@article {737, title = {In good hands: Sustainable agriculture in the Lancandon Rainforest}, year = {1993}, month = {February 5, 1993}, abstract = {This is a proposal for the making of a videotape to document the work of Dr. James Nations. He is an ecological anthropologist. His work mainly entails the study of the Lancandon Rainforest. The video will document his most recent trip for observing the Lancandons. Kibben and Bartz{\textquoteright}s target audiences are public television viewers, policymakers of countries with tropical forests, educational institutions, and the tropical farmers themselves. The proposal also gives the benefits of the use of the tape, the backgrounds of everyone involved and a breakdown of production costs. Lastly, the proposal includes the letter of intent to back the project from the Film Arts Foundation.}, keywords = {intercropping}, author = {Steve Bartz and Jaime Kibben} } @inbook {913, title = {Social forestry: A cross-cultural analysis}, booktitle = {Ecosystem rehabilitation: Preamble to sustainable development}, volume = {1}, year = {1992}, month = {[1990]}, pages = {63-78}, publisher = {SPB Academic Publishing}, organization = {SPB Academic Publishing}, address = {The Hague, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

There is a growing appreciation of the importance of trees to rural people in developing countries. Several terms have been used to describe aspects of this relationship, including social forestry, agroforestry, and forestry for local community development. Each term denotes a connection between people and trees. Forestry has a social context; trees and food production systems are intimately linked and forestry activities should be an integral part of development, contributing to the satisfaction of basic material needs, ensuring environmental stability, and the attaining of other progressive goals. Many of these ideas about the role of forestry in rural development are not new. However, what is different is the emphasis placed on the participation of communities, households, and individuals in planting and managing trees.

This paper examines the importance and implications of indigenous technical knowledge for forestry development. It describes the extensive use of forest resources by rural people in developing countries. Further, it reviews various local tree management strategies that have been customarily used to retain tree cover in rural areas. I believe that participatory forestry interventions need to be based on a clear understanding of indigenous tree use and management systems. Such systems for a valuable foundation from which effective afforestation efforts can be launched. (author)

