@inbook {883, title = {Indigenous resource exploitation}, booktitle = {Ecology and Land Management in Amazonia}, year = {1990}, note = {Chapter 4}, month = {1990}, pages = {62-85}, publisher = {Belhaven Press}, organization = {Belhaven Press}, address = {New York/London}, abstract = {This document looks at various forms of indigenous resource exploitation in the Amazon basin. It details plant and animal (both wild and cultivated) use in the forest, savannas, and wetlands by numerous tribes. European influence is also briefly discussed.}, keywords = {Amazon River region, American Indians, Andoke, anteater, aquatic resources, archaeology, Brazil, Colombia, crop production, environmental policy, fishing, food sources, Guyana, hunter-gatherer, maize, manioc, Native Americans, natural resource conservation, nutrition, Piaroa, polyculture, rainforests, shifting cultivation, South America, swiddens, timber , tubers, Uanano, Venezuela, wetlands, Witoto, Yanomamo}, isbn = {1-85293-118-3; 978-1-85293-118-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21195403}, author = {Michael J. Eden} } @inbook {850, title = {Agricultural systems on the floodplains of the Peruvian Amazon}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, series = {Westview special studies in social, political, and economic development}, year = {1989}, note = {Chapter 5}, month = {1989}, pages = {75-100}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {The "development" of Amazonia continues unabated. Governments sharing the basin are promoting the occupation of the region for reasons that range from land pressures occasioned by inequitable land tenure systems or population pressure, expansion of food and fiber production to meet domestic needs or foreign exchange earnings, to exploitation of natural resources. Development models, however, have been based on those extraneous to the region. This chapter explores those models and systems. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, American Indians, climate, fallow, flora, local knowledge, Native Americans, Peru, rainfall, river, shifting cultivation, South America, swiddens}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18351601}, author = {M{\'a}rio Hiraoka}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @article {691, title = {The need to build upon farmer practice and knowledge: Reminders from selected upland conservation projects and policies}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {October 1989}, pages = {141-153}, abstract = {

On-farm research and development projects in SE Asia\&$\#$39;s uplands have addressed problems of ecosystems degradation. Farmer adoption, however, of land conservation technologies has generally not resulted or has not been sustainable. This paper examines four agroforestry projects and two policy approaches meant to protect upland resources. Promoted innovations and farmer adoption are described. Six lessons are reemphasized:

Overall, variable scale diagnosis and design that is unbiased towards pre-selected technologies is needed. Lessons learned contributed to farmer-participatory agroforestry research being conducted in an upland rice-based system in the Philippines. (author)

