@article {601, title = {Karit{\'e} (Vitellaria paradoxa) and n{\'e}r{\'e} (Parkia biglobosa) associated with crops in South Mali}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {18}, year = {1992}, month = {May 1992}, pages = {89-105}, abstract = {

The effect of two tree species, karit{\'e} (Vitellaria paradoxa) and n{\'e}r{\'e} (Parkia biglobosa) on soil condition, development and production of cotton, sorghum and pearl millet, main crops in South Mali, has been investigated.

The soil under the trees is slightly richer (organic matter content and several cations) compared to adjacent tree-less sites. Also tree-specific effects exist.

Soil enrichment, however, is mainly a matter of redistribution of locally available nutrient resources.

Of the six associations studied, only karit{\'e}-cotton shows no tree-induced reduction in crop production. All other associations suffer greatly from reduced crop outputs caused by the trees, usually in the order of 60\%.

There are at least two reasons that explain tree-induced yield reduction. Because of increased humidity in the immediate surroundings of trees, in both soil and air, lower numbers of crop plants survive up to maturity, presumably because plants are attacked by fungi. Secondly, crop plants that mature show reduced output because of inter-specific competition for light and nutrients.

In case of n{\'e}r{\'e}, in order to minimize the trees\&$\#$39; negative influence lopping is advised. Such practice, however, is less suitable in case of karit{\'e}, because of its assumed lower potential to regenerate, as compared to n{\'e}r{\'e}.

}, keywords = {agriculture, Butyrospermum paradoxum, cotton, forestry, Mali, Parkia biglobosa, pearl millet, sorghum, tree/crop interface, Vitellaria paradoxa, West Africa}, doi = {10.1007/BF00115407}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00115407}, author = {L. J. M. Kater and S. Kante and Arnoud Budelman} } @proceedings {379, title = {Proceedings of "Do It Herself" -- Women and Technological Innovation, Africa Regional Seminar, 23-24 September 1991, Harare, Zimbabwe}, year = {1991}, month = {September 1991}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Development Group}, address = {Rugby, England}, abstract = {

Women have long been regarded as \&$\#$39;non technological\&$\#$39; whilst men have always been granted credit for technological innovations by technical development specialists. Despite the fact that it is women who are widespread users of small-scale technologies with extensive knowledge of their environments and production systems, research and development of new tools and techniques has tended to focus on men\&$\#$39;s activities, and improved equipment has often been introduced to men even where women have been the traditional operators. (author) Includes following case studies:

}, keywords = {aquatic resources, fishing, potters, salt extraction, sorghum}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/876298731} } @article {580, title = {IITA: Sustainable systems}, journal = {African Farming}, year = {1987}, month = {Sept/Oct 1987}, pages = {50-51}, abstract = {Bede Nwoye Okigbo, Deputy Director General of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) for the last ten years, is one of those rare human beings who has a rich professional life perfectly integrated with his own personality. Several societies and academies have enrolled his talents. His field of specialization is crop ecology and production, but it is hard to find any area of agriculture or botany where Okigbo{\textquoteright}s profound insight or experience in not equally valid. In this interview, Dr. Okigbo explains how research being carried out at IITA is helping Africa to feed itself.}, keywords = {agricultural extension, agroforestry, alley cropping, barley, cassava, cereal food imports, cereals, cowpeas, farming systems research , food aid, green revolution, indigenous crops, maize, millet, plantains, rice, seed yam, seeds, soils, sorghum, strategic planning study, sustainable agriculture, wheat, yams}, author = {Anonymous} } @article {514, title = {An evaluation of the Acacia albida-based agroforestry practices in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {June 1986}, pages = {129-143}, abstract = {

Growing Acacia albida as a permanent tree crop, on farmlands with cereals, vegetables and coffee underneath or in between, is an indigenous agroforestry system in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. However, there is practically no systematic record or data on the merits and benefits of this practice.

The paper presents the results of an investigation into the effects of the presence of A. albida on farmlands on the yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Twenty-seven plot pairs each consisting of one plot underneath the A. albida foliage cover and the other in the open, away from the tree - on farmers\&$\#$39; fields, in a 40 km radius around the Alemaya College of Agriculture - were sampled and the yield components analyzed. A statistically significant increase in crops yields by 56\% on average was found for the crops under the tree canopies compared to those away from the trees. This increase was caused by the improvement in 1,000 grain weight and number of grains of plants under the tree, indicating that the trees enhanced the fertility status of the soil and improved its physical conditions in terms of crop growth. Additional benefits from the A. albida trees include supply of fuelwood and fodder. Quantitative estimates of these outputs as well as their monetary values are presented in the paper. However, in order to realize these benefits to a discernible extent, higher stand densities of the tree than at present are required.

Based on an enquiry about the farmers attitude towards A. albida, the prospects for an extension of this promising agroforestry technique are discussed against the background of the state and trends of development of agriculture in the area. It is surmised that despite some shortcomings like the relatively slow and highly variable growth of A. albida and a conflict with the spreading cultivation of Ch\&$\#$39;at (Catha edulis Forsk.), the prospects of extension of this technique are good.

It is recommended that its propagation should be incorporated into the programmes of the extension agencies of the various governmental agencies concerned with land use.

}, keywords = {Acacia albida, agroforestry, Ch{\textquoteright}at, Ethiopia, fuelwood, Hararghe highlands, maize, sorghum}, doi = {10.1007/BF00141545}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141545}, author = {Peter Poschen} } @book {384, title = {Shifting cultivation in Africa: The Zande system of agriculture}, year = {1956}, month = {1956}, pages = {xxxi, 304 pp.}, publisher = {Routledge \& Kegan Paul}, organization = {Routledge \& Kegan Paul}, address = {London, England}, abstract = {The excerpts from this book talk about the Zande ecological conceptions concerning swidden farming, rock and stone formations. The second part of this excerpt looks at Zande Crops: millet, Maize, sorghum, rice, cowpeas, green gram. The excerpt finishes with a discussion of overcultivation.}, keywords = {cowpeas, crop rotation, ecology, green gram, maize, millet, overcultivation, rice, rock formations, slash and burn, sorghum, swiddens, taxonomy, Zande}, url = {https://ehrafworldcultures-beta.its.yale.edu/cultures/fo07/documents/060}, author = {Pierre de Schlippe} }