@inbook {882, title = {Indigenous knowledge and resource management systems in the Canadian subarctic}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {2000}, note = {CIKARD paper is from a workshop on Linking Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability. Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Sweden. Draft, August 1994}, month = {2000}, pages = {95-128}, abstract = {The Cree Amerindians of subarctic Canada lived as a group of hunter-gatherers. The social systems of the Cree and the ecological systems they have depended upon have survived for a long time. The paper explores possible mechanisms (local knowledge, resource management practices, institutions, worldview) that enabled this survival, and the ways in which these mechanisms may have evolved.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, Cree Indians, ecology, wildlife }, url = {https://worldcat.org/en/title/36470157}, author = {Fikret Berkes}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke and Johan Colding (assistant Ed.)} } @inbook {877, title = {Indigenous African resource management of a tropical rain forest ecosystem: A case study of the Yoruba of Ara, Nigeria}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {1998}, note = {

Paper originally presented by D. Michael Warren at Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems: Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability August 29-30, 1994. The Beijier International Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm Sweden

}, month = {March 1998}, pages = {158-189}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {In his introduction, Dr. Warren defines the term "indigenous knowledge." He says that indigenous knowledge is a type of decision-making system. He calls for understanding and conserving natural resources. He states that "every community has the capacity to deal with its problems." He bases his study on a Yoruba state in the tropical rainforest in southwest Nigeria. The study also shows the way the community uses indigenous knowledge for decision-making processes and the utilization of the resources. There is a description of Ara, the changing land use, and the indigenous knowledge of biodiversity in Ara followed by his conclusions.}, keywords = {aafin Alara, agroforestry, cola acuminata, cola nitida, cultural diversity, ecosystem management, gari, Ghaga River, human ecology, ICRAF, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, molebi, Odo-Igbo River, rainforests, social ecology, social systems, sustainable development, USAID, West Africa Multipurpose Tree Project}, isbn = {0-521-59140-6; 978-0-521-59140-9}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/36470157}, author = {D. Michael Warren and Jennifer Pinkston}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @inbook {887, title = {Integrated management of a temperate montane rainforest ecosystem through wholistic forestry: A British Columbian example}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {1998}, note = {

CIKARD copy is a draft outline of a paper prepared for the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Project \"Social and Ecological System Linkages\" and later published in Linking social and ecological systems.

}, month = {1998}, pages = {363-389}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Evelyn Pinkerton identifies the problem of logging in the temperate rainforest of the Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, and Southeast Asia. She identifies the political and scientific dimensions of the problem. She discusses the limits of the wildlife and timber and what the research uncovered. She identified the term "new forestry." She lists and describes two other types of forestry: Wholistic and Gitksan Wholistic Forestry. She discusses the detail and economics of both types. She also includes five different pie charts with a brief definition for each.}, keywords = {ecosystem resilience, rainforests, riparian zone, transition zone}, isbn = {0-521-59140-6}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/36470157}, author = {Evelyn Pinkerton}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @article {581, title = {IK for socioeconomic development and biodiversity conservation: The Kolli hills}, journal = {Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor}, volume = {2}, year = {1994}, note = {

Version published in IKDM. Publication of the IKDM has ceased as of December 2001. The Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor was a journal that served the international development community and all scientists who share a professional interest in indigenous knowledge systems and practices (IKSP). The Monitor, produced by Nuffic-CIRAN in cooperation with the indigenous knowledge resource centres in various parts of the world, has two sections: articles and communications.