}, keywords = {adoption, agriculture, conservation, diagnosis and design, farmer knowledge, farmer participation, farmer practice, forestry, labor, participatory research, resource management, rice, slash and burn, soil erosion, sustainability, swiddens, upland farming}, doi = {10.1007/BF00168259}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00168259}, author = {S. Fujisaka} } @article {803, title = {The scientific basis for Shipibo soil classification and land use: Changes in soil-plant associations with cash cropping}, journal = {American Anthropologist}, volume = {91}, year = {1989}, month = {March 1989}, pages = {83-100}, abstract = {Since the Shipibo began cash cropping rice, their land use patterns have changed with proportionately less utilization of soft sandy soils, which are best for staple Musa production, and greater use of harder clayey soils, which are more suitable for rice and root crops. Statistical analysis of soil samples reveals the physical-chemical basis for Shipibo soil categories and indicates the effect of swidden agriculture on levels of important soil characteristics. While cultural principles for planting have summarized these important ecological relationships in the past, they are often violated with increasing rice production. Examination of time allocation and food consumption data shows that changes in Shipibo land use patterns are associated with higher labor costs during brief periods of the agricultural cycle and greater dependence on domesticated animal foods.}, keywords = {cultural ecology, human adaptation, Shipibo, soil classification, swiddens}, doi = {10.1525/aa.1989.91.1.02a00050}, url = {https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.1989.91.1.02a00050}, author = {Clifford A. Behrens} } @book {372, title = {People of the tropical rain forest}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {231}, publisher = {University of California Press}, organization = {University of California Press}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, abstract = {A compilation of writings some of which are incomplete. Beginning with chapter five this is an incomplete book about the specific people of the rain forest. It starts with the Indian National Resource management, Hill People of Northern Thailand, Hunters and Farmers of the African Forest, and people of the floodplain and forest. Not only does this excerpt discuss the Indians of Amazonia, but also discusses the regions. It also discusses the way each of the tribes make their living and how they use the resources around them. The last thing the chapter talks of is the ribere{\~n}os{\textquoteright} lives beyond the village. The excerpt includes many pictures and a few graphs.}, keywords = {Amazon, boats, Brazil, canoes, Central America, fallow, Native Americans, rainforests, slash and burn, smallholders, South America, swiddens, tribal peoples, tropical forests}, isbn = {0-520-06295-7; 0-520-06351-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59892476}, editor = {Julie Sloan Denslow and Christine Padoch} } @inbook {897, title = {Mountain people in the Philippines: Ethnographic contributions to upland development}, booktitle = {Man, agriculture and the tropical forest: Change and development in the Philippine uplands}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 3}, month = {1986}, pages = {49-51 and 76-85 [43-85]}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {A crisis of deforestation and consequent soil erosion looms in many southeast Asian upland ecosystems. Blame for this problem has been attributed to both slash and burn agriculturalists or timber extraction industries. To the extent that the actions of uplanders rather than legal and illegal logging are seen as being responsible for diminishing forest reserves, a growing demand exists among policy-makers and foresters for a more holistic, interdisciplinary approach to appropriate intervention strategies. Anthropologists are now frequently incorporated into technical programs and are given a growing recognition that economic change cannot be understood adequately in isolation from the social institutional framework. Recent efforts in social forestry, for example, suggest that anthropological perspectives have direct practical applicability to development programs.}, keywords = {agroforestry, animal feed, community forestry, fallow, fuelwood, medicine, rice, swiddens}, isbn = {0933595123; 9780933595125}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18193024}, author = {Susan D. Russell}, editor = {Sam Fujisaka and Percy E. Sajise and Romulo del Castillo} } @conference {790, title = {Relationships between Shipibo and western soil classification: Changes in land use patterns with cash cropping}, booktitle = {Paper presented at 85th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, 5 December 1986, Philidelphia}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, abstract = {Since the Shipibo began cash cropping rice, their land use patterns have changed with less utilization of sandy soils, best for staple Mosa production, and greater use of harder soils, more suitable for rice and root crops. Statistical analysis of soil samples reveals the physical-chemical basis for Shipibo soil categories and indicates the effect of swidden agriculture on levels of important soil characteristics. While cultural prescriptions for planting have summarized these ecological relationships in the past, they are often violated with increasing rice production. This paper examines the greater labor costs associated with the adoption of cash cropping by Shipibo farmers. (author)}, keywords = {cultural ecology, human adaptation, Shipibo, soil classification, swiddens}, author = {Clifford A. Behrens} } @inbook {748, title = {Agroforestry and swidden cultivators in Latin America}, booktitle = {Land, trees and tenure: Proceedings of an International Workshop on Tenure Issues in Agroforestry, Nairobi, May 27-31, 1985}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {283-291}, publisher = {ICRAF and the University of Wisconsin Land Tenure Center}, organization = {ICRAF and the University of Wisconsin Land Tenure Center}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya and Madison, WI}, abstract = {

