@article {732, title = {Can commercial tree planting ensure ecological recovery?}, year = {n.d.}, abstract = {
The problem of deforestation had generated many projects to help this situation. The most controversial project is afforestation. This has been backed by the World Bank Watershed which has funded this cause with over US $190 million.
The locals are seriously against the afforestation projects for fear of depletion of their groundwater and fodder resources. In India they are planting pine; in Ethiopia they are planting eucalyptus. Specifying what gets planted where is destroying the diversity of the rainforest. The World Bank does not usually work with agroforestry or afforestation. The locals are afraid that they will profit from the planting of specific types of trees and the trees will be of no use to the agriculture. The tree-planting that the World Bank is doing is not rebuilding, but it may end up changing the environment that the people are used to.
}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, deforestation, environment, rainforests}, author = {Khor Kok Peng} } @article {461, title = {CIKARD Original Bibliography}, year = {1998}, note = {These links will take you to the original bibliography.
Includes the following papers:
This document contains the abstracts/summaries of the 8th National Zoo Symposium. Topics such as: common property, politics, community involvement, debt trade, indigenous knowledge, traditional wildlife management, natural resource management, and indigenous societies are addressed.
}, keywords = {American Indians, common property, community involvement, debt trade, indigenous knowledge, indigenous societies, local knowledge, Native Americans, natural resource management, politics, rainforests, traditional wildlife management}, isbn = {0787247618; 9780787247614}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/260057590}, author = {National Zoo}, editor = {R. J. Hoage and Katy Moran} } @book {398, title = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, series = {IT Studies in Indigenous Knowledge and Development Series}, year = {1995}, note = {Wim H.J.C. Dechering, Technical Editor
}, month = {December 1995}, pages = {xviii, 582 pp.}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {This book presents evidence from many countries and sources of the validity and usefulness of indigenous knowledge in the success of development projects. Part I consists of chapters with a focus on indigenous knowledge systems including: Ethnobotanical knowledge systems, Taman Obat Keluarga: Indigenous Indonesian medicine, Neem in Niger, The Lari Soils project in Peru, indigenous soil classificaton in Northern Zambia, Agroforestry in the Central Hills of Nepal, indigenous communication, and International rice research. The chapters in Part II show how indigenous knowledge is used in decision making: Raised Beds and Plant Disease Management, Famine relief in the Horn of Africa, Gender and socioeconomic status in the Philippines as a reflection of decision making in agriculture, Forest Gardens of Highland Sri Lanka, Indigenous decision-making in American agriculture, Indigenous Taxonomies and decision-making of Rice Farmers in South India, Crop Varietal Selection, and Patterns of medical choice among working-class families of Oaxaca, Mexico. Part III focuses on the role that indigenous organizations play in the decision making process in the following examples: Community Forestry Management in Nepal, Natural Resource Management among Pastoralists of Arid and Semi-arid Africa, Balinese Water Temples, Kpelle Farming, and the Niger River Fisheries project. Part IV deals with indigenous experimentation and innovation including: Indigenous horticultural approaches in tropical regions, Farmer Know-how and Communicaton for Technology Transfer in Niger, Duck Farming in Indonesia, Technology off the farm, Design of on- farm experiments in the Philippines, Soil and Water Conservation in Djenne, Mali, Kpelle steelmaking, and Protection of the Agricultural Environment in Eastern Africa. The chapters in Part V describe how different development institutions such as: CIKARD, LEAD, CIRAN, IUCN, IIED, ILEIA, CLADES, UNESCO, NISER, and REPPIKA, are using indigenous knowledge to facilitate the development process. Part VI consists of bibliographical essays on the attention given to indigenous knowledge in the literature of the past decade in the areas of agriculture and rural development and resource management.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, Bali, ethnobotany, ethnoveterinary medicine, Horn of Africa, India, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous development, indigenous experimentation, indigenous knowledge, indigenous organizations, Indonesia, Kpelle, Mali, Mexico, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Sudan, Zambia}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-251-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @inbook {861, title = {Calcutta: The Mudialy Fishermen{\textquoteright}s Cooperative Society}, booktitle = {The wealth of communities: Stories of success in local environmental management}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Kumarian Press}, organization = {Kumarian Press}, address = {West Hartford, CT}, abstract = {The case study presents an account of the processes leading to the reclamation of a vast area of marshland through the combination of indigenous knowledge, and initiative with scientific technical knowledge, by a community of fishermen in Mudialy, a rural community near Calcutta, India.
