@book {339, title = {Harvest Moonshine{\textquoteright} taking you for a ride: A critique of the rainforest harvest{\textemdash}Its theory and practice}, year = {1993}, note = {A shortened and edited version of this article appeared in The Ecologist vol. 23, no. 4, July/August 1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {16}, publisher = {Survival International}, organization = {Survival International}, address = {London}, abstract = {Some say that the "harvesting" of rainforest products and their marketing on an international level can save the forests and their inhabitants. Others, including the author of this article, believe this is at best a money-making gimmick and at worst a harmful idea which could have exactly the opposite effects and lead to more destruction. Focusing on the predicament of tribal peoples, the author argues that it is vital for their future that "harvest" ideology is rejected and that support for them is chanelled, not into purchasing power for forest products, but into a worldwide outcry demanding respect for their rights. These beliefs have been attacked by companies promoting the "harvest" and the debate has become a very serious difference of opinion, the eventual outcome of which could shape the way rainforests and tribal peoples{\textquoteright} issues are seen by the general public for years to come.}, keywords = {rainforests}, url = {http://assets.survivalinternational.org/static/files/books/harvestmoonshine.pdf}, author = {Stephen Corry} } @article {515, title = {An heirloom in the garden: Antique fruits and flowers are popping up all over}, journal = {Newsweek}, volume = {118}, year = {1991}, note = {

Comments on antique fruits and flowers that are popping up all over.\  For years, small groups of gardeners kept endangered varieties alive by collecting and swapping their seeds. Recently word of their work spread.\  Kent Whealy of Seed Savers Exchange in Decorah, Iowa; Two mainstream catalog outfits, Gardener\&$\#$39;s Supply Co. and Smith \& Hawken.

}, month = {July 8, 1991}, pages = {66}, abstract = {

With the expansion of agribusiness, companies are looking for crops which will grow rapidly and produce a standard plant. These crops fit well into the package and can weather long trips to the market.

Hybridization has caused many different varieties of crops to all but disappear from the market. Plants have lost their regional differences with attention given to standardization. Among some of these lost crops are the howling mob corn, ice cream watermelons, and mortgage lifter tomatoes. These regional varieties are considered \"heirloom\" crops.

Their seeds are kept in circulation by small groups of gardeners swapping seeds. Organizations such as Seed Savers Exchange are helping small time gardeners to obtain seeds of regional varieties of crops and flowers.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, gardening, genetic diversity, germplasm}, author = {K. Ames and A. Underwood} } @article {822, title = {Haiti agroforestry outreach project extension 1987-1989: Final report}, year = {1990}, month = {April 1990}, institution = {Pan American Development Foundation}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This report covers both agroforestry activities and the social and institutional aspects of the project. The agroforestry activities of the project include choices of species and agroforestry systems; site selection; nursery technology and experience; and applied research experience. The social and institutional aspects of the project include the participation of private voluntary organizations (PVOs) and farmers; extension and training; social and economic benefits; and links with the public sector, funders and other agencies.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Haiti}, author = {Frederick J. Conway and Jon L. Jickling} } @article {577, title = {Homestead tree planting in two rural Swazi communities}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, month = {May 1990}, pages = {11-22}, abstract = {Tree planting practices were investigated on a total of 95 homesteads in two communities in rural Swaziland. Information was also collected on socioeconomic characteristics of the homesteads. In both the study areas, Sigombeni and Bhekinkhosi, there was considerable variation amongst individual homesteads in size, relative wealth (as indicated by cattle and motor vehicle ownership), and amount and types of trees planted. Eighty-five percent of all homesteads in Sigombeni and 73 percent in Bhekinkhosi had planted at least one tree. Common forms of planting included small woodlots, fruit trees, and ornamentals. Virtually all the woodlots consisted of two introduced wattle species (Acacia mearnsii and A. decurrens). The most commonly planted fruit trees were avocadoes, bananas, and peaches. No complex or labor-intensive agroforestry practices (such as maize/leucaena intercropping) were observed. There was some evidence that the poorest and newest homesteads were the least likely to have planted any trees and that the richest homesteads were the most likely to have planted woodlots. The results indicate that forestry research and extension efforts should take into account homestead characteristics, and strive to offer a range of tree planting options that vary in input requirements, labor needs, and complexity.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fruit trees, social forestry, Swaziland, woodlots}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122809}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00122809}, author = {James A. Allen} } @book {340, title = {Household food security and forestry: An analysis of socio-economic issues}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {147}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {The focus of this study is on the socio-economic aspects of forestry{\textquoteright}s role in household food security. It draws together information on household foods and income which are actually derived from activities dependent on tree and forest products. It examines their importance in different situations and among different population groups and how the uses of these resources are changing, focusing particularly on the impacts on the poor and women. The study also addresses the consequences of decreasing forest resources and discusses the implications for forest policy and for management of forests and trees outside the forests.}, keywords = {agroforestry, deforestation, energy, fodder, fuelwood, gardening, gender, honey, nutrition, nuts and seeds, plant foods, women}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21140813}, author = {FAO Forestry Department, Forests, Trees and People [Program]} } @article {736, title = {Household gardens, crop architecture, and traditional disease management}, year = {1989}, note = {CIKARD copy is a rough draft - some references not checked - not for publication}, month = {April 1989}, address = {Cornell University, Ithaca, NY}, abstract = {This essay focuses on the different types of architectural arrangements of crops and suggests that a study of traditional cropping systems and their architecture should also be strongly urged when designing or improving tropical cropping systems.}, keywords = {agroforestry, horticulture, multistorey cropping}, author = {H. David Thurston} } @article {575, title = {Historical forces in world agriculture and the changing role of international development assistance}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {Win-Spr 1988}, pages = {77-91}, abstract = {

The first part of this paper discusses five sets of forces that have had a major influence on world agriculture in the post-World War II period. These include:

  1. high rates of population growth in the developing countries
  2. a steady increase in economic integration world-wide, driven by technological breakthroughs in the communication and transportation sectors
  3. major realignments in the values of national currencies
  4. growing distortions in economic policies in both the industrialized and developing countries
  5. growing diffusion of new production technology from the industrialized to the developing countries.

