@article {678, title = {The ecological and social consequences of conversion to Christianity among the Rungus Dusun of Sabah, Malaysia}, journal = {Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography}, volume = {11}, year = {1997}, note = {CIKARD collection contains the 1987 revised copy of the article (manuscript).}, month = {January 1997}, pages = {61-99}, abstract = {This paper looks at the effects of conversion to Christianity amongst the Rungus people of Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo) on the culture and the environment. Some of the consequences proposed include degradation of the forests, deterioration of water systems, and a breakdown of Rungus culture. Also proposed is the possible damage to the nutrient cycle and an increase in health problems. Includes reasons for conversion, outline of traditional Rungus religion, and a summary of traditional swidden agriculture.}, keywords = {ecology, nutrition}, author = {George N. Appell} } @article {546, title = {Eco-feminism or perspective on women{\textquoteright}s liberation}, journal = {Praxis}, year = {1994}, note = {scroll to page 10 on the website}, month = {January 1994}, pages = {10-18}, abstract = {

Eco-feminism may be defined as Alternative Development Paradigm in the context of ecological sustainability and gender equality. The present production system creates a material base for women and nature to be subjugated, and pinpoints the exact elements which allow the exploitative production system to continue. The task is to find out the key principles, based on which an alternative production system that is sustainable and equitable can be evolved.

}, keywords = {feminism}, url = {https://www.ibiblio.org/ahkitj/wscfap/arms1974/PRAXIS/1994/1/11.htm }, author = {Chhaya Datar} } @article {549, title = {Economic incentives for conserving biodiversity: Lessons for Africa}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {22}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {144-150}, abstract = {Economics provides a useful perspective on issues of biodiversity, at three levels. At the international level, governments may need to consider the impact of global economic policies, such as commodities prices, on biodiversity; and because the conservation of biodiversity provides global economic benefits, economic incentives should be provided to governments at the international level (for example, through the Global Environment Facility, but also through terms of trade). At the national level, governments need to be able to assess the impact of their policies on the biological resources of the country, and consider the utility of using a combination of economic incentives (such as differential access to resources, compensation for animal damage, subsidies and grants) and economic disincentives (such as fines and withholding of benefits) to promote conservation objectives. Governments need to address, the problem of "perverse incentives" - economic instruments which promote the destruction of biodiversity). Many government subsidies and foreign assistance projects have had such effects. At the level of government agencies responsible for conserving biodiversity, incentives can often be used to enhance the performance of staff, improve relations with surrounding communities, and provide long-term financial support to the agency. Examples from throughout Africa are provided to show how economic incentives can enable governments and the private sector to support national conservation objectives more efficiently than can traditional regulatory approaches.}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314059}, author = {Jeffrey A. McNeely} } @article {742, title = {The economic potential of Mexican rain forests: An ethnoecological approach}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, abstract = {The research project has as its main objective to calculate the market value of all useful materials embodied in one hectare-plot of five sites containing tropical mature (1) and successional (4) forests of different ages, The samples will be carried out in three strategic regions of tropical Mexico ( La Chinantla, Oaxaca, Los Chimalapas, Oaxaca and La Lacandona, Chiapas), each one containing a different array of biological, social and cultural conditions. The analysis of each site will include the complete biological inventory as well as the identification of each useful and usable species of plant and animal.}, keywords = {rainforests, tropical forests}, author = {Victor M. Toledo} } @article {556, title = {External forces and change in traditional community-based fishery management systems in the Asia-Pacific Region}, journal = {MAST (Maritime Anthropological Studies)}, volume = {6}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {1-37}, abstract = {In this paper I analyze and exemplify the historical and contemporary external forces that drive change in traditional community-based marine resource management systems in the Asia-Pacific Region. A summary of policy alternatives regarding the future of such systems is presented. (author)}, keywords = {Asia-Pacific Region, community-based resource management, policy}, url = {http://www.marecentre.nl/mast/documents/artikel1_003.pdf}, author = {Kenneth Ruddle} } @article {551, title = {Effects of trees on paddy bund on soil fertility and rice growth in Northeast Thailand}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {18}, year = {1992}, month = {June 1992}, pages = {213-223}, abstract = {