Sewage and organic waste from the vast population of urban Calcutta is transformed into a nutrient source which is then fed into the marshes for fish farming and vegetable production.
The case study illustrates how indigenous knowledge systems and technical knowledge could be integrated to achieve environmentally sustainable and at the same time economically viable development projects building on community participation.
}, keywords = {aquatic resources, Calcutta, fisherman}, isbn = {1-56549-038-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30567089}, author = {Charlie Pye-Smith and Grazia Borrini Feyerabend and Richard Sandbook}, editor = {Charlie Pye-Smith} } @article {525, title = {Can extractive reserves save the rain forest? An ecological and socioeconomic comparison of nontimber forest product extraction systems in Pet{\'e}n, Guatemala, and West Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, volume = {7}, year = {1993}, month = {March 1993}, pages = {39-52}, abstract = {We compare existing non timber forest product extraction systems in Pet{\'e}n. Guatemala, and West Kalimantan, Indonesia, to identify key ecological, socioeconomic, and political factors in the design and implementation od extractive reserves. Ecological parameters include the spatial and temporal availability of harvested products and the sustainability of harvesting practices from both a population and an ecosystem perspective. Socioeconomic and political factors include the presence or absence well-defined resource tenure rights, physical and social infrastructure, markets, and alternative land uses. We conclude that although extractive reserves can play a significant role in preserving tropical forests as a part of a broader land-use spectrum, their effectiveness is highly dependent on prevailing local ecological, socioeconomic, and political conditions. Ultimately, extractive reserves should be regarded as one component of an overall approach to the problem of tropical deforestation.
}, keywords = {Guatemala, Indonesia, rainforests, sustainable agriculture, tropical deforestation}, doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07010039.x}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07010039.x}, author = {Nick Salafsky and Barbara L. Dugely and John W. Terborgh} } @book {304, title = {Community biodiversity development and conservation programme}, series = {Working Document no. 2}, year = {1993}, note = {Working document [2] for implementation phase [1] - 1994{\textendash}1997: as agreed by partners in Buga, Colombia, September 1993}, month = {14 October 1993}, pages = {35}, publisher = {CGN [Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands]}, organization = {CGN [Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands]}, address = {Wageningen}, abstract = {This program is designed to unite two forms of crop improvement and conservation which operate side by side with little interaction. The institutional system linking genebanks with institutional and private industry, breeding, seed production and, ultimately, distribution to farmers. The non-institutional informal system is called the farmer/community system and uses local landraces and integrating conservation and utilization in a dynamic system of on-farm crop improvement and seed production. In most of the developing world the informal seed sector is much larger than the formal seed sector. The main difference is not between commercial and subsistence farms, but between crop types. It would be of great benefit for both systems if cooperation was established.
