}, month = {April 1979}, pages = {509-514}, publisher = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, organization = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, address = {Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, abstract = {A study has been made in Rain forest shifting cultivation, as practiced by Andoke and Witoto Indians in the Caqueta basin of the Colombian Amazonia. Ecological aspects of cultivation have been investigated at both the individual field level and in terms of field/forest relationships. In general, the indigenous cultivation system functions in a stable manner. At the individual field level, this is achieved through a relatively specialized response to adverse environmental conditions. A particular feature of the system is its agri-silvicultural status. Field/forest relationships are equally critical to the stability of the system. Lengthy forest fallowing is practiced between cultivations, reflecting the dispersed nature of indigenous settlements. This contrasts with the more damaging impact of equally small-scale, but more concentrated, colonist agriculture in adjacent areas. The development implications of indigenous farming methods are considered.}, keywords = {Columbia, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7942294}, author = {Michael J. Eden} } @conference {801, title = {The processing of rotan, a minor forest product from the tropical rain forest}, booktitle = {Paper prepared for Eighth World Forestry Congress - Forests for People, October 1978, Jakarta, Indonesia}, series = {Mitteilungen der Bundesforschungsanstalt f{\"u}r Forst- und Holzwirtschaft Reinbek bei Hamburg, no. 124}, year = {1979}, note = {World Forestry Congress, Jakarta, Indonesia Hamburg-Reinbek Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products Jan 1979. 2pp.}, month = {October 1978}, pages = {158-178}, publisher = {Kommissionsverlag Buchh. Max Wiedebusch}, organization = {Kommissionsverlag Buchh. Max Wiedebusch}, address = {Hamburg-Reinbek}, abstract = {This is one page from an incomplete paper. It includes research about the cultivation of rotan. It talks of ladang shifting) cultivation and how it can become secondary jungle because other forms of forest are not useful. Sega rotan (Calamis caesius) should be planted at certain intervals and from east to west. The rest of the page tells how the fertilization process proceeds and how they attend to the growth and care of the plants.}, keywords = {rainforests, rotan, shifting cultivation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13455115}, author = {H. M. Simatupang} } @article {527, title = {Cattle, cash, food and forest: The destruction of the American tropics and the Lacandon Maya alternative}, journal = {Culture \& Agriculture}, volume = {16}, year = {1978}, month = {August 1978}, pages = {1-6}, abstract = {This paper discusses food production techniques developed by the Lacandon Maya of Chiapas, Mexico and examines the feasibility of expanding the use of those techniques to other groups in the Chiapas jungle. The topic of special interest for three reasons: first,because the Lacandon food production systems can produce a nutritious diet in an area inhabited by 50,000 undernourished people; second, because it van produce this food without destroying the tropical forest these people live in; and third because the Lacondon system presents a rational alternative to the present situation in Chiapas - a situation that is leading to the rapid and total destruction of Mexico{\textquoteright}s last tropical forest.}, keywords = {Chiapas, Latin America, Maya, rainforests}, doi = {10.1525/cuag.1978.16.6.1}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/cuag.1978.16.6.1}, author = {James D. Nations and Ronald B. Nigh} } @article {700, title = {The tropical rain forest}, journal = {Scientific American}, volume = {229}, year = {1973}, month = {December 1973}, pages = {58-67}, abstract = {

This paper addresses the scarcity of nutrients. This effects the food crops, rainforest, and the rest if the ecosystem. The recycling of the minerals is very rapid. Fungi and the decomposition of rocks help in adding nutrients to the ground. The primary rainforest is surviving, but barely.

The idea of a substitute or secondary forest is what is to replace the primary forest. These are phases to the growth of the secondary forest. These are grasses, including herbaceous dicotyledons, vines, shrubs, etc. Next is trees, soft-wooded, fast-growing, and short lived. After that is a cycle, the primary forest begins to form. In order for the primary forest to take shape, the secondary forest must be undistributed.

}, keywords = {Amazon, Borneo, homeostatic mechanisms, mineral-transport system, rainforests, swiddens, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1038/scientificamerican1273-58}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1273-58}, author = {Paul W. Richards} } @article {679, title = {The ecology of Swidden cultivation in the Upper Orinoco rain forest, Venezuela}, journal = {The Geographical Review}, volume = {61}, year = {1971}, month = {October 1971}, pages = {475-495}, abstract = {

Swidden, a word created by Harold C. Conklin, is defined as as systematic study of shifting cultivation. A survey on Swidden cultivation agreed on two principles themes, \" a manmade ecosystem,\" and the way it relates to population and patterns of settlement. Scientist in Africa are working on the biological and pediological aspects of this technique. The upper Orinoco area of Venezuela is where most of the research is headed. The amount of time needed for research is the biggest obstacle to the study.

Along the Upper Orinoco rivers were ten conucos \"plots in active cultivation,\" ten rastrojos, \"fallow plots in the early stages of forest regeneration.\" In conucos, bananas and manioc were planted and flourished. The rastrojo was harder to pinpoint the growth because of the time and the regeneration process of the forest. It was not possible to tell the length of time that was to be studied.
The study of swidden revealed a change in soil nutrients. The nutrients that were changed were: organic carbon, phosphorus, exchangeable cellium and magnesium, all increased potassium and sodium decreased, as well as a change in pH.

Swidden had made a great contribution to the process of understanding ecology and evolution.

}, keywords = {arrowroot, bitter manioc, bottle gourd, cecropia trees, forest regeneration, Indian arrowleaf, mapuey yam, pejibaye, pijiaguao, rainforests, Rio Ocamo, sugar cane, tobacco, totuma, Waika Indians}, doi = {10.2307/213388}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/213388}, author = {David R. Harris} }