A study was conducted in Northeast Thailand on six rice paddy fields on a farm with similar soil (Aquic Quartzipsamments) and with a single tree on the paddy bund. There were 4 tree species: Parinarium anamense, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, D. intricatus, and Samanea saman. Samples of soil (0-10 cm depth) and rice were collected at 3 positions (1, 5-7, and 9-11 m) away from the tree base in 3 replicated tree-soil trasects in each paddy field. Significantly higher pH, organic matter, and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) were found in paddy fields with S. saman (a legume tree) but grain yield and biomass of rice were significantly lower. Higher soil fertility was found in the positions closer to tree base while grain yields, biomass, and number of tillers were lower, and rice was taller and had more unfilled grain. Shading was deduced to be the key factor responsible for the depressed rice yields and growth at positions closer to tree base especially in the highly shading S. saman.

}, keywords = {minerals, northeast Thailand, paddy, rice, soil fertility, trees}, doi = {10.1007/BF00123318}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00123318}, author = {S. Sae-Lee and P. Vityakon and B. Prachaiyo} } @inbook {741, title = {The ecology and management of insect pests in traditional agroecosystems}, booktitle = {Ethnobiology : implications and applications : proceedings of the First International Congress of Ethnobiology, Belém, 1988}, volume = {1}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {131-143}, publisher = {Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi}, organization = {Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi}, chapter = {Part B; Chapter 1}, address = {Belém, Brazil}, abstract = {

An analysis of the scattered research conducted on indigenous knowledge about pest ecology and methods of pest control used in traditional agriculture suggested the following facts:

The ensemble of traditional crop protection practices used by indigenous farmers throughout the developing world represents a rich resource for modern workers seeking to create pest management systems that are well adapted to the agroecological, cultural and socioeconomic circumstances facing peasants.

}, keywords = {agroecology, ethnoentomology, indigenous pest control}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/1025826490}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri}, editor = {Overal, William L and Posey, Darrell Addison} } @article {680, title = {The economics of traditional rattan cultivation}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {12}, year = {1990}, month = {November 1990}, pages = {163-172}, abstract = {

In this paper the author:

}, keywords = {cane cultivation, irit, non-timber forest products, rattan, smallholders}, doi = {10.1007/BF00123471}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00123471}, author = {R. Godoy} } @article {555, title = {Exploring the cloud forests of Oaxaca, Mexico}, journal = {World Wide Fund for Nature Reports}, year = {1990}, month = {Oct-Dec 1990}, pages = {8-14}, abstract = {Since many people think of Mexico as a land of deserts and coasts, few would come here in search of some of the world{\textquoteright}s most humid forests. But if you wander up the mountains facing the Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific Ocean, you will discover the cloud forest. This dense and luxuriant vegetation receives its name from the cloud banks which come drifting onto the mountainsides, dropping some fo the 2,000-4,000mm of annual precipitation.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, forestry, grassroots development, Mexico, Oaxaca, participatory}, author = {Gary J. Martin and Alejandro de {\'A}vila}, editor = {Olga Sheean-Stone} } @article {548, title = {Ecology and moral choice: Bias prejudice, and ecology}, year = {1989}, month = {January 1989}, abstract = {This draft concerns the issue of bias in environmental planning. Included are examples of value-loaded words like illiterate, primitive, and undeveloped, etc. Also included are the scientific method, cost-benefit analysis, the World Bank, reverse learning, intergenerational morality, Woburn, and toxic contamination.}, author = {John E. Carroll} } @inbook {860, title = {An economic analysis of Huastec Mayan forest management}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, year = {1989}, note = {Chapter 12}, month = {1989}, pages = {182-206}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

In this paper, I describe and evaluate a type of \"social forestry\" system currently used by indigenous farmers living at a density of 100 persons per square kilometer in a zone of \"fragile lands\" in northeastern Mexico. This zone can be classified as fragile for several reasons. It is a zone where bare soil is easily damaged by heavy rains and hot sun. It is a zone of slopes subject to erosion by runoff from the heavy rains. The land use I describe is not limited to the specific physical or social conditions of my study site. Systems similar to that of the Huastec have been described from other areas and could be applied by trained smallholders living in any forested area, regardless of forest type or slope.