}, keywords = {biodiversity, germplasm}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/862982694}, author = {DLO-Centrum voor Plantenveredelings- en Reproduktieonderzoek (Wageningen) Center for Genetic Resources and Latin American Consortium for Agroecology and Development (Santiago) and Community Technology Development Association} } @article {533, title = {Community-based use of mangrove resources in St. Lucia}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {123-131}, abstract = {The sustainable use of mangrove forests can effectively contribute to their conservation. The experience with an integrated conservation-development project in St. Lucia showed that charcoal producers using mangrove fuelwood resources in a Marine Reserve Area have successfully changed their harvesting practices, reversing a trend of mangrove destruction. The conditions under which this change occurred included strengthening the organization of local users and their resource-use rights, and building a community-based management system, leading to the avoidance of open-access conditions. Surveys of the mangrove, undertaken before and after management intervention, showed that while the mean stand diameter of the fuelwood trees did not change significantly, there was an increase in the density of stems and in total basal area of timber.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Caribbean, charcoal , common property resources, fuelwood, mangrove swamps, renewable energy , rural development, St. Lucia}, doi = {10.1080/00207239308710819}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207239308710819}, author = {Allan H. Smith and Fikret Berkes} } @conference {760, title = {Conservation of medicinal plant biodiversity in Nepal}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Pithecanthropus Centennial "Human Evolution in Its Ecological Context", June 26 - July 1, 1993, Leiden, The Netherlands}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, address = {Leiden, The Netherlands}, abstract = {Plant resources have long been used for a variety of purposes by the rural population in Nepal where varied climate and topography have marked impact in variation of biodiversity. Medicinal plants have an important role in rural economy and its primary health care. The excess collection of plants by the villagers as well as other human activities have left the natural habitat unable to regenerate.
It is aimed to determine the uses, exploitation, the rural concept about the forest, impact in the surrounding ecosystems and their related parameters of the endangered medicinal plants. It is a field-based ethnobotanical study and so the local problems and needs can be identified to help generate peoples\&$\#$39; participation in conservation of natural resources and the environment as well.
The study will identify the drawbacks and possible solutions suitable for local environment. Thus, it will serve the purpose of bridging between the national plan makers and the local inhabitants. (author)
}, keywords = {ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, traditional medicine}, author = {Narayan P. Manandhar} } @inbook {761, title = {Culture and community values in the selection and maintenance of African rice: Implications for policy and management of a local agricultural germplasm resource of potential global significance}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Conference on Intellectual Property Rights and Indigenous Knowledge, 5-10 October 1993, The Granlibakken, Lake Tahoe}, year = {1993}, note = {Also published in Valuing local knowledge: Indigenous people and intellectual property rights edited by Stephen B. Brush and Doreen Stabinsky. GF21.V37 1996 2nd floor Paterno. See url for the WorldCAT record of this book.
}, month = {Oct. 5-10 1993}, address = {Lake Tahoe}, abstract = {The first aim of the paper is to bring out the extent to which O. glaberrima biodiversity is a cultural product; specifically, the response of West African farming communities to the challenge of survival in a harsh environment with limited labor resources. A second, related aim is to underscore the potential obligation of the wider rice-dependent world to the communities and cultures that have provided them with this legacy of hardy rice germplasm.}, keywords = {biodiversity, Conservation of natural resources, economic conditions, environmental policy, ethnobotany, ethnophilosophy, human ecology, sustainable development}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33047173}, author = {Paul Richards} } @article {816, title = {Culture based knowledge systems in development: Securing the foundations for a sustainable future}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, institution = {ONAKE Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)}, address = {Canada}, abstract = {Although this report focuses on the knowledge held by the approximately 5,000 indigenous, i.e. culturally distinct ethnic minority and/or tribal people groups world-wide, it as well addresses what is termed "local" or "peasant" knowledge systems. The principal objective of the study has been to document the utility and practicability of building upon and integrating the distinctive knowledge and skill resources held by indigenous peoples world-wide into Canadian ODA and NGO development activities. These knowledge systems cover such practical disciplines as: agronomy; natural resource and forestry management; aquaculture; human and veterinary medicine; nutrition; meteorology; social and management systems; familial based childhood education; consensus management; and environmental sciences. (author)}, keywords = {agronomy, aquaculture, culture, indigenous knowledge, knowledge systems, natural resource management, traditional medicine}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988787997}, author = {Raymond Obomsawin} } @booklet {489, title = {Charter of the indigenous-tribal peoples of the tropical forests: Statement of the International Alliance of the Indigenous-Tribal Peoples of the Tropical Forests}, year = {1992}, month = {02/15/1992}, publisher = {International Alliance of the Indigenous-Tribal Peoples of the Tropical Forests}, abstract = {This document outlines the rights of indigenous peoples concerning: territory, decision-making, development policy, forest policy, biodiversity and conservation, intellectual property, research, institutions, and education.}, keywords = {biodiversity, tropical forests}, url = {http://theinternational-alliance.org/charter/}, author = {International Alliance of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Tropical Forests} } @conference {759, title = {Community-based coastal fishery management in the Philippines: A review on small island coral reef fishery management}, booktitle = {Workshop on Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development in the Philippines, June 24-26 1992, Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, year = {1992}, month = {June 1992}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {When there is public outcry on the destruction of natural resources, the classic response of government is to impose legislations such as total log ban or closure of fishing grounds. However, experience has not shown that legislative measures alone do not solve the problem since the displaced users of the resource will still continue to practice their trade for subsistence. With minimal effect of legislation in conserving natural resources, government has turned to the users for assistance in the management of resources by what is now popularly known as community-based resource management.