Agroforestry is a relatively new and integrative scientific discipline, struggling for recognition and application to real problems. Agroforestry has very old antecedents and agroforestry practitioners are considered by many as mere relics bound for extinction (i.e. tropical swidden cultivators). The scientific agroforesters and their native counterparts face an uphill battle for survival or for recognition. It is no small matter to postulate that field and forest should survive together and, better yet, be integrated into productive systems, when progress or modernity have decided that field and forest should be torn asunder. Peasants and particularly swidden cultivators appear as the natural target\ beneficiaries of agroforestry. The latter share with the scientific agroforester a community of aims and of subject matter. These days the paths that lead to technological adoption are very much like a maze and we normally detect the exit. The technical messages come from everywhere, the bombardment of advice and the sales pitch is unceasing-eventually reaching even peasants. In this surfeit of information the message of agroforestry is rarely heard. So researchers presume that for agroforestry it doesn\&$\#$39;t make sense to compete in this game. No doubt in ICRAF other means of communication are being thought out and tried. In this paper, the author suggests that certain situations should be taken into account in order for scientific agroforestry to reach peasants effectively. At least in Latin America, conventional agronomy and allied disciplines have mostly proven unable to foster the adoption of technical advances in agriculture or agroforestry among peasants; that is, advances that are really viable and suitable. At times, researchers have known the what but not how, and at others, knowing how, we didn\&$\#$39;t exactly know what. Agroforestry should learn from these experiences. But scientists also know that major forces were at play and there is no point in attributing blame to agronomists or to peasants. Researchers are quite aware that available technology will be eventually adopted, if perceived by peasants as suitable. One plausible way for scientific agroforestry to be diffused among swidden peasants is to work towards a built-in sort of strategy, one that is linked to its development as a scientific discipline. Scientists have at their disposal many contributions that could be used and integrated in designing such strategy. This position paper should be seen as a complement to both concerns: land tenure and the future of agroforestry, as a discipline that should find ways to become accessible to peasants. This workshop deals with the role of land tenure in agroforestry and this theme shows that the broad concern is with the future of agroforestry. The proper consideration of the institutional framework of access to and the use of land and trees and their products, and the arrangements between persons or groups in land use operations is paramount. They are properly identified and assessed from the position papers.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Latin America, swiddens}, isbn = {0-934519-01-3; 978-0-934519-01-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17247139}, author = {Rafael Baraona}, editor = {J. B. Raintree} } @article {510, title = {Alternate cycle agroforestry}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {387-397}, abstract = {Agroforestry research and design has heavily favored intergrated production of annuals and perennials, that is production of tree crops on the same parcel of land and at the same time as production of food crop annuals. For areas having high population densities and intensive modes of agricultural production, integral agroforestry may be appropriate, but for areas of sparse population where extensive agriculture is practiced or marginal hill lands, alternate cycle agroforestry may prove more suitable. Alternate cycle agroforestry, in the form of modified forest swidden systems, is discussed and compared to integral agroforestry systems. Advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed relative to their use on marginal hill and forest lands.}, keywords = {agroforestry, alternate cycle production, integral production, intercropping, marginal lands, swiddens}, doi = {10.1007/BF00055720}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055720}, author = {Joseph A. Weinstock} } @article {582, title = {Indigenous agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon: Bora Indian management of swidden fallows}, journal = {Interciencia}, volume = {9}, year = {1984}, month = {Nov.-Dec. 1984}, pages = {346-357}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to examine the swidden fallows of an Amazon native group, the Bora of eastern Peru, with the objective of demonstrating how fields are gradually abandoned. This contrasts with most studies of shifting cultivation which focus on why fields are abandoned, and which present a sharp distinction between the field (swidden) and the abandoned field (fallow). For the Bora there is no clear transition between swidden and fallow, but rather a continuum from a swidden dominated by cultivated plants to an old fallow composed entirely of natural vegetation. Thirty-five years or more may be required before the latter condition prevails. Abandonment is not a moment in time but rather a process over time. (author)}, keywords = {ethnobotany, fallow, multistory, Native Americans, Peru, swiddens}, author = {William M. Denevan and John M. Treacy and Janis B. Alcorn and Christine Padoch and Julie Sloan Denslow and Salvadore Flores Pait{\'a}n} } @article {567, title = {Forest preference in swidden agriculture: Traditional knowledge and utilization of biotic diversity}, journal = {Tropical Ecology}, volume = {24}, year = {1983}, month = {January 1983}, pages = {122-142}, abstract = {This paper addresses the question of a preference for primary vs. secondary forest among swidden agriculturalists, using data gathered among the tribal Kantu{\textquoteright} of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Kantu{\textquoteright} have traditionally made a distinction between the two types of forest, based on the differing inputs, outputs and chronologies of swiddens that are cut from them. Historically this distinction was important to the Kantu{\textquoteright} because farming of primary forest bore decisive economic and military advantages within the then context of chronic intertribal warfare. This distinction has maintained its importance into the postwar, contemporary era, although for different reasons. Today the average Kantu{\textquoteright} household farms both primary and secondary forest, in part because the former has jural advantages whereas the latter has economic advantages, but largely so as to exploit the differences between the two. This is a major element in a strategy designed first, to minimize risk and stablize the return on labor, and second, to intensify utilization of this labor.}, keywords = {swiddens}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265601278_Forest_Preference_in_Swidden_Agriculture}, author = {Michael R. Dove} } @article {585, title = {Indigenous agroforestry systems}, journal = {Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society}, volume = {11}, year = {1983}, month = {June-Sept. 1983}, pages = {149-174}, abstract = {Indigenous agroforestry is agroforestry that has long been practiced by cultural communities within the context of their traditional agricultural systems. It historically precedes experimental agroforestry as it is practiced by research scientists working in a Westernized system. Whereas "modern" agroforestry is still largely limited to experimental fields, indigenous agroforestry is practiced in real-life, ongoing enterprises within or adjacent to farmers{\textquoteright} fields. In this paper I will review these indigenous arrangements. (author)}, keywords = {agri-silvipasture, agroforestry, api-silviculture, aqua-silviculture, farming, field-and-groove systems, forestry, Philippines, shifting cultivation, silvipasture, swiddens, trees}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/29791792}, author = {Harold Olofson} } @article {642, title = {Rattan: Ecological balance in a Borneo rainforest swidden}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {37}, year = {1983}, month = {Jan.-March 1983}, pages = {58-68}, abstract = {Various agricultural startegies have been tried in swidden areas of tropical rainforest. Some have focused on food production, others on cash crops. Certain strategies have disrupted the ecological balance of the rainforest, while others developed with ecological stability in mind, but rarely have food production and cash cropping been coterminous and maintained ecological stability. Rattan in tropical rainforest swidden of southeastern Boreno is an indigenous system of producing both food and a cash crop without ecological disruption.}, keywords = {Borneo, economic botany, food crop production, rattan, split rattan, swiddens}, doi = {10.1007/BF02859305}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4254455}, author = {Joseph A. Weinstock} } @inbook {874, title = {From grain crops to tree crops in the Cuyunon swidden system}, booktitle = {Adaptive strategies and change in Philippine swidden-based societies}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {91-104}, publisher = {Forest Research Institute College}, organization = {Forest Research Institute College}, address = {Laguna, Philippines}, abstract = {This paper concerns one possible answer to the question: What else can shifting cultivators do for a living that will allow them to exploit their environments on an ecologically-sound, sustained-yield basis, and yet satisfy both their subsistence needs and their market wants? The answer is arboriculture, or tree-crop farming -- cultivation of coconuts, bananas, fruit trees, and the like.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Philippines, swiddens}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/10341908}, author = {James F. Eder}, editor = {Harold Olofson} } @article {700, title = {The tropical rain forest}, journal = {Scientific American}, volume = {229}, year = {1973}, month = {December 1973}, pages = {58-67}, abstract = {