The advantages of this systems are that it complements production from other farm subunits, gives farmers access to subsistence goods, produces commercially valuable products, conserves wild genetic resources of forest species, and protects soils. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Huastec, Latin America, Maya, Mexico}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6; 978-0-8133-7705-6}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @book {318, title = {Environmental accounting for sustainable development: Selected papers from Joint UNEP/World Bank Workshops}, series = {World Bank Symposium}, year = {1989}, note = {Contributors include the United Nations Environment Programme; World Bank}, month = {1989}, pages = {100}, publisher = {The Bank}, organization = {The Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {International organizations are making a substantial effort to incorporate environmental concerns in their regular operations. A great deal of work is now being done to help clarify the linkages between development and the environment. This work will enable us to integrate environmental and resource management concerns more effectively in the economic decision-making process. It will be an essential component in our efforts to establish the basis for long-term and sustainable development. This volume reflects the attention given during the past six years by the World Bank and the United Nations Environment Programme, as well as others, to this important topic. (author).}, keywords = {accounting, economic development, environmental aspects, environmental impact analysis, national income, natural resources}, isbn = {0-8213-1224-3}, editor = {Yusuf Ahmad and Salah El Serafy and Ernst Lutz} } @article {553, title = {Ethical and value issues in international agricultural research}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {101-111}, abstract = {Agricultural research raises fundamental ethical and value questions going beyond those in other fields both because of its public funding and because its results have significant impacts on habitats and other species. Questions about the sustainability of modern agriculture, which are shared with other sectors, require us to examine alternative visions and structures. These can be seen to range from status quo preserving ideologies to change-oriented utopias. It is argued that at the national level current ideologies-which include positivistic approaches and belief in the neutrality of technology-mask real structural and policy choices as well as their ethical and value implications. At the international level, the export of fossil-fuel based modes of agriculture to the developing countries raises additional structural, policy, value, and ethical issues.}, keywords = {agricultural research, ethical Issue, international level, national level, veterinary medicine}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217181}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217181}, author = {Kenneth A. Dahlberg} } @article {547, title = {Ecological aspects of swidden cultivation among the Andoke and Witoto Indians of the Colombian Amazon}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {15}, year = {1987}, month = {September 1987}, pages = {339-359}, doi = {10.1007/BF00888030}, author = {Michael J. Eden and Angela Andrade} } @article {550, title = {Editorial: International research in agroforestry}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {September 1987}, pages = {193-195}, abstract = {This document looks at the scope of ICRAF{\textquoteright}s agroforestry research of the past and for the future. It highlights that: "It is ICRAF{\textquoteright}s prime objective to serve people in solving their problems and in exploring and upgrading hitherto underutilized potentials." It also looks at the fact that, "previous rural development schemes and programs have failed because they did not fully incorporate the people involved." Ways in which agroforestry can be incorporated into programs that work are also discussed.