}, month = {Sept 1994 [Aug]}, pages = {13-17}, abstract = {For generations local people have been the custodians of biodiversity. Unfortunately, their basic requirements somtimes force them into activities that lead to a loss of biodiversity. Therefore, it is essential that programmes aimed at conserving biodiversity should take into account the basic livelihood systems of local people. Moreover, indigenous knowledge can be used to fulfil socioeconomic needs and conserve biodiversity at one and the same time. This article explores the diversity of the indigenous agroforestry systems practised by the people of the Kolli Hills, identifies the factors which force local people to engage in activities that erode those systems, and formulates policy interventions designed to make effective use of indigenous knowledge, not only to meet socioeconomic needs but also to conserve biodiversity.}, keywords = {bench terraces, deforestation, forest gardens, India, Kolli Hills, terraces, tree species}, url = {http://www.ciesin.org/kiosk/ebs/Newsletter/IKNEWS/5art5.txt}, author = {B. Rajasekaran and D. Michael Warren} } @book {344, title = {Indigenous farming systems, knowledge and practices in the Sudan}, series = {Sudan Library Series no. 21}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {320 pp.}, publisher = {Khartoum University Press}, organization = {Khartoum University Press}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32817483}, editor = {Medani Mohamed M Ahmed} } @conference {770, title = {Indigenous knowledge and sustainable agricultural and rural development: Policy issues and strategies for the INDISCO Programme of the ILO}, booktitle = {Paper presented at INDISCO Sub-Regional Technical Review Meeting, December 13-16, 1994, Chiang Mai, Thailand}, year = {1994}, note = {INDISCO Sub-Regional Technical Review Meeting}, month = {Dec. 13-16, 1994}, address = {Chiang Mai, Thailand}, abstract = {A rapidly growing array of case studies, many dealing with the knowledge of indigenous peoples, provides insights into creative contributions by local communities to the conservation of biodiversity and water and soil resources, as well as, cost-effective approaches to agricultural and livestock production and management. This paper will describe efforts taken since 1979 to incorporate indigenous knowledge into the development paradigm, efforts that have laid a solid foundation for innovative approaches to development such as that of the INDISCO Programme. (author)}, keywords = {biodiversity, development}, author = {D. Michael Warren} } @book {346, title = {Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development in the Philippines: Proceedings of a workshop held at the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, June 24-26, 1992}, year = {1994}, note = {Co-published by the Regional Program for the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia (REPPIKA) and the Philippine Resource Center for Sustainable Development and Indigenous Knowledge (PHIRCSDIK). General Note: Jointly funded by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), Foundation for Philippine Environment (FPE), Ford Foundation (FF), and User{\textquoteright}s Perspective With Agricultural Research and Development (UPWARD) Bibliography note: Includes bibliographical references Collection title: CIKARD-Center for Indigenous Knowledge in Agriculture and Rural Development. Department of Anthropology, Iowa State University}, month = {June 24-26, 1992}, pages = {164 pp.}, publisher = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction}, organization = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {

The conference topics covered include:

}, keywords = {applied folklore, community development, congresses, environmental aspects, indigenous peoples, Philippines, social life and customs, sustainable development}, isbn = {0-942717-48-1; 978-0-942717-48-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35776619}, author = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) and Regional Program for the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia and Philippine Resource Center for Sustainable Development and Indigenous Knowledge} } @book {348, title = {Indigenous knowledge for sustainable development in the Sudan}, series = {Sudanese library series no. 20}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {325 pp.}, publisher = {Khartoum University Press, Institute of African and Asian Studies}, organization = {Khartoum University Press, Institute of African and Asian Studies}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {

Papers:

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32817483}, editor = {Medani Mohamed M Ahmed} } @book {352, title = {Indigenous technical knowledge in farming systems of Eastern Africa: A bibliography}, series = {Bibliographies in Technology and Social Change no. 9}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {101}, publisher = {Technology and Social Change Program, Iowa State University}, organization = {Technology and Social Change Program, Iowa State University}, address = {Ames, Iowa}, abstract = {This bibliography includes over 1200 items concerning the indigenous knowledge of people in eastern Africa about farming systems, biomass products, natural resource management, land tenure and organization, and related topics, in material up to 1993. About 200 of the items specifically refer to methods of elicitation of indigenous knowledge and how they can be further applied, whether in local initiatives and/or in outsider interventions. (author)}, author = {Michael Keith McCall} } @conference {773, title = {Integrated management of a temperate rainforest ecosystem through wholistic forestry: A British Columbian example}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems: Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability August 29-30, 1994}, year = {1994}, note = {CIKARD copy is a draft outline of a paper prepared for the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Project "Social and Ecological System Linkages"}, month = {Aug. 29-30, 1994}, publisher = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, organization = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, abstract = {Evelyn Pinkerton identifies the problem of logging in the temperate rainforest of the Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, and Southeast Asia. She identifies the political and scientific dimensions of the problem. She discusses the limits of the wildlife and timber and what the research uncovered. She identified the term "new forestry." She lists and describes two other types of forestry: Wholistic and Gitksan Wholistic Forestry. She discusses the detail and economics of both types. She also includes five different pie charts with a brief definition for each.}, keywords = {adaptiveness, community involvement, ecosystem resilience, Jerry Franklin, participatory, rainforests, riparian zone, transition zone, unique ability}, author = {Evelyn Pinkerton} } @book {354, title = {Intellectual property rights for indigenous peoples: A sourcebook}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, publisher = {Society for Applied Anthropology}, organization = {Society for Applied Anthropology}, address = {Oklahoma City, OK}, abstract = {

