@article {836, title = {The Cree view of land and resources: Indigenous ecological knowledge}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, institution = {Hamilton, Ontario, Canada}, address = {McMaster University}, abstract = {This document looks at the traditional ecological knowledge (indigenous knowledge) and its relationship with modern society. Specifically, it details the knowledge held by the Cree Indians of Canada{\textquoteright}s north and gives examples and makes suggestions on how indigenous knowledge and development programs can be linked.}, keywords = {American Indians, common property, ethics, Native Americans, natural resource management, worldview}, author = {Fikret Berkes and P. George and Richard Preston and J. Turner} } @article {632, title = {Ownership of traditional information: Moral and legal obligation to compensate for taking}, journal = {Northeast Indian Quarterly}, volume = {6}, year = {1989}, month = {1989 Fall}, pages = {30-35}, abstract = {Technically developed societies have benefited greatly by the knowledge which they have extracted from indigenous, tribal societies, especially those living in the tropical rainforests. Tropical plants, and occasionally animals, have been used to produce many valuable pharmaceutical products; genetic variants of domestic crops have been used to produce increased yields, resistance to disease, and other valuable characteristics. Knowledge of these values of tropical plants has been created and discovered, sometimes at great hazard, over generations of people. The intellectual property so created and cared for is owned and has value. The knowledge has sometimes been extracted from rainforest people by ethnobotanists, anthropologists, and others, in transactions which may be characterized as unjust and illegal. From both moral and legal standpoints we may have obligations to compensate people of these tribal societies for the immensely valuable intellectual property which we have obtained from them. Various methods are available for compensation for past injustices and to produce fair transactions in the future. (author)}, keywords = {biodiversity, ethics, ethnobotany, intellectual property rights, medicinal plants, rainforests}, author = {Richard J. McNeil and Michael J. McNeil} } @article {425, title = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {Articles from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) also listed independently.}, month = {Win-Spr 1988}, abstract = {articles; book reviews}, keywords = {development assistance, ecology, economics, ethics, famine, fisheries, food, gender, history, international development}, url = {https://www.springer.com/journal/10460} } @article {574, title = {Great planting disasters: Pitfalls in technical assistance in forestry}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {49-60}, abstract = {Social forestry, in contrast to traditional forestry, is intended to meet biological/environmental, procedural and equity goals. Social forestry projects may not fulfill this multiplicity of goals either because priority is given to a single goal or because various factors including the structure and norms of implementing institutions and the distribution of local power overwhelm procedural and distributive intentions. Thus, despite participatory and equitable project designs, social forestry projects may result in the distribution of benefits to the rich and costs to the poor and products that either have little local value or lose their value over time. Factors leading to these outcomes are explored and countervailing measures considered.}, keywords = {agricultural economics, equity goals, ethics, evolutionary biology, history, project design, social forestry, technical assistance, veterinary medicine}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217176}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217176}, author = {Louise Fortmann} } @article {575, title = {Historical forces in world agriculture and the changing role of international development assistance}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {Win-Spr 1988}, pages = {77-91}, abstract = {

The first part of this paper discusses five sets of forces that have had a major influence on world agriculture in the post-World War II period. These include:

  1. high rates of population growth in the developing countries
  2. a steady increase in economic integration world-wide, driven by technological breakthroughs in the communication and transportation sectors
  3. major realignments in the values of national currencies
  4. growing distortions in economic policies in both the industrialized and developing countries
  5. growing diffusion of new production technology from the industrialized to the developing countries.

The second part reviews the changing role of international development assistance in support of agriculture in light of these historical forces. Such assistance successively stressed the development of extension services, food aid, institutional development of higher level education institutions, the development of research capacity, and rural development.

A look to the future is the subject of the third part of the paper. This includes a discussion of the difficulties in sustaining U.S. foreign assistance, especially when that nation is letting its own economic house fall into such disarray.

}, keywords = {development assistance, ecology, economic integration, economic policies, economics, education institution, ethics, famine, fisheries, food agricultural economics, gender, history, international development, production technology, rural development}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217179}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217179}, author = {G. Edward Schuh} } @article {436, title = {The human ecology of agricultural development: The ethics and rationale of international technical cooperation in agriculture and rural life}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {Articles also listed independently.}, month = {Win-Spr 1988}, keywords = {development assistance, ecology, economics, ethics, famine, fisheries, food, gender, history, international development}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/0889-048x/5/1-2/} } @article {597, title = {International technical interventions in agriculture and rural development: Some basic trends, issues, and questions}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {6-15}, abstract = {This paper presents some of the basic trends, issues, and questions regarding the last four decades of international development cooperation in agriculture. The impact of technical cooperation tends to account for only a small proportion of change; the bulk of the variance being caused by internal, rather than external, forces and events. The paper reviews both multilateral and bilateral technical cooperation, and then illustrates with the case of U.S. universities in international technical cooperation. It goes on to question the difference between "development" and "merely change," and asks who are the real beneficiaries? Finally, the paper suggests the following factors affecting continuity and change as forces to be analysed with respect to any attempt at technical cooperation: biological, physical, cultural, social, economic, administrative, political, and diplomatic. The world experience of the past four decades confirms that without consideration of such a human ecology of continuity and change, well-meaning interventions in international technical cooperation are likely to have unintended consequences for both "donors" and "recipients."}, keywords = {ethics, international development, rural development, small proportion, unintended consequence, veterinary medicine}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217172}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217172}, author = {George H. Axinn} }