}, keywords = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, doi = {10.1007/BF00119122}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119122}, author = {H. J. von Maydell} } @inbook {869, title = {Elements of success: Sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa}, booktitle = {World Resources 1987: An assessment of the resource base that supports the global economy}, year = {1987}, note = {Chapter 14}, month = {April 1987}, pages = {221-238}, publisher = {Basic Books}, organization = {Basic Books}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {In recent years, Africa{\textquoteright}s farmers and herders, its soils and forests, have been chasing each other down a vicious spiral of environmental degradation and deepening poverty. Conventional development efforts by donors and governments have largely failed to halt the spiral, indeed in some cases have aggravated it. The need to find solutions is urgent. Africa not only must increase its energy and found output in line with rapidly expanding populations, but must do so in a way that preserves the resource base and enhances the welfare and income of the majority. Despite the general landscape of failure, a growing number of projects and programs -- governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental -- have succeeded. This chapter examines some of those "success stories" and attempts to draw some more general lessons that can point to a "recipe for success" in sub-Saharan Africa.}, keywords = {agroforestry, alley cropping, Burkina Faso, cassava, charcoal , drought, fuelwood, green revolution, Kenya, maize, Niger, Nigeria, OXFAM, rainfall, reforestation, soil fertility, stoves, trypanosomiasis, water conservation, windbreaks, Zimbabwe}, isbn = {0-465-09239-X}, url = {https://www.wri.org/publication/world-resources-1987}, author = {International Institute for the Environment and Development (IIED) and World Resourses Institute (WRI)} } @article {838, title = {The exercise of traditional rights in Rawashda and Wad Kabo forest}, year = {1987}, month = {April 1987}, institution = {Government of the Republic of Sudan, Forests Administration}, address = {[Khartoum]}, abstract = {The adverse conditions which lead to the severe deterioration of natural resources which cause, besides serious desertification and desert encroachment, acute shortage in fuelwood energy, building and industrial materials dictate that a new outlook should be adopted to obtain participation in forest management in order to face these challenges.}, keywords = {fuelwood}, url = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=1994/XF/XF94030.xml;XF9327607}, author = {Abdelgadir Mohd Fadul} } @article {733, title = {Existencia, usos, y preferencias de especies lenosas en Saraguro, Loja: Resultados de una encuesta}, year = {1987}, month = {Marzo 1987}, address = {Ecuador}, abstract = {In September of 1986 a survey of 185 families was performed in twenty communities of the canton Saraguro, province of Loja, Ecuador. The objective was to gain a better understanding of the woody species existing in the zone, their frequency, uses, and the preferences of the small-farm indigenous landholders toward them. The goal was to use this data as an aid in the programming of agroforestry activities for the existing CARE-MAG-HCPL-CTCVE Community forestry Systems Project, in integration with the CARE-MAG Community Land Use Management Project. A brief description of the zone, including location, climate, soils, and land use, is given. Following this is a brief description of the survey, presentation and discussion of results, and recommendations for promotion and implementation of agroforestry activities in the zone.}, author = {Dennis Desmond} } @article {677, title = {The ecological adaptation of the Lutfi herder-horticulturists of south Iran}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {14}, year = {1986}, month = {September 1986}, pages = {355-360}, abstract = {This report describes the subsistence and settlement patterns of the Lutfi herder-horticulturists of south Iran. While specialized intensive agriculturists and nomadic pastoralists have been much studied in the Middle East, mountain dwelling populations who combine a number of extensive subsistence techniques including foraging and horticulture have not been described. These often entail, as is seen in this case, some amount of movement or nomadism. The general pattern reported here is likely to have been quite widespread in highland Iraq, Iran, and Turkey where wild stands of fruit tree were once common. (author)}, keywords = {anthropology/archaeometry, environmental management, Middle East, pastoralism, sociology}, doi = {10.1007/BF00889035}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00889035}, author = {Sekandar Amanolahi} } @inbook {919, title = {The ecology of traditional pest management in Southeast Asia}, booktitle = {Traditional agriculture in southeast Asia: A human ecology perspective}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {241-272}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

