@book {284, title = {A guide to the literature on traditional community-based fishery management in the Asia-Pacific tropics}, series = {FAO Fisheries Circular no. 869}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {114}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {This circular is a guide to the literature on traditional fisheries management systems in the Asia-Pacific tropics. The introductory section discusses the geographical distributions of such systems, their principal characteristics including authority, rights, rules, and monitoring, accountability and enforcement. It notes that information on these systems is fragmentary and much remains anecdotal and unsynthesized. It calls for greater research efforts on these systems and highlights some major research issues including the nature of management boundaries an the traditional ecological knowledge base. The main body of the Circular provides, on a country by country basis, a summary of the present knowledge on traditional management systems of marine and estuarine fisheries in the Asia-Pacific tropics based on the literature available to the author. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources, fisheries, Fisheries, Fishery management, Pacific Area, Fishery Management, Pacific Area, Fishery management, Southeast Asia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31366301}, author = {Kenneth Ruddle} } @book {336, title = {Global biodiversity strategy: Policy-makers{\textquoteright} guide}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {35 pp.}, publisher = {World Resources Institute}, organization = {World Resources Institute}, address = {[Washington, DC]}, abstract = {This document provides an overview of the actions needed to respond to the needs for biodiversity conservation worldwide that were detailed in the Global Biodiversity Strategy. Other authors/contributors: World Resources Institute (WRI); The World Conservation Union (IUCN); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in consultation with Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)}, keywords = {biodiversity}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221361601}, author = {Charles Barber and Walter V. Reid and Kenton R. Miller}, editor = {Kathleen Courrier} } @article {571, title = {Gender, ecology, and the science of survival: Stories and lessons from Kenya}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {8}, year = {1991}, note = {Paper initially presented at Association of Women in Development Conference: The Global Empowerment of Women, 17-19 November 1989, Washington, DC (18 pp.)}, month = {December 1991}, pages = {156-165}, abstract = {

Sustainable development and biodiversity initiatives increasingly include ethnoscience, yet the gendered nature of rural people\&$\#$39;s knowledge goes largely unrecognized. This paper notes the current resurgence of ethnoscience research and states the case for including gendered knowledge and skills, supported by a brief review of relevant cultural ecology and ecofeminist field studies. The author argues the case from the point of view of better, more complete science as well as from the ethical imperative to serve women\&$\#$39;s interests as the \"daily managers of the living environment.\" In the interests of both objectives the paper advocates an ethnoscience research approach based on empowerment of rural people, rather than simple extraction of their knowledge. The Kenyan case study of women\&$\#$39;s agroforestry work follows their response to the drought and famine of 1985 and chronicles the unfolding discovery of women\&$\#$39;s ecological, political and social science as gendered survival skills. The case is re-counted as a story, in keeping with an explicit choice to learn through participation and to report through storytelling. The experience of rural women and researchers during the drought provides several lessons for both groups about their respective knowledge systems, their agroforestry work and the relationship of both to local and national political economy. (author)