This paper addresses the scarcity of nutrients. This effects the food crops, rainforest, and the rest if the ecosystem. The recycling of the minerals is very rapid. Fungi and the decomposition of rocks help in adding nutrients to the ground. The primary rainforest is surviving, but barely.

The idea of a substitute or secondary forest is what is to replace the primary forest. These are phases to the growth of the secondary forest. These are grasses, including herbaceous dicotyledons, vines, shrubs, etc. Next is trees, soft-wooded, fast-growing, and short lived. After that is a cycle, the primary forest begins to form. In order for the primary forest to take shape, the secondary forest must be undistributed.

}, keywords = {Amazon, Borneo, homeostatic mechanisms, mineral-transport system, rainforests, swiddens, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1038/scientificamerican1273-58}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1273-58}, author = {Paul W. Richards} } @article {650, title = {Shifting cultivation, fire, and pine forest in the Cordillera Central, Luzon, Philippines}, journal = {Ecological Monographs}, volume = {36}, year = {1966}, note = {See also: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2307/1942374}, month = {Autumn 1966}, pages = {389-419}, abstract = {This paper looks at the importance of montane forest on soil erosion where the Kaingin peoples of the Philippines practice swidden agriculture. Also details floral succession from primary montane to secondary pine forests. Includes the effects of modernization of Kaingin agriculture on soil erosion.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Philippines, swiddens}, doi = {10.2307/1942374}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1942374}, author = {Norman Edward Kowal} } @book {384, title = {Shifting cultivation in Africa: The Zande system of agriculture}, year = {1956}, month = {1956}, pages = {xxxi, 304 pp.}, publisher = {Routledge \& Kegan Paul}, organization = {Routledge \& Kegan Paul}, address = {London, England}, abstract = {The excerpts from this book talk about the Zande ecological conceptions concerning swidden farming, rock and stone formations. The second part of this excerpt looks at Zande Crops: millet, Maize, sorghum, rice, cowpeas, green gram. The excerpt finishes with a discussion of overcultivation.}, keywords = {cowpeas, crop rotation, ecology, green gram, maize, millet, overcultivation, rice, rock formations, slash and burn, sorghum, swiddens, taxonomy, Zande}, url = {https://ehrafworldcultures-beta.its.yale.edu/cultures/fo07/documents/060}, author = {Pierre de Schlippe} }