This chapter reviews traditional pest management practices and provides ecological explanations for how they function. Four major sources of information are used:

  1. qualitative descriptions of pest problems and pest management practices in traditional agriculture;
  2. quantitative studies of pest dynamics in traditional agriculture;
  3. ecological studies of natural ecosystems; and
  4. agricultural field experiments. (author)
}, isbn = {0813370264; 978-0813370262}, url = {http://gerrymarten.com/traditional-agriculture/tableofcontents.html}, author = {Becky J. Brown and Gerald G. Marten}, editor = {Gerald G. Marten} } @article {514, title = {An evaluation of the Acacia albida-based agroforestry practices in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {June 1986}, pages = {129-143}, abstract = {

Growing Acacia albida as a permanent tree crop, on farmlands with cereals, vegetables and coffee underneath or in between, is an indigenous agroforestry system in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. However, there is practically no systematic record or data on the merits and benefits of this practice.

The paper presents the results of an investigation into the effects of the presence of A. albida on farmlands on the yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Twenty-seven plot pairs each consisting of one plot underneath the A. albida foliage cover and the other in the open, away from the tree - on farmers\&$\#$39; fields, in a 40 km radius around the Alemaya College of Agriculture - were sampled and the yield components analyzed. A statistically significant increase in crops yields by 56\% on average was found for the crops under the tree canopies compared to those away from the trees. This increase was caused by the improvement in 1,000 grain weight and number of grains of plants under the tree, indicating that the trees enhanced the fertility status of the soil and improved its physical conditions in terms of crop growth. Additional benefits from the A. albida trees include supply of fuelwood and fodder. Quantitative estimates of these outputs as well as their monetary values are presented in the paper. However, in order to realize these benefits to a discernible extent, higher stand densities of the tree than at present are required.

Based on an enquiry about the farmers attitude towards A. albida, the prospects for an extension of this promising agroforestry technique are discussed against the background of the state and trends of development of agriculture in the area. It is surmised that despite some shortcomings like the relatively slow and highly variable growth of A. albida and a conflict with the spreading cultivation of Ch\&$\#$39;at (Catha edulis Forsk.), the prospects of extension of this technique are good.

It is recommended that its propagation should be incorporated into the programmes of the extension agencies of the various governmental agencies concerned with land use.

}, keywords = {Acacia albida, agroforestry, Ch{\textquoteright}at, Ethiopia, fuelwood, Hararghe highlands, maize, sorghum}, doi = {10.1007/BF00141545}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141545}, author = {Peter Poschen} } @book {319, title = {Environmentally sound small-scale energy projects: Guidelines for planning}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {138}, publisher = {VITA Publications}, organization = {VITA Publications}, address = {Alexandria, VA}, abstract = {

This manual is the fourth volume in a series of publications that provide information for the planning of environmentally sound small-scale projects. Programs that aim to protect the renewable natural resources that supply most of the energy used in developing nations are suggested. Considerations are made for physical environmental factors as well as socioeconomic and cultural factors. Chapters focus on:

  1. uses and users (stating the purposes of this manual)
  2. ecology for sustainable energy development (discussing ecological concepts and processes)
  3. socioeconomic considerations of energy use (focusing attention on the role of women and the impact of social, cultural, and economic factors)
  4. energy planning for sustainable development (analyzing energy efficiency rations and suggesting energy output measuring techniques)
  5. Ulipur, Bangladesh: a case study (demonstrating how energy sources and uses are interrelated in a village setting)
  6. a process for planning energy projects (outlining planning procedures)
  7. energy sources and environmental considerations (including solar, wind, water, and biomass sources)
  8. matching energy sources with energy uses (considering household and agricultural applications)
  9. summary (identifying basic planning concepts). Appendices contain an energy conversion table, information on ecology and tropical climates, a 29-item bibliography, and sources of information.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, alternative energy sources, case studies, community development, community programs, conservation (environment), developing nations, ecological factors, energy, energy conservation, fuels, natural resources}, isbn = {0-86619-171-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13093454}, author = {Elizabeth Ann Bassan}, editor = {Timothy S. Wood} } @book {320, title = {Environmentally sound small-scale energy projects: Guidelines for planning}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {138}, publisher = {CODEL}, organization = {CODEL}, address = {New York}, abstract = {

The purpose of this manual is to help development workers and others to become aware of the environmental factors that should be considered in planning small-scale energy projects that are environmentally sound and therefore more likely to be sustained. Environmentally sound planning includes the physical environmental factors as well as the socioeconomic and cultural factors. This approach helps assure the protection of the renewable natural resources that supply most of the energy used in the Third World.