The author states her concern over loss of culture and genetic diversity, realizing the importance of this diversity to the livelihoods of the poor people. If this knowledge is to survive, women must be included in literature pertaining to sustainability and indigenous knowledge. By including women in research it may provide an opportunity for them to redefine their roles in their households, communities and nations, as well as providing important information pertaining to diversity.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, alley cropping, biodiversity, community forestry, cultural ecology, drought, East Africa, ecofeminist, ethnobotany, ethnoscience, famine, fodder trees, gendered knowledge, knowledge system, land rights, land tenure, on-farm trials, pastoralism, rural people, simple extraction, survival skills, sustainable development}, doi = {10.1007/BF01579669}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2FBF01579669}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau} } @article {821, title = {Genes for sustainable development: A briefing on biodiversity - Towards a global convention on the conservation and sustainable utilization of biological diversity}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, institution = {Genetic Resources Action International}, address = {Barcelona, Spain}, abstract = {This paper looks at the background to the proposed convention and examines the current negotations in the context of existing agreements for the conservation and use of genetic resources. It emphasises the role of farming communities in conservation and utilization of genetic resources and argues that their rights should be recognized and that funds should be made available to support their work. (author).}, author = {Genetic Resources Action International (GRAIN)} } @article {572, title = {Genetic resource conservation and utilization in the context of international development}, journal = {Diversity}, volume = {6}, year = {1990}, month = {March 1990}, pages = {18-21}, abstract = {The approach presented here, and projects developed in its support, seek to integrate conservation and utilization of genetic resources and increase economic benefits derived from the maintenance of biodiversity. Speeding the use of genetic resources for sustainable agricultural development can be best accomplished by combining the efforts of conservation biologists, social scientists, agronomists, ethnobotanists, and ecologists in an interactive mode. Such teams represent mutual interests for both preservation and use of resource diversity for international development.}, keywords = {Ecuador, natural resource management, Philippines}, author = {Joel I. Cohen and Christopher S. Potter} } @book {338, title = {Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {280}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {Cambridge [England]; New York}, abstract = {The governance of natural resources used by many individuals in common is an issue of increasing concern to policy analysts. Both state control and privatization of resources have been advocated, but neither the state nor the market has been uniformly successful in solving common-pool resource problems. After critiquing the foundations of policy analysis as applied to natural resources, Elinor Ostrum here provides a unique body of empirical data to explore the conditions under which common-pool resource problems have been satisfactorily or unsatisfactorily solved. Dr. Ostrum first describes three models most frequently used as the foundation for recommending state or market solutions. She then outlines theoretical and empirical alternatives to these models in order to illustrate the diversity of possible solutions. In the following chapters she uses institutional analysis to examine different ways -- both successful and unsuccessful -- of governing the commons. In contrast to the propositions of the "tragedy of the commons" argument, common-pool problems sometimes are solved by voluntary organizations rather than by a coercive state. Among the cases considered are communal tenure in meadows and forest, irrigation communities and other water rights, and fisheries. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources, case studies, common property management, commons, land tenure, land use, social choice}, isbn = {0-521-37101-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1119430541}, author = {Elinor Ostrom} } @mastersthesis {440, title = {A grounded theory describing factors in the adoption process of the alley farming technology by Yoruba women in Nigeria}, year = {1990}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29251187}, month = {1990}, school = {Iowa State University}, address = {Ames}, abstract = {

Dissertation

This study aimed to discover a theory from data on rural Yoruba women in southwestern Nigeria. The theory deals with farmers exposed to an agroforestry technology called \"alley farming.\" A theory of agricultural change was developed to provide a framework for alley farming research and extension. Grounded theory is an inductive system for generating theory from empirical data. The constant comparative method, which alternates between data collection and data analysis, was used during fieldwork in 1984-86. Before propositions and hypotheses were defined, data were collected, coded, and analyzed to develop concepts or premises. According to Reynolds\&$\#$39; description of theory construction, the axiomatic theory of farming women and agricultural innovation consists of four basic premises, each independent of the others, from which the propositions of the theory were logically derived.

Several major factors that inhibit or facilitate the diffusion of alley farming were identified, including