Contains following papers:

}, keywords = {developing countries, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, indigenous peoples, intellectual property, Western hemisphere}, isbn = {978-0-9642023-0-6; 0-9642023-0-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/224715051}, editor = {Thomas C. Greaves} } @article {737, title = {In good hands: Sustainable agriculture in the Lancandon Rainforest}, year = {1993}, month = {February 5, 1993}, abstract = {This is a proposal for the making of a videotape to document the work of Dr. James Nations. He is an ecological anthropologist. His work mainly entails the study of the Lancandon Rainforest. The video will document his most recent trip for observing the Lancandons. Kibben and Bartz{\textquoteright}s target audiences are public television viewers, policymakers of countries with tropical forests, educational institutions, and the tropical farmers themselves. The proposal also gives the benefits of the use of the tape, the backgrounds of everyone involved and a breakdown of production costs. Lastly, the proposal includes the letter of intent to back the project from the Film Arts Foundation.}, keywords = {intercropping}, author = {Steve Bartz and Jaime Kibben} } @booklet {490, title = {Indigenous biodiversity network}, year = {1993}, month = {10/28/1993}, abstract = {

For more information contact: Alejandro Argumedo, Suite 6620, 1 Nicholas St., Ottawa, ON Canada K1N 7B7

A statement submitted to an intergovernmental committee on the convention of biological diversity. This discusses the rights of indigenous people the world over and the importance of their knowledge. In regards to their rights, they state some specific actions to help stop the exploitation of their land and their knowledge. While offering their help with issues such as conservation, they feel they are unjustly deprived of the rewards and benefits made possible because of their help. Together with government organizations, they will help restore the earth to a more natural state to the benefit of all.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, intellectual property rights}, author = {Alejandro Argumedo} } @inbook {881, title = {Indigenous knowledge and biodiversity}, booktitle = {Harvesting nature{\textquoteright}s diversity}, year = {1993}, month = {October 1993}, publisher = {Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)}, organization = {Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {For centuries rural peoples have encouraged and relied upon biodiversity for their livelihoods. Farmers have managed genetic resources for as long as they have cultivated crops. For some 12,000 years, they have selected varieties of crops and livestock breeds to meet environmental conditions and diverse nutritional and social needs. The immense genetic diversity of traditional farming systems is the product of human innovation and experimentation -- both historic and ongoing. This has been recognized in FAO by the resolution on farmers{\textquoteright} rights that acknowledges the past, present and future contributions of farmers in conserving, improving and making available plant genetic resources, and that they should be rewarded for their contributions.}, keywords = {biodiversity, genetic diversity}, url = {http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/V1430E/V1430E00.htm$\#$TOC}, author = {Office of Director-General, FAO [Edouard Saouma, Director General]} } @article {824, title = {Indigenous knowledge and drought in the arid zone of Rajasthan [India]: Weather prediction as a means to cope with a hazardous climate}, year = {1993}, month = {March 1993}, institution = {Zurich Departement Wald-Und Holzforschung}, address = {Z{\"u}rich}, abstract = {This paper is the result of a first step of a cooperation between two sociologists as members of scientific research units in which the consideration of socio-cultural aspects of environment gains momentum. They emphasize the importance of the consideration of indigenous knowledge in the development process of areas with precarious environmental conditions. In their contribution they highlight the immense value of autochthonous perceptions of particularly rural surroundings to face future challenges and to safeguard the sustainable physical, social and cultural persistence of the semi-arid area of Rajasthan. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, drought, India, local knowledge, Rajasthan}, author = {L. P. Bharara and Klaus Seeland} } @proceedings {347, title = {Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992}, year = {1993}, publisher = {Regional Program for the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia, International Institute of Rural Reconstruction}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {

Contains the following papers:

}, keywords = {agricultural innovations, aquaculture, congresses, ecology, fish culture, Java, Kasepuhan, rice, rice-fish culture, sustainable development}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820560133}, author = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)} } @article {590, title = {Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {22}, year = {1993}, note = {

ArticleType: research-article
Issue Title: Biodiversity: Ecology, Economics, Policy
Full publication date: May 1993
Copyright \© 1993 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences See also: http://repository.ias.ac.in/64142/1/21_pub.pdf (open repository).

}, month = {May 1, 1993}, pages = {151-156}, abstract = {Indigenous peoples with a historical continuity of resource-use practices often possess a broad knowledge base of the behavior of complex ecological systems in their own localities. This knowledge has accumulated through a long series of observations transmitted from generation to generation. Such "diachronic" observations can be of great value and complement the "synchronic" observations on which western science is based. Where indigenous peoples have depended, for long periods of time, on local environments for the provision of a variety of resources, they have developed a stake in conserving, and in some cases, enhancing, biodiversity. They are aware that biological diversity is a crucial factor in generating the ecological services and natural resources on which they depend. Some indigenous groups manipulate the local landscape to augment its heterogeneity, and some have been found to be motivated to restore biodiversity in degraded landscapes. Their practices for the conservation of biodiversity were grounded in a series of rules of thumb which are apparently arrived at through a trial and error process over a long historical time period. This implies that their knowledge base is indefinite and their implementation involves an intimate relationship with the belief system. Such knowledge is difficult for western science to understand. It is vital, however, that the value of the knowledge-practice-belief complex of indigenous peoples relating to conservation of biodiversity is fully recognized if ecosystems and biodiversity are to be managed sustainably. Conserving this knowledge would be most appropriately accomplished through promoting the community-based resource-management systems of indigenous peoples.}, keywords = {biodiversity, South America}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314060}, author = {Madhav Gadgil and Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @book {350, title = {Indigenous peoples{\textquoteright} politics: An introduction, Volume I}, series = {Working paper (Technische Hogeschool Twente. Vakgroep Ontwikkelingskunde)}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, publisher = {University of Colorado at Denver, Fourth World Center for the Study of Indigenous Law and Politics}, organization = {University of Colorado at Denver, Fourth World Center for the Study of Indigenous Law and Politics}, address = {Denver, CO}, abstract = {

Contains the following papers:

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35239582}, editor = {Marc A. Sills and Glenn T. Morris} } @inbook {772, title = {Indigenous practices of aquatic resource management in the dry zone of Sri Lanka}, booktitle = {Human evolution in its ecological context: Proceedings of the Pithecanthropus Centennial 1893-1993 Congress, under the auspices of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences}, year = {1993}, note = {Paper presented at Pithecanthropus Centennial "Human Evolution in its Ecological Context", June 26-July 1, 1993, Leiden, The Netherlands}, month = {6/26-7/1/1993}, publisher = {Pithecanthropus Centennial Foundation, Leiden University}, organization = {Pithecanthropus Centennial Foundation, Leiden University}, address = {Leiden, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

Aquatic resources, mainly fish and aquatic plants, play an important role as a source of food in the traditional villages in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. Therefore, the villagers have traditionally developed various practices which lead to sustainable utilization of aquatic resources.

This study is an attempt to explore such practices pertaining to fishery. In the Dry Zone where scarcity of water is the major constraint to all human activities, village settlements are located in close proximity to the irrigation tanks. In every village, aquatic resources are found in association with the village-irrigation tank, its distributory canal system and the buffalo wallow, the pool in which the water drained from the paddy tract is accumulated.

Indigenous practices which contribute to the sustainable utilization of fishery resources are threefold:

  1. institutional,
  2. technological and
  3. ecological.