}, keywords = {community forestry, home gardens, intercropping, propagation, tree management}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/605953042}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro}, editor = {Mohan K. Wali} } @article {727, title = {Yams and megapode mounds in the lowland rain forest of Papua New Guinea}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, month = {June 1990}, pages = {177-185}, abstract = {Kubo people of Papua New Guinea sometimes grew Dioscorea yams in mounds of forest litter that were made as egg-incubation sites by birds (Megapodiidae). The small yam plots were included within larger banana gardens and, in the latter, it was yams, not bananas, that took precedence in the gardening decisions of people. The technique would be viable in the absence of a larger garden. It is interpreted as an expression of an ancient pattern of small-scale plant domestication.}, keywords = {intercropping, Kubo, megapodes, Papua New Guinea, plant domestication, rainforests, yams}, doi = {10.1007/BF00889181}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602964}, author = {Peter D. Dwyer and Monica Minnegal} } @conference {784, title = {Multi-storied cropping in Cavite: A farmer-derived agroforestry system}, booktitle = {Paper presented at IIRR/MBRLC/MF Workshop on Sustainable Agriculture in the Uplands 25 August-9 September 1989, Philippines}, year = {1989}, month = {Aug/Sept 1989}, publisher = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)}, organization = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)}, address = {Philippines}, abstract = {The search for addressing the environmental degradation problems facing the Uplands and Hillylands in most parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America inevitably ends up in the selection of an Agro-Forestry based intervention strategy. Perennials such as trees are an important component of any such stabilization strategy. However, some of the best designers of widely adopted traditional agroforestry systems have been the farmers themselves. One such example is the polycultural, multistoried cropping system of Cavite, Philippines where over 12,285 hectares of land are devoted to agriculture planted to various crops which include coconut, coffee, banana, papaya, pineapple, upland rice, tuber crops and different kinds of fruit trees along with the shade producing Gliricidia sepium. This agroforestry system was developed by the farmers themselves and has evolved over the years (and continues to do so). This article discusses various technical aspects of this approach as practiced by the majority of Cavite farmers. (author)}, keywords = {intercropping, multiple cropping}, author = {Laurito B. Arizala and Julian F. Gonsalves} } @inbook {853, title = {Agroecology and in situ conservation of native crop diversity in the third world}, booktitle = {Biodiversity}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {361-369}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, organization = {National Academy of Sciences}, chapter = {41}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Modern agriculture is pushing traditional farmers to plant areas with monocultures of genetically uniform plants. This is risky because the plants are vulnerable to yield-limiting factors. Situ conservation methods have many benefits; although they do not provide a panacea for conserving natural sources of crop genetic resources. Researchers in certain countries have helped farmers return to traditional chinampas and multilayered, specied-rich gardens. In Bolivia, project AGRUCO is helping peasants recover their production autonomy.}, keywords = {alternative farming systems, intercropping, raised fields}, isbn = {0-309-03783-2}, url = {https://doi.org/10.17226/989}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri and Laura C Merrick}, editor = {E. O. Wilson and Frances M. Peter} } @article {599, title = {Kandyan gardens of Sri Lanka}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {123-137}, abstract = {Kandyan Gardens (KG) or Kandyan Forest Gardens (KFG) of Sri Lanka represent a traditional system of perennial cropping which has been in practice for several centuries. It is esseentially a system of mixed cropping with a variety of economically valuable groups of tree crops such as spices, fruits, medicinal plants and timber species. However, these systems are usually in small homestead holdings and are practiced in only a few districts. KFG is different from other homegarden systems mostly in terms of the variety of plants grown. Moreover the farmers who practice this system enjoy a {\textquoteright}relatively better{\textquoteright} level of living by virtue of returns from both the economic cash crops and the subsistence products. Presumably, with improved management, the system has the potential for increased production and better returns. This paper examines the situation with respect to the KG system and endeavours to identify the directions of research for the improvement of the system. (author)}, keywords = {coffee, intercropping, labor, land use patterns, mixed cropping, pepper}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047517}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047517}, author = {V. J. Jacob and W. S. Alles} } @article {694, title = {The role of agroforestry in the farming systems in Rwanda with special reference to the Bugesera-Gisaka-Migongo (BGM) region}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, pages = {271-289}, abstract = {The Rwandan farmers, faced with a perpetual land shortage, have evolved certain intensive systems of organic agriculture. These systems, particularly the homestead (compound) farming, involve the combination of food, fodder and tree crops. to a certain extent these systems can satisfy the multiple needs of the subsistence farmers living under several risks and constraints. However, they cannot cope with the expanding food demand of the rapidly increasing population. Some multipurpose, low-input technologies and agroforestry approaches have been designed to improve the productivity of these traditional systems; these include inter/mixed cropping systems and rotations, alley cropping with leguminous trees and shrubs, use of planted {\textquoteright}fallow{\textquoteright}, planting tree legumes on anti-erosive lines, mixed farming,community forestry and woodlots, and tree planting on farm/field boundaries. The essential aspects of these technologies are briefly discussed. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, forestry, homestead farming, intercropping, land tenure, low-input technologies, organic agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00048104}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00048104}, author = {V. Balasubramanian and A. Egli} } @inbook {927, title = {Traditional agroforestry in West Java: The pekarangan (homegarden) and kebun-talun (annual-perennial rotation) cropping systems}, booktitle = {Traditional agriculture in southeast Asia: A human ecology perspective}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {132-157}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This chapter looks at the role of kebun-talun and pekarangan in the Javanese landscape. Kebun-talun (rotation system between mixed garden and tree plantation) is a traditional system that increases overall production and serves multiple functions by sequentially combining agricultural crops with tree crops. Pekarangan (homegarden intercropping system) is a traditional system located in the villages that provides both subsistence and commercial products and serves multiple functions by simultaneously combining agricultural crops with tree crops and animals.}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, animals, crop rotation, ecology, farming, home gardens, Indonesia, intercropping, Java, Javanese, kebun-talun, pekarangan, rice, tree crops, trees, upland farming}, isbn = {0-8133-7026-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12975293}, author = {Linda Christanty and Oekan S. Abdoellah and Gerald G. Marten and Johan Iskandar}, editor = {Gerald G. Marten} } @article {510, title = {Alternate cycle agroforestry}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {387-397}, abstract = {Agroforestry research and design has heavily favored intergrated production of annuals and perennials, that is production of tree crops on the same parcel of land and at the same time as production of food crop annuals. For areas having high population densities and intensive modes of agricultural production, integral agroforestry may be appropriate, but for areas of sparse population where extensive agriculture is practiced or marginal hill lands, alternate cycle agroforestry may prove more suitable. Alternate cycle agroforestry, in the form of modified forest swidden systems, is discussed and compared to integral agroforestry systems. Advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed relative to their use on marginal hill and forest lands.}, keywords = {agroforestry, alternate cycle production, integral production, intercropping, marginal lands, swiddens}, doi = {10.1007/BF00055720}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055720}, author = {Joseph A. Weinstock} } @article {545, title = {Dynamics of fallow successions and introduction of robusta coffee in shifting cultivation areas in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {September 1985}, pages = {227-238}, abstract = {The traditional shifting cultivation system in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea consists of mixed food crop gardens in which yams (Dioscorea spp.), bananas, taro (Colocasia esculenta) and sugarcane predominate. The cropping cycle is usually for 18 months, followed by a fallow cycle of up to 30 years. During the cropping cycle, two species of fruit trees, Pometia pinnata and Artocarpus altilis are also planted, the leaves of the former also being used as a mulch and green manure in yam cultivation. Fallow succession follows rather systematic patterns about which farmers have a thorough understanding. Robusta coffee, a cash-crop component, has been added to the system in some areas since the late 1950s. It is usually grown in permanent blocks, but is interplanted with Leucaena as shade. Food crops are planted in the establishment stage, bananas and Xantohosoma being retained even in mature coffee gardens. The system seems to be a potentially promising one. But very little quantitative information is available on the production and performance of the system and practically no systematic research has been undertaken. Since the Papua New Guinea fallow gardeners are willing to accept innovations, it will be appropriate and timely to undertake serious studies so that the system can be improved. A few items that merit immediate research attention are indicated. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, coffee, fallow successions, forestry, intercropping, Papua New Guinea, shifting cultivation}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046956}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00046956}, author = {Bryant J. Allen} }