The second part reviews the changing role of international development assistance in support of agriculture in light of these historical forces. Such assistance successively stressed the development of extension services, food aid, institutional development of higher level education institutions, the development of research capacity, and rural development.

A look to the future is the subject of the third part of the paper. This includes a discussion of the difficulties in sustaining U.S. foreign assistance, especially when that nation is letting its own economic house fall into such disarray.

}, keywords = {development assistance, ecology, economic integration, economic policies, economics, education institution, ethics, famine, fisheries, food agricultural economics, gender, history, international development, production technology, rural development}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217179}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217179}, author = {G. Edward Schuh} } @article {436, title = {The human ecology of agricultural development: The ethics and rationale of international technical cooperation in agriculture and rural life}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {Articles also listed independently.}, month = {Win-Spr 1988}, keywords = {development assistance, ecology, economics, ethics, famine, fisheries, food, gender, history, international development}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/0889-048x/5/1-2/} } @article {839, title = {The half-hidden economic roles of rural Nigerian women and national development}, year = {1987}, note = {Research monograph prepared for the World Bank}, month = {October 1987}, abstract = {As Nigerian oil exports flourished, its agricultural production floundered from 45 percent of the Gross Domestic Product in 1970 to 25 percent in 1987. However, in order to understand the full measure of the Nigerian agricultural stiuation, and assess its impacts on hindering or facilitating national development, one must understand just how women fit in the various farming systems of the country. This manuscript starts with an overview of Nigeria{\textquoteright}s recent oil and agricultural situation. Next, the paper presents a glimpse of Nigeria{\textquoteright}s major variance in ethnicity, ecology, and the division of agricultural labor and resources by gender. Then, the manual examines the gender division of labor and resources in the agricultural sector, and looks at recent changes. In section four, the paper draws links from micro to macro levels, and identifies the gaps in our knowledge of gender and agricultural systems in Nigeria. Finally, the text concludes with a summary of the major findings and a series of policy recommendations.}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, animal by-products, animal husbandry, crop by-products, economics, farm forestry, female agriculture, harvesting, marketing, national development, Nigeria, oil, processing, rural people, soils, sowing, storage, tending, transporting, weeding, women}, author = {Rae Lesser Blumberg and Lorna Lueker} } @article {576, title = {Homestead agroforestry in Bangladesh}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {139-151}, abstract = {

The Homestead agroforestry system is very important in the economy of Bangladesh. The many woody species grown in the homesteads are a significant source of fuelwood; they also provide fodder, building materials and other forms of wood. In the context of the prevailing shortage of fuelwood and excessive deforestation in Bangladesh, this homestead agroforestry system needs to be strengthened. A field survey was undertaken to assess the prospects and feasibility of initiating a programme for the improvement of homestead agroforestry systems. It showed that the prospects for improving homestead agroforestry systems are good because most respondents own their homesteads and believe there is room for more trees on them. Although they know that raising trees is relatively difficult and requires special practices, they are familiar with the government nurseries and local agricultural extension officers, and are confident about the success of the programme. Results also indicate that multipurpose trees and specific modules for involving women in the farm operations are likely to enhance success of the programme.

}, keywords = {agriculture, Bangladesh, farmer opinion, forestry, fruit trees, homestead agroforestry}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047518}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047518}, author = {William A. Leuschner and Kibriaul Khaleque} } @article {578, title = {Household economy and tree growing in upland Central Java}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {169-184}, abstract = {This article tries to identify the key variables that determine land use patterns and the strategies of households towards tree growing in two upland regions in Central Java. A household{\textquoteright}s access to land and market opportunities appear to be such key variables. Households with little land use their land more intensively with respect to crop, livestock and tree production. So do households with access to market opportunities. Based on this type of diagnostic research more appropriate tree-based designs could be developed to contribute to the solution of land use problems in the uplands of Java.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farming systems research , Indonesia, Java, land use, social forestry, upland farming}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047520}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047520}, author = {P. van der Poel and H. van Dijk} } @article {579, title = {Huastec noncrop resource management: Implications for prehistoric rain forest management}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {9}, year = {1981}, month = {December 1981}, pages = {395-417}, abstract = {The Huastec have interacted with elements of a diverse flora in northeastern Mexico for 30 centuries. A Huastec plant-management model is derived from patterns reflected in all anthropogenic vegetation zones, from the dooryard to the forest, and used to discuss the possible effects of human activities upon the prehistoric rain forest. Huastec plant management is discussed from an analytical perspective which views plant management as resulting from the integration of two types of plant manipulation: the manipulation of vegetation en masse and the manipulation of individual plants. Decisions about plant manipulation reflect a concern for minimal labor investment to place the resource at hand. Noncrop plant manipulation practices potentially influence the evolution of individual plants and plant communities primarily by affecting species{\textquoteright} distribution and population parameters. Since the impact of plant-management practices clearly goes beyond domestication, ways of evaluating such practices in order to expand our understanding of ethnobotanical interactions and their impact are suggested.}, keywords = {anthropology/archaeometry, domestication, ecology, environmental management, Huastec, rainforests, resource management, sociology, tropical agroecosystem}, doi = {10.1007/BF01418729}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01418729}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn} }