Silliman University, based in central Visayas, initiated this management scheme for coral reef fishery resources in four island communities in the central Visayas region of the Philippines, namely: Sumilon Island, Apo Island, Balicasag Island, and Pamilacan Island. This paper describes the experience of the community-based coastal fishery resource management implementors, problems encountered in the implementation, and success of the endeavor. Added to this are the personal observations by the author during his recent visit to Balicasag Island and Apo Island, describing the lasting effects in involving the fisherfolk in managing their own resources using the knowledge they learned through years of experience plus new technology introduced by an educational institution. (author).
}, keywords = {aquaculture, marine conservation}, author = {Efren Flores} } @book {308, title = {Conservation of biodiversity in Africa: Local initiatives \& institutional roles: Conference programme \& abstracts}, year = {1992}, month = {8/30-9/3/1992 }, pages = {66}, publisher = {National Museums of Kenya}, organization = {National Museums of Kenya}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {Contains information on:
The elements now exist that will reverse the trend toward the biotic impoverishment of the world. Novel approaches, new financial mechanisms, and new policies need to be applied at the appropriate level of responsibility to translate the new approaches into a reality of improved human well-being and secure biotic heritage. New partners in conservation need to be found, involving all ministries, departments and private institutions that are directly dependent on biological resources. National parks departments, for example should be joined in habitat management by a wide range of other institutions to represent all interests. Furthermore, other line agencies need to develop the capacity to manage biodiversity of particular relevance to their respective missions. Contains following sections:
This chapter is a case study of an economically productive and ecologically sustainable land use that has evolved among traditional inhabitants in the floodplain of the Amazon estuary. These river dwellers (\"ribeirinhos\"), typically mestizo in ethnicity, constitute a living bridge between indigenous Amerindian knowledge of the natural diversity and inherent productivity of the Amazon\&$\#$39;s floodplain resources and the modern world with its more limited view of the economic potential of natural ecosystems. The river dwellers of the Amazon estuary participate in the market economy, and are often mistakenly included in the economically marginal, rural population of lesser-developed countries that recent multi-lateral development programs have sought to advance. What prevailing development programs have failed to consider is how the river dwellers\&$\#$39; knowledge of their environment can contribute to a better use of fragile lands in the floodplain.
The present case study does not aspire to propose a comprehensive sustainable land-use strategy for the Amazon\&$\#$39;s floodplain (\"varzea\"). Rather, it focuses on the economic potential of one important natural resource element in the regional economy, the \"acai\" palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). We report the findings of a field experiment designed to measure the effects of different management practices utilized by river dwellers on fruit yields in natural stands of acai. Although measurements of the effects of these practices on other floodplain forest species were not included in this experiment, our findings are important since acai is the foremost commercial floodplain forest resource for rural inhabitants over extensive areas of the estuary. The case study described in this chapter is particularly interesting because rural inhabitants of the Amazon estuary implement an extensive form of land use in a biotope generally considered to have the greatest potential for intensive agriculture in Amazonia: the varzea floodplain of sediment-rich rivers. Forest resources are the most fragile component of the floodplain, which has served as the principal location for agriculture in Amazonia since aboriginal times. The acai palm is an especially fragile resource, as it has been subjected to intensive exploitation in the form of palm heart extraction since the 1960\&$\#$39;s. In contrast to other floodplain areas however, river dwellers in the estuary we studied have largely maintained the native forest cover and have developed management practices that assure the sustained utilization of forest resources such as acai.