Traditional sources--dung, crop and forest residues, fuelwood, and human and animal energy-- make up a very significant amount of the energy used in developing countries. Estimates of how much traditional fuels are used vary, largely because of the difficulty in measuring non- commercial fuel use. Recent estimates indicate that in Asia these fuels account for about 65\% of total energy use, in Africa, about 85\%, and in Latin America, about 20\%. This masks the enormous variation both between and within countries. (author).

}, keywords = {renewable energy , small-scale energy, sustainable energy, traditional fuels}, isbn = {0-86619-171-2}, author = {Elizabeth Ann Bassan} } @article {681, title = {The economy of the Batek of Malaysia: Annual and historical perspectives}, journal = {Research in Economic Anthropology}, volume = {6}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {29-52}, abstract = {This paper describes and provides an analyses of the economy of one Semang group, the Batek De{\textquoteright} of Kelantan. The paper focuses on the variation in economic activity, both seasonally and historically (since 1875), and attempt to determine the principles that govern these variations. Also, an attempt to explain why the Batek follow a hunter-gather lifeway rather than another possible way of life (i.e., swidden) is made.}, keywords = {agriculture, aquatic resources, Batek, Batek De{\textquoteright}, economic anthropology, economics, fishing, gathering, hunter-gatherer, hunting, Kelantan, Lebir River, Malaysia, peasants, rattan trading, Semang, trading}, author = {Kirk Endicott} } @article {554, title = {Ethnoecology as applied anthropology in Amazonian development}, journal = {Human Organization}, volume = {43}, year = {1984}, month = {Summer 1984}, pages = {95-107}, abstract = {Social and ecological devastation in Amazonia necessitates alternative strategies for sustained, ecologically sound development. The study of indigenous ecological knowledge (ethnoecology) is shown to offer the bases for these new strategies. Six catagories of folk knowledge are explored: gathered products, game, aquaculture, agriculture, resource units and cosmology. A set of recommendations for systematic ethnoecological research is offered, the application of which will not only identify new categories of resources, but also offer alternative resource management strategies to bring the benefits of development to all residents of Amazonia. (author)}, keywords = {Amazonia, Amazonian development, economic development, ethnoecology, indigenous, indigenous perception, knowledge, subsistence strategies}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/44125834 }, author = {Darrell A. Posey and John Frechione and John Eddins and Luiz Francelino Da Silva and Debbie Myers and Diane Case and Peter MacBeath} } @book {321, title = {Environmentally sound small-scale forestry projects: Guidelines for planning}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {109}, publisher = {VITA Publications/CodeL}, organization = {VITA Publications/CodeL}, address = {Arlington, VA}, abstract = {This manual has been written for community development workers in Third World countries who are not technicians in the area of forestry, but who want some general guidelines for planning environmentally sound small-scale forestry projects.}, keywords = {agroforestry, small-scale forestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9851928}, author = {Peter F. Ffolliott and John L. Thames} } @inbook {868, title = {Ecological and management considerations for forest lands}, booktitle = {Ecological aspects of development in the humid tropics}, year = {1982}, note = {Chapter 6}, month = {1982}, pages = {93-156}, publisher = {National Academy Press}, organization = {National Academy Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Focused on ecological considerations in tropical areas, Chapter 6 covers the following topics:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, soil conservation}, isbn = {0-309-03235-0}, url = {https://doi.org/10.17226/19533}, author = {U.S. National Research Council, Committee on Selected Biological Problems in the Humid Tropics} } @inbook {871, title = {Exploitation in southeast Asia}, booktitle = {Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Biogeographical and ecological studies}, series = {Ecosystems of the world no. 14B}, year = {1982}, note = {Chapter 34}, month = {1982}, pages = {591-610}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, abstract = {

The area we cover is insular Southeast Asia, or Melanesia, comprising the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. The countries of mainland Southeast Asia are excluded, as they contain little tropical rain forest. Our own research experience leads us to focus mainly on Indonesia.

