@article {521,
	title = {Biodiversity prospecting},
	journal = {Geneflow},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {43-82},
	abstract = {In September 1991, the Institiuto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), a Costa Rican private non-profit organization and the U.S. pharmaceutical firm Merck \& Company entered into an agreement on {\textquoteright}biodiversity prospecting{\textquoteright} - the exploration of biodiversity of commercially valuable genetic resources. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck provided over US$1million for a limited number of extracts from accessions gathered by Costa Rican ecochemists. The partners have agreed on a royalty-sharing system if any of the material is commercialized. (author)},
	keywords = {intellectual property rights},
	author = {Anonymous}
}
@booklet {490,
	title = {Indigenous biodiversity network},
	year = {1993},
	month = {10/28/1993},
	abstract = {<p>For more information contact: Alejandro Argumedo, Suite 6620, 1 Nicholas St., Ottawa, ON Canada K1N 7B7</p><p>A statement submitted to an intergovernmental committee on the convention of biological diversity. This discusses the rights of indigenous people the world over and the importance of their knowledge. In regards to their rights, they state some specific actions to help stop the exploitation of their land and their knowledge. While offering their help with issues such as conservation, they feel they are unjustly deprived of the rewards and benefits made possible because of their help. Together with government organizations, they will help restore the earth to a more natural state to the benefit of all.</p>},
	keywords = {biodiversity, intellectual property rights},
	author = {Alejandro Argumedo}
}
@conference {786,
	title = {Owning knowledge: The factors influencing the possession of indigenous forest knowledge},
	booktitle = {Paper presented at Peoples, Problems and Processes, September 1992, Kathmandu, Nepal},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Sept. 1992},
	address = {Kathmandu, Nepal},
	abstract = {What I am particularly interested in is indigenous forest knowledge and the factors that influence who the knowledge holders in a community are. On the most basic level, people know the most about the activities that they do the most. For instance, foresters and development specialists recognize that village women in Nepal have much knowledge about forest resources {\textemdash} such as fuelwood, fodder, and medicinal herbs {\textemdash} because women are the main collectors of these products. Gender-based division of labor is one of the variables that influences indigenous knowledge. (author)},
	keywords = {agroforestry, intellectual property rights},
	author = {Rebecca Leigh Saul}
}
@conference {792,
	title = {Report of the Consultation on Sustainable Development and Environment in the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Sectors in Latin America and the Caribbean: Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development, Santiago, Chile, 28 to 30 April 1992},
	series = {RLAC-CSD3},
	year = {1992},
	month = {April 1992},
	publisher = {FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean},
	organization = {FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean},
	address = {Santiago, Chile},
	abstract = {Contains information on soil resources, land use, erosion, salinization, desertification, management of soil and water resources, fragile ecosystems, agriculture and water pollution, water and soil conservation, treatment and use of sewage water in irrigation, rehabilitation of degraded lands, use of agro-chemicals, health impacts, integrated pest control, and gives suggestions for action on sustainable agriculture and rural development.

This paper attempts to present a broad view of the problems presently hindering the conservation of biological diversity and of its relationship to biotechnology and to suggest possible solutions which are becoming an interesting economic alternative for the developing countries. (author)},
	keywords = {ex situ conservation, in situ conservation, intellectual property rights},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28814990},
	author = {FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean and UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development)}
}
@article {588,
	title = {Indigenous knowledge and biodiversity: Global commons or regional heritage?},
	journal = {Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1991},
	month = {September 1991},
	pages = {4-8},
	abstract = {Pharmaceutical companies are turning to indigenous knowledge-based forms of healing for new medicinal plants and they are walking away with million dollar deals. In general, very little money goes back to the communities and the healers who shared their knowledge. There are many different ideas as to how the money should be distributed. It is felt that the role of bridging the gap between the traditional communities and the pharmaceutical companies should be filled with anthropologists and enthnobiologists. They can facilitate a partnership agreement that will benefit both the indigenous community and industrial society.},
	keywords = {ethnobotany, intellectual property rights},
	url = {http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/indigenous-knowledge-and-biodiversity-global-commons-or-regional-heritag},
	author = {A. B. Cunningham}
}
@article {627,
	title = {No Hunting! Biodiversity, indigenous rights, and scientific poaching},
	journal = {Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1991},
	month = {September 1991},
	pages = {14-18},
	abstract = {The policies concerning the use of indigenous plants for commercial uses have historically protected those with the most to gain. In most cases, it is the pharmaceutical companies which benefit from the profits. Often the knowledge shared from indigenous people is essential to the research of these plants. Scientists are calling this the "golden age of plant hunting" because of the growth of pharmaceutical companies and their research on indigenous medicines. There are many proposals to protect the rights of indigenous people and land from which the plants come. The Kuna Indians of Panama have established their own rules about how research is to be conducted on their lands. These rules are to keep the Kuna Indians from being exploited. These methods and others could possibly help to avoid situations such as that in Madagasgar with the development of vinblastine and vincristine from the rosy periwinkle.},
	keywords = {agriculture, biodiversity, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, indigenous knowledge, indigenous plants, intellectual property rights, plant hunting},
	url = {http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/panama/no-hunting-biodiversity-indigenous-rights-and-scient},
	author = {Jack Kloppenburg}
}
@article {632,
	title = {Ownership of traditional information: Moral and legal obligation to compensate for taking},
	journal = {Northeast Indian Quarterly},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989 Fall},
	pages = {30-35},
	abstract = {Technically developed societies have benefited greatly by the knowledge which they have extracted from indigenous, tribal societies, especially those living in the tropical rainforests. Tropical plants, and occasionally animals, have been used to produce many valuable pharmaceutical products; genetic variants of domestic crops have been used to produce increased yields, resistance to disease, and other valuable characteristics. Knowledge of these values of tropical plants has been created and discovered, sometimes at great hazard, over generations of people. The intellectual property so created and cared for is owned and has value. The knowledge has sometimes been extracted from rainforest people by ethnobotanists, anthropologists, and others, in transactions which may be characterized as unjust and illegal. From both moral and legal standpoints we may have obligations to compensate people of these tribal societies for the immensely valuable intellectual property which we have obtained from them. Various methods are available for compensation for past injustices and to produce fair transactions in the future. (author)},
	keywords = {biodiversity, ethics, ethnobotany, intellectual property rights, medicinal plants, rainforests},
	author = {Richard J. McNeil and Michael J. McNeil}
}