The general adoption of a less intensive form of land use in a biotope of high agricultural potential is frequently viewed as a sign of the inhabitants\&$\#$39; lack of industry, \"collecting mentality,\" Indian blood, and \"primitive\" land-use practices. However, this option is in fact a rational one from ecological, cultural, and economic perspectives. Elsewhere, the ecological and cultural bases for this option have been examined in detail. Here we shall examine this option from an economic perspective by conducting a cost-benefit analysis of various management practices carried out by local inhabitants in naturally occurring stands of the acai palm. (author)
}, keywords = {Amazon, ecology, palm production}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6; 978-0-8133-7705-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18351601}, author = {Anthony B. Anderson and M{\'a}rio Augusto G Jardim}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @book {301, title = {Case studies of farm forestry and wasteland development in Gujarat, India}, year = {1988}, month = {1989}, pages = {62 pp.}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {This paper discusses the costs and benefits of farm forestry from the standpoint of its practitioners. It also examines the adoption of farm forestry by both large and small-scale farmers and by landless agricultural laborers including marginal farmers owning unproductive land.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farmer participatory research, India}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19318376}, author = {Kathleen Rorison} } @conference {758, title = {Collaborative research on farm and village forestry: Report of a workshop held April 23-25, 1988 in Kathmandu, Nepal}, year = {1988}, month = {April 1988}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Morrilton, AR}, abstract = {Contains the following papers:
Contains the following papers:
The homegardens are characterised by an intensive integration of numerous multipurpose trees and shrubs with food crops and animals, simultaneously on the same unit of land.
The Chagga are skilled farmers with an intimate knowledge of the crops and their ecological requirements. They have a good idea of functions/uses of the plant species on their farms. The large species diversity provides both subsistence and cash crops. It enables the farmer to keep his management options open and provides insurance against drought, pest and economic risks.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, Chagga, home gardens, land tenure, livestock integration, multipurpose trees, multistoried cropping, Tanzania}, doi = {10.1007/BF00131267}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00131267}, author = {E. C. M. Fernandes and A. Oktingati and J. Maghembe} } @book {302, title = {Changes in shifting cultivation in Africa: Seven case studies}, series = {FAO Forestry Paper no. 50/1}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {185}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {Excerpts from following papers: The case of the CGOT Sector, Sedhiou (Casamance), Senegal: transformations of traditional agriculture after an unsuccessful large-scale operation for mechanized groundnut production in forest zones; Integrated Rural Development Project, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone; Development of ecological methods of upland farming in West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania; Smallholder plantation agriculture of immigrant Baoule farmers in southwestern Ivory Coast; Alternatives and improvements to shifting cultivation on the east coast of Madagascar; The modifications to traditional shifting cultivation brought about by the forest development project in the HADO area, Kondoa, Tanzania; Forestry and socio-economic aspects of modification of traditional shifting cultivation through the taungya system in the Subri area, Ghana.}, keywords = {agroforestry, shifting cultivation, traditional agriculture}, isbn = {92-5-102283-6 978-92-5-102283-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13803278}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Forestry Department} } @article {531, title = {Classification of agroforestry systems}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1984}, pages = {97-128}, abstract = {Classification of agroforestry (AF) systems is necessary in order to provide a framework for evaluating systems and developing action plans for their improvement. The AF Systems Inventory (AFSI) being undertaken by ICRAF provides the background information for an approach to classification.