Examples, grounded empirically, demonstrate that the theoretical framework provided both a diagnosis of farmers\&$\#$39; needs and a prescription for further action. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Nigeria, women, Yoruba}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.31274/rtd-180813-10310}, url = {https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=12247\&context=rtd}, author = {Kristin Cashman} } @book {399, title = {The gene hunters: Biotechnology and the scramble for seeds}, series = {African Centre for Technology Studies research series no. 1}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {288}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, organization = {Princeton University Press}, address = {Princeton, NJ}, abstract = {As biotechnology grows in the agricultural world, the race is on for better seeds. The potential impacts resulting from biotechnological advances could be devastating. These changes will be unpredictable transformations in the global organization and distribution of production. This book examines the history of botany in the field of biotechnology. Various topics dealing with plant breeding and the seed industry discuss options Africa has for the future. Intellectual property rights and their protection are discussed. A case study involving germplasm and Kenya{\textquoteright}s agriculture is featured. This is a broad and encompassing discussion of the seed war.}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity, botany, developing countries, economic policies, food security, forecasting, germplasm resources, intellectual property/germplasm, plant biotechnology, socioeconomics}, isbn = {0-691-00378-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19269376}, author = {Calestous Juma} } @article {570, title = {Gender related issues in international development assistance for agriculture and rural life}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {69-76}, abstract = {In this paper, the author points out that although by-passed by international development assistance in many parts of the world, women have been providing skill and labor for agricultural production, as well as subsistence of food, water and firewood for their families. Some of the assumptions which have contributed to the marginal attention to women as agriculturalists in international development assistance programs are reviewed. Factors contributing to these assumptions, examples of achievements in development projects and persistent problems are discussed. Some issues which continue to challenge national policy makers in developing countries as well as donors are identified. The author notes that while various donors and organizations address bits and pieces of the issues intermittently, a systematic, organized and universally shared approach to the issues, within a nation state or on a global basis is lacking. She concludes that just as agricultural production inputs and information need to be modified to fit the unique constraints of any ecological niche, similarly, modifications must be made in development assistance programs to fit the specific needs of women in their agricultural roles and cultural settings.}, keywords = {agricultural productivity, development project, ecological niche, national policy, veterinary medicine}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217178}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217178}, author = {Nancy W. Axinn} } @book {337, title = {Glossary of selected terms in sustainable agriculture}, series = {Gatekeeper Series no. SA6}, year = {1988}, month = {August 1988}, pages = {19}, publisher = {International Institute for Environment and Development, Sustainable Agriculture Programme}, organization = {International Institute for Environment and Development, Sustainable Agriculture Programme}, address = {London; Washington, DC}, abstract = {A glossary of selected terms in sustainable agriculture}, keywords = {agroecological zoning, agroecosystem zoning, agroecosystems, agroforestry, alley cropping, appropriate technology and intermediate technology, bioenergy, biomass, carrying capacity, cash crops, common property resources, community forestry, conservation farming, desertification, export crops, farmer participatory research, farming systems research , food crops, genetic preservation, integrated pest management, integrated rural development, land degradation, minimum tillage, multiple cropping, multipurpose trees, open access resources, pastoralism, range management, rapid rural appraisal, regenerative farming, remote sensing, share cropping, shifting cultivation, social forestry, subsistence agriculture, sustainable development, tragedy of the commons, transhumance}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19531919}, author = {Jennifer A. McCracken and Jules N. Pretty} } @inbook {876, title = {Goat meat production in Thailand}, booktitle = {Goat meat production in Asia: Proceedings of a workshop held in Tando Jam, Pakistan, 13-18 March 1988}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {188-196}, publisher = {International Development Research Centre}, organization = {International Development Research Centre}, address = {Ottawa, ON}, abstract = {Goat production in Thailand is primarily for meat. Approximately 88\% of the total goat population is found in villages of the southern region where the Thai Muslim population is relatively high. Goats are traditionally intergrated with agricultural systems such as fishing, rice growing, and rubber, oil palm, or fruit tree plantations and are raised by small-scale farmers who own about 1.4 ha/family. Although the flock size in southern Thailand is small (5 head/family), the contribution of goats to the farm cash income is relatively high especially in a rice-growing system (approx. 56\% per year). More than 65\% of goat owners employ a tethering system; a cut and carry system is practiced only in the wet season. Cash inputs, concentrates, mineral supplements, and medical treatments are minimal. Village goats are mainly indigenous with average mature body weight of 23 and 22 kg for males and females, respectively. Average growth rates to 6 months of age were 62 and 47 g/day for males and females, respectively. Age at first kidding was 12.4 months. An average kidding rate for all age groups is 190\% but the weaning rate is only 135\%. A high mortality rate of 25-37\% in young kids is mainly caused by accidents (such as dog bites) and diseases (such as scabby month or pneumonia). Underimproved conditions, body weights of village goats increased by 21-55\%, the kidding rate is somewhat lower (147\%) and the weaning rate is higher (146\%). However, the improved conditions have little effect on dressing percentage of the native goats (45.8 vs 45.0\%). (author)}, keywords = {goat production, Thailand}, isbn = {0-88936-525-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/932949178}, author = {S. Saithanoo and J. T. B. Milton}, editor = {C. Devendra} } @article {573, title = {Grassroots conservation: Veld products and people}, journal = {African Wildlife}, volume = {43}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {286-293}, abstract = {The author calls plants "green glue," meaning they keep the soil together. He uses the term "veld products" and defines it as the use of plants by people for medicine, food supplements, shelter, fuel, etc. He is calling on researchers to develop and expand their focus on veld products. He talks of the needs of both plants and humans, vegetation change and plant use, resource management and conservation. He also talks of the consequences of conservation in his conclusion.}, keywords = {Acacia mearnsii, agroforestry, Australian black wattle, ethnobotany, fuelwood, Institute of Natural Resources, Kwa Zulu, Mark Gandar, medicinal plants, Natal, natural resource management, plants, qwa qwa, resource conservation, resource management, Southern Africa, Southern Life Association}, author = {Tony Cunningham} } @article {574, title = {Great planting disasters: Pitfalls in technical assistance in forestry}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {49-60}, abstract = {Social forestry, in contrast to traditional forestry, is intended to meet biological/environmental, procedural and equity goals. Social forestry projects may not fulfill this multiplicity of goals either because priority is given to a single goal or because various factors including the structure and norms of implementing institutions and the distribution of local power overwhelm procedural and distributive intentions. Thus, despite participatory and equitable project designs, social forestry projects may result in the distribution of benefits to the rich and costs to the poor and products that either have little local value or lose their value over time. Factors leading to these outcomes are explored and countervailing measures considered.}, keywords = {agricultural economics, equity goals, ethics, evolutionary biology, history, project design, social forestry, technical assistance, veterinary medicine}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217176}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217176}, author = {Louise Fortmann} } @inbook {875, title = {Genetic conservation and the role of botanic gardens}, booktitle = {Botanic gardens and the world conservation strategy: Proceedings of an international conference, 26-30 November 1985 held at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {161-173}, publisher = {Academic Press Inc.}, organization = {Academic Press Inc.}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Botanic gardens -- although historically of great importance in the introduction of exotic materials often linked to cash crop development -- were part of the plant introduction systems out of which developed the genetic resource programs in the past few decades. But they have been less than successful in conserving plant materials. With the rapid growth in the nature conservation movement and the economic recession limiting funds, many have realized they have changing roles. Much of this has been sparked by dramatic appeals from botanic gardens in developed countries to help in conservation of the rapidly eroding tropical rain forest.