We consider three categories of exploitation: logging, rattan collection, and shifting cultivation. All are economically important in Southeast Asia and all have had increasingly widespread and deleterious effects in the last few decades. We first describe an example of \"traditional\" (that is, non-mechanized) logging, from the remote Apo Kayan region of the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. Timber cutting in the Apo Kayan is still largely for local use, and employs means that must have been more widespread in Borneo in pre-industrial times. It is far less environmentally destructive than modern commercial logging in lowland dipterocarp forests, which is a subject we also consider. We then turn to rattan collection, drawing especially on the work of Dransfield, who has considered the relation of rattan biology to methods of management and conservation. The last section is a discussion of some aspects of shifting cultivation. (author)

}, keywords = {rainforests, southeast Asia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21303776}, author = {K. Kartawinata and T. C. Jessup and Andrew P. Vayda}, editor = {H. Leith and M. J. A. Werger} } @conference {762, title = {Effect of culture on home garden structure}, booktitle = {Tropical ecology and development: Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology, 16-21 April 1979, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, year = {1980}, month = {04/16-21/1979}, pages = {447-451}, publisher = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, organization = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, address = {Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, abstract = {The village of Bantar Kalong Pananjung is situated in the transition region of West Java and Central Java. The people of Bantar Kalong consist of Sundanese and Javanese who are living and assimilated together. But they still maintain their customs based on their respective culture. This study is to compare the Sundanese and Javanese home garden structure, and to understand how far the Javanese culture affects Sundanese home garden structure.}, keywords = {culture, ecology, home gardens}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7942294}, author = {Oekan S. Abdoellah and H. H. Isnawan}, editor = {José I. Furtado} } @article {682, title = {The evolutionary potential of Lacandon Maya sustained-yield tropical forest agriculture}, journal = {Journal of Anthropological Research}, volume = {36}, year = {1980}, month = {Spring 1980}, pages = {1-30}, abstract = {As centuries-long residents of the southern Maya lowlands, the Lacandon Maya of Chiapas, Mexico, have developed and preserved ecologically sound strategies for sustained-yield food production in the tropical forest biome. Their traditional system of agriculture and food extraction emphasizes successful exploitation of the rain forest environment in a manner compatible with forest regeneration and preservation. The authors describe the Lacandon systems of agricultural production, wildlife management, and forest maintenance, then explore the potential these strategies hold for investigation of ancient Maya food production systems and the development of modern resource utilization schemes in the humid tropics.}, keywords = {Maya, Mexico, Milpas, montane forests, old growth forests, fruits, corn, rainforests, sustainable agriculture, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1086/jar.36.1.3629550}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3629550}, author = {James D. Nations and Ronald B. Nigh} } @article {552, title = {El manejo de las selvas por los Mayas: Sus implicaciones silv{\'\i}colas y agr{\'\i}colas}, journal = {Bi{\'o}tica}, volume = {2}, year = {1977}, month = {1977}, pages = {47-61}, abstract = {

The Maya culture is one of the very few outstanding cultures that flourished in a tropical rain forest area. Their land use strategies, as a part of the great Middle America civilization, for agriculture, horticulture and forestry remain up to date scattered among the Maya communities that have conserved their Indian heritage. They are based in a diversity of crops and land uses that are adopted to the different climatic regions of the Maya area. They used the space in the past in a magnificent way using horizontal and vertical strategies. They had channels, terraces and drained fields for intensive agriculture. They used shifting agriculture in soils where no other alternative seemed to be better. They used their wild plant resources and developed forest practices to enrich their forest with desirable species composition. The present floristic composition of many rain forests of the Maya area is a result of ancient silviculture practices. All of these practices were part of a single land use strategy. For these reasons we cannot blame the fall of the Maya culture to an \"ecological collapse\" as has been proposed.