The words \&$\#$39;system\&$\#$39;, \&$\#$39;sub-system\&$\#$39; and \&$\#$39;practice\&$\#$39; are commonly used in AF literature. An AF system refers to a type of AF land-use that extends over a locality to the extent of forming a land utilization type of the locality. Sub-system and practice are lower-order terms in the hierarchy with lesser magnitudes of role, content and complexity. In common parlance, however, these terms are used loosely, and almost synonymously.
Several criteria can be used to classify and group AF systems (and practices). The most commonly used ones are the system\&$\#$39;s structure (composition and arrangement of components), its function, its socio-economic scale and level of management, and its ecological spread. Structurally, the system can be grouped as agrisilviculture (crops - including tree/shrub crops - and trees). silvopastoral (pasture/animals + trees), and agrosilvopastoral (crops + pasture/animals + trees). Other specialized AF systems such as apiculture with trees, aquaculture in mangrove areas, multipurpose tree lots, and so on, can also be specified. Arrangement of components can be in time (temporal) or space (spatial) and several terms are used to denote the various arrangements. Functional basis refers to the main output and role of components, especially the woody ones. These can be productive functions (production of \&$\#$39;basic needs\&$\#$39; such as food, fodder, fuelwood, other products, etc.) and protective roles (soilconservation, soil fertility improvement, protection offered by windbreaks and shelterbelts, and so on). On an ecological basis, systems can be grouped for any defined agro-ecological zone such as lowland humid tropics, arid and semi-arid tropics, tropical highlands, and so on. The socio-economic scale of production and level of management of the system can be used as the criteria to designate systems as commercial, \&$\#$39;intermediate\&$\#$39;, or subsistence. Each of these criteria has merits and applicability in specific situations, but they have limitations too so that no single classification scheme can be accepted as universally applicable. Classification will depend upon the purpose for which it is intended.
Nevertheless since there are only three basic sets of components that are managed by man in all AF Systems, viz. woody perennials, herbaceous plants and animals, a logical first step is to classify AF systems based on their component composition, into agrisilvicultural, silvopastoral and agrosilvopastoral (or any other specialized) systems. Subsequently the systems can be grouped according to any of the purpose-oriented criteria. The resulting system name can thus have any one of the three basic categories as a prefix; for example agrisilvicultural system for soil conservation.
Some of the major AF systems and practices of the tropics are grouped according to such a framework. The scheme appears a logical, simple, pragmatic and purpose-oriented approach to classification of AF systems.
}, keywords = {agroforestry systems, mangrove area, multipurpose tree, utilization type, woody perennial}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122638}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122638}, author = {P. K. R. Nair} } @article {536, title = {Contributions of indigenous silviculture to forestry development in rural areas: Examples from Niger and Mali}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall 85Winter 86}, pages = {61-65}, abstract = {The slogan "planting and maintaining trees" that was adopted by Niger for its 1984 national reforestation campaign is a significant example of the efforts presently being made by a Sahelian country in its aim to provide for a less desolate environment. An initial reaction to the diminishing forest cover due to the combined pressure exerted on it for years by man, animals, and climate consists of increasing the production. Man, consequently, will reforest in order to protect the soil, to have firewood, and to enjoy the fruits from his trees. We have come to learn, during our visits in the Sahel, that man has, for a long time, been carrying out reforestation activities often on an exclusively individual basis. Some examples from Niger and Mali are given. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, author = {Pierre Montagne} } @article {535, title = {Conservation and rural development: Towards an integrated approach}, journal = {The Environmentalist}, volume = {4}, year = {1984}, month = {July 1984}, pages = {60-67}, abstract = {The overall goal of rural development programmes should be the reduction of poverty, unemployment, malnutrition and inequity, and an integral part of all these programmes is the introduction of a positive rural landuse strategy, which recognizes the prime importance of food production, but at the same time safeguards soil and representative areas of natural ecosystems. The goal of theWorld Conservation Strategy is the integration of conservation and development so that we may all have a way of life which is sustainable. However, it is becoming increasingly difficult to sustain legitimate human demands because high rates of human population growth, coupled with a high rate of world economic growth are threatening the four basic biological systems that support the global economy, the grasslands, fisheries, croplands and forests.