Current compartmentalized action needs to be coordinated, not from the viewpoint of assuming roles and responsibilities which will only exacerbate the inactivities of many organizations over the past couple of decades, but to produce fruitful liaison based on good science and not emotional or financial considerations.

To this end the authors outline a number of scientific imperatives which could lead to positive action and enable all organizations at this conference to assume their moral and evolutionary responsibilities. They may require radical changes in thinking (but after all evolution is based on genetic change in relation to environment). The manipulation of plants by man has led to a wealth of diversity for food, fiber, shelter and medicine. Now we have the chance to manipulate at the molecular level. We must stand ready with our material available, well documented and with clear priorities for future action.

}, keywords = {botanical gardens, conservation, rainforests}, isbn = {0-12-125462-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16718888}, author = {J. T. Williams and J. L. Creech}, editor = {D. Bramwell and O. Hamann and V. H. Heywood and H. Synge} } @article {684, title = {The Guesselbodi experiment: Bushland management in Niger}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fa 1985-Win 1986}, pages = {67-77}, abstract = {This article discusses the Guesselbodi forest management plan in Niger, in outline form. From the design through beginning of implementation the project is interested in long-term sustainability of the Sahelian land resource and with popular participation. The parceled national forest is being managed with many goals, both of the researchers and local villagers to maximize the restoration of degraded land and biospecies and to be viable in the long and short-term to the region are the main priorities. If this outline is not exaggerated, it is a rare example of a complementary interaction of outside scientists and local knowledge and concern. It deals with the issues of indigenous management, ineffectiveness and destruction of straight production-oriented development, the difficulties of popular participation as research cooperation. The project deals with soil erosion, restoration, fuelwood tree species, carrying capacity for rangeland and farmland, windbreaks, water harvest, agroforestry, among other enlightened development topics.}, keywords = {forest management, fuelwood, Sahel, soil conservation, soil erosion, water conservation}, author = {John G. Heermans} }