We feel that the answer can be found in economic, political and social reasons. There is a lot to learn from the Mayans to solve some of the present day problems for the management of biotic resources of the tropics. (author)

}, keywords = {ecology, fallow, Mexico, Native Americans, tropical forests}, url = {http://www.reservaeleden.org/agp/libro/lec/Cap23_manejo_selvas.pdf}, author = {A. Barrera and A. Gomez-Pompa and C. Vazquez-Yans} } @inbook {870, title = {Experience with individual species}, booktitle = {Tree planting practices in African savannas}, series = {Forestry Development Paper no. 19}, year = {1974}, note = {Chapter 7}, month = {1974}, pages = {42-44}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [sold by Unipub]}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [sold by Unipub]}, address = {Rome; New York}, abstract = {

This excerpt deals with specific native trees that can be found in the subdesert zones and their traditional environmental value. The specific species discussed are: Acacia albia, Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Azadicachta indica and Conocarpus lancifolius. All, except for the Acacia senegal, rely on extraneous water supplies for adequate growth. The Acacia senegal relies on rainfall alone for its moisture.

Uses of these trees vary from conservers of soil to economic sources. One example of this is the Acacia albia, it is used mainly for fodder and refertilization of the soil. The Acacia nilotica is the most important species in the Sudan, because of is drought resistance. Gum extraction and fuel use are the economic functions of the Acacia senegal. This is one of the only trees that can be grown for economic purposes in subdesert zones. Each one fulfills a specific purpose in the Sahel.

}, keywords = {Acacia albida, Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Africa, agroforestry, Azadirachta indica, Conacarpus lancifolius, economics, ethnoconservation, planting}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2931603}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @article {679, title = {The ecology of Swidden cultivation in the Upper Orinoco rain forest, Venezuela}, journal = {The Geographical Review}, volume = {61}, year = {1971}, month = {October 1971}, pages = {475-495}, abstract = {

Swidden, a word created by Harold C. Conklin, is defined as as systematic study of shifting cultivation. A survey on Swidden cultivation agreed on two principles themes, \" a manmade ecosystem,\" and the way it relates to population and patterns of settlement. Scientist in Africa are working on the biological and pediological aspects of this technique. The upper Orinoco area of Venezuela is where most of the research is headed. The amount of time needed for research is the biggest obstacle to the study.

Along the Upper Orinoco rivers were ten conucos \"plots in active cultivation,\" ten rastrojos, \"fallow plots in the early stages of forest regeneration.\" In conucos, bananas and manioc were planted and flourished. The rastrojo was harder to pinpoint the growth because of the time and the regeneration process of the forest. It was not possible to tell the length of time that was to be studied.
The study of swidden revealed a change in soil nutrients. The nutrients that were changed were: organic carbon, phosphorus, exchangeable cellium and magnesium, all increased potassium and sodium decreased, as well as a change in pH.

Swidden had made a great contribution to the process of understanding ecology and evolution.

}, keywords = {arrowroot, bitter manioc, bottle gourd, cecropia trees, forest regeneration, Indian arrowleaf, mapuey yam, pejibaye, pijiaguao, rainforests, Rio Ocamo, sugar cane, tobacco, totuma, Waika Indians}, doi = {10.2307/213388}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/213388}, author = {David R. Harris} } @article {754, title = {An ethnoecological approach to shifting agriculture}, journal = {Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {17}, year = {1954}, note = {Available at Wiley Online Library}, month = {December 1954}, pages = {133-142}, abstract = {To dispel some of the commonly held beliefs that swidden agriculture is a wasteful, gluttonous, simple/uncomplicated, and destructive endeavor, this paper looks at shifting cultivation in the Philippines. Looking at the Yagaw Hanunoo of southeastern Mindanoa Island and their practice of swidden agriculture is the primary focus of this paper. The author includes evidence of complex labor intense fields, use of secondary forest, controlled burning, multi-cropping, and highly efficient yield to labor outputs.}, keywords = {shifting cultivation, upland farming}, doi = {10.1111/j.2164-0947.1954.tb00402.x}, url = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?\&author=H.\%20Conklin\&journal=An\%20ethnoecological\%20approach\%20to\%20shifting\%20agriculture\&volume=17\&pages=133-142\&publication_year=1954}, author = {Harold C. Conklin} }