This paper gives an outline of how these systems are threatened, with emphasis on the relationship between rural development, as defined by theWorld Conservation Strategy, conservation and environmental degradation. The importance of determining felt needs and aspirations in designing both conservation and rural development activities is discussed, with particular reference to the advantages and disadvantages of traditional life-styles.
}, keywords = {development programme, ecology, economic growth, environmental management, human population, natural conservation, population growth}, doi = {10.1007/BF01907295}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01907295}, author = {J. Hanks} } @inbook {862, title = {Contemporary Inuit exploitation of the sea-ice environment}, booktitle = {Sikumiut: People who use the sea-ice}, year = {1984}, note = {Chapter 8}, month = {1984}, pages = {73-95}, publisher = {Canadian Arctic Resources Committee}, organization = {Canadian Arctic Resources Committee}, address = {Ottawa, ON}, abstract = {To survive as hunters on arctic and subarctic coasts, Inuit have required expert knowledge of the demanding and dynamic sea-ice environment. This particular environment occurs through four of the six seasons of the Inuit year, namely ukia (late autumn), ukiu (winter), upingoaksak (early spring), and upingoa (spring). This paper presents certain aspects of contemporary Inuit use and knowledge of the sea-ice environment, an environment that continues to be of major importance, and of growing concern, to Inuit societies in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland.}, keywords = {American Indians, aquaculture, Eskimos, marine resources, Native Americans}, isbn = {0-919996-28-0}, author = {Milton M. R. Freeman}, editor = {Alan Cooke and Edie Van Alstine} } @inbook {864, title = {Cultural beliefs and management of agroecosystems}, booktitle = {An introduction to human ecology research on agricultural systems in southeast Asia}, year = {1984}, month = {December 1984}, publisher = {University of the Philippines at Los Ba{\~n}os and East-West Center.}, organization = {University of the Philippines at Los Ba{\~n}os and East-West Center.}, address = {Laguna, Phillippines and Honolulu, HI}, abstract = {This excerpt concerns the use of indigenous knowledge in ecological research and educational programs. It outlines ways in which incorporation of indigenous knowledge was and is useful (if not vital) to said projects. Also included is information about Orang Asli in the Malausian rainforest, particularly their implementation of weapons technology.}, keywords = {curriculum, Malaysia, rainforests}, isbn = {0866380620; 9780866380621}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11290046}, author = {George W. Lovelace}, editor = {A. Terry Rambo and Percy E. Sajise} } @article {528, title = {Change and indigenous agroforestry in East Kalimantan [Part I]}, journal = {Borneo Research Bulletin}, volume = {15}, year = {1983}, note = {Part II in Borneo Research Bulletin, 1983 15(2)This paper discusses the move of some members of the Dayak tribe from their old homes in the Borneo highlands to a new area by the coast. Their shifting-cultivator style of agriculture has been modified due to the availability of outboard motors, machine-hulled rice, and chainsaws. These machines
This section is essentially an account of the differences that result when the third element, commerce, is introduced. To understand the changes and their impacts, we must first examine the system by which goods and food are produced and aquired in Long Ampung, in the virtual absence of commerce. The crux or core of the economic system is a form of agroforestry composed of at least two important components:
The characterization and evaluation of agroforestry systems is exemplified for the Acosta-Puriscal region in Costa Rica.
After the physio-biological and socio-economic description of the study region, it was stratified into two homogenous areas, and the prevailing agroforestry systems classified into the principal groups:
The analysis of agroforestry production systems recognizes the following steps: Identification of farmers\&$\#$39; production objectives, identification of the elements in the system, study of relationships between elements, analysis of the performance of the system, and, finally, the analysis of production incentives of agroforestry systems.
Whereas classification of agroforestry systems has to be carried out according to the specific site conditions, the methodological approach used to analyse them can be applied generally.
First results of the analysis on coffee in combination with trees indicates that the coffee variety caturra has a high production potential also in combination with trees. With an increasing number of shade and fruit trees, costs of external inputs can be slightly decreased. With an increased density of trees, however, coffee yields were decreased. Incremental yields of other crops and reduced costs of external inputs off-sets the loss in coffee-production.
}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry systems, external input, forestry, homogeneous area, live fences, production objective}, doi = {10.1007/BF00596352}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00596352}, author = {J. Lagemann and J. Heuveldop} } @inbook {865, title = {Cultural ecology}, booktitle = {Y{\k a}nomam{\"o}: The fierce people}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {64-77}, publisher = {Holt, Rinehart and Winston}, organization = {Holt, Rinehart and Winston}, edition = {3}, address = {New York}, abstract = {This excerpt looks at horticultural practices of the Yanomamo Indians in the rainforest of northern Brazil. Examines the importance of non-food cultigens on Yanomamo culture as well as subsistence farming techniques. Includes movement patterns as related to food production.}, keywords = {Latin America, Native Americans, Yanomamo}, isbn = {0-03-062328-6; 978-0-0-3062328-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9557010}, author = {Napoleon A. Chagnon} } @inbook {866, title = {Current management concepts in forestry}, booktitle = {Socio-economic effects and constraints in tropical forest management: the results of an enquiry organized by the International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Study}, year = {1982}, note = {Chapter 17
Papers presented at the Workshop on Socio-economic Effects and Constraints in Forest Management, held at Dehra Dun, India, 1981
}, month = {1982}, pages = {191-201}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The basic objective of managing a forest resource is to meet society{\textquoteright}s needs. The yield has to be a function of society{\textquoteright}s preferences and the forests have to be managed to meet those needs and not for the aim of achieving a "normal forest." Forest management is not merely forestry, social sciences must be a part of the foresters{\textquoteright} training as well as technical forestry.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, isbn = {0-471-10375-6; 978-0-471-10375-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8221698}, author = {D. N. Misra}, editor = {E. G. Hallsworth} } @article {537, title = {Cultural ecology of Amazonian palms}, journal = {Reports of Investigations}, year = {1979}, month = {June 1979}, abstract = {The land requirements for subsistence shifting cultivation have long been documented, but there has been little attention paid to the wild plants that are fully as important to the needs of local communities. Throughout the Amazon, palms are one of the most conspicuous of such wild plant resources. They supply materials for housing, weapons, household articles, and food, and are heavily used by all the inhabitatnts of the region, yet the information that planners require regarding the actual rates at which the palms are utilized, their availability in the forest, or the impact of cultural practices on the future supply of this critical resource, has seldom been recorded. The present study attempts to provide such information for a modern community of Shipibo Indians in eastern Peru with the hope that it will contribute to wise resource planning, and that it will stimulate further investigation of these problems. (author)}, author = {John H. Bodley and Foley C. Benson} } @article {527, title = {Cattle, cash, food and forest: The destruction of the American tropics and the Lacandon Maya alternative}, journal = {Culture \& Agriculture}, volume = {16}, year = {1978}, month = {August 1978}, pages = {1-6}, abstract = {This paper discusses food production techniques developed by the Lacandon Maya of Chiapas, Mexico and examines the feasibility of expanding the use of those techniques to other groups in the Chiapas jungle. The topic of special interest for three reasons: first,because the Lacandon food production systems can produce a nutritious diet in an area inhabited by 50,000 undernourished people; second, because it van produce this food without destroying the tropical forest these people live in; and third because the Lacondon system presents a rational alternative to the present situation in Chiapas - a situation that is leading to the rapid and total destruction of Mexico{\textquoteright}s last tropical forest.}, keywords = {Chiapas, Latin America, Maya, rainforests}, doi = {10.1525/cuag.1978.16.6.1}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/cuag.1978.16.6.1}, author = {James D. Nations and Ronald B. Nigh} }