While various cultural limitations on fishing rights, rules and regulations pertaining to fishery and powers of the village leadership prevent the over-exploitation of fishery resources, the implements and techniques used for fishing, including trapping and poisoning, were traditionally designed in such a way that they would not cause over-fishing. The ecological set-up maintained by the villagers around the water bodies was also conducive to the sustainability of the fishery. However, all these indigenous practices are now increasingly disappearing in the face of modernization. (author)

}, keywords = {aquaculture, aquatic resources, human ecology}, isbn = {90-802652-1-7; 978-90-802652-1-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36381768}, author = {Rohana Ulluwishewa}, editor = {L. Jan Slikkerveer} } @article {594, title = {Inga edulis: A tree for acid soils in the humid tropics}, journal = {NFT Highlights}, volume = {93-04}, year = {1993}, note = {A publication of the Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Network (FACT Net)}, month = {September 1993}, abstract = {A quick guide to useful nitrogen-fixing trees from around the world. Inga is a large genus of leguminous trees native to the American humid tropics. Inga edulis, the best known of the Inga species, is popular with agroforesters for its rapid growth, tolerance of acid soils and high production of leafy biomass to control weeds and erosion.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, forest genetics, forestry, genetic resources, Inga, Panama, Peru, trees, tropical forests, tropical trees}, url = {https://www.winrock.org/factnet-a-lasting-impact/fact-sheets/inga-edulis-a-tree-for-acid-soils-in-the-humid-tropics/}, author = {Anna Lawrence} } @article {730, title = {An indigenous duck-fish production system in South India: Impact on nutritional security}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, abstract = {Indigenous food production systems involve complex processes of producing food from diversified agro-ecological environments to meet the nutritional requirements of the local people. Women laborers form a loosely structured, informal organization to rear ducks in common property resources, such as communal tanks in south India. Droppings of ducks in the communal tank increase the fish population. The favorable environment for the growth of fish encourages men laborers to spend their leisure time catching fish in the tank. Duck-fish production system contributes significantly to nutritional intake of participant households. Sociocultural and economic constraints on the duck-fish production system are identified. Policy options to sustain the autochthonous duck-fish production system are suggested. (author)}, keywords = {duck-fish ecology, food cooperatives, food policies, gender roles, India, local food production, rapid rural appraisal, women{\textquoteright}s organization}, url = {http://www.ciesin.org/docs/004-200/004-200.html}, author = {B. Rajasekaran} } @conference {799, title = {The indigenous food plants programme of Kenya}, booktitle = {Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, publisher = {International Institute for Rural Reconstruction}, organization = {International Institute for Rural Reconstruction}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {Indigenous knowledge is essential to the development process especially for the sustainable use of natural resources. In Kenya, this has been illustrated by the Indigenous Food Plants Programme which endeavours to improve diets as well as preserve cultural practices and preserve biodiversity. The programme is part of a complex of two complementing centres at the National Museums of Kenya this being the Centre for Biodiversity and the new Kenya Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (KENRIK). Both will provide basal data to be utilised in conservation and development. (author).}, keywords = {biodiversity, Kenya}, author = {Christine Kabuye} } @inbook {880, title = {Indigenous history and Amazonian biodiversity}, booktitle = {Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today{\textquoteright}s Challenges in Central and South America: Proceedings of a Conference Sponsored by the Forest History Society and IUFRO Forestry History Group, Conference held in San Jos{\'e}, Costa Rica}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {185-197}, publisher = {Forest History Society}, organization = {Forest History Society}, address = {Durham, NC}, abstract = {The rich biodiversity of Central and South American forests are undergoing difficult times. These forests have been altered throughout history, first by indigenous farming practices and now by state and private sustainable agriculture programs. Swidden type agriculture, practiced by indigenous people, converted many forests to fallows. Fallows and high forests can be compared using the Jaccard coefficient, which is simply the total number of species in a sample area. These numbers tell us that fallow forests represent indigenous reforestation, insofar as species richness of high forests are being replaced by an equivalently rich secondary forest. The number of most important species between fallow and high forests are significantly and predictably different. The indigenous farming practices are undoubtly less destructive than state practices. If modern states cannot protect the remaining indigenous populations, they may lose an abundance of knowledge relating to resource use, management, and biological and ecological diversification. (author)}, keywords = {biodiversity, Central America, ecology, forestry, South America}, isbn = {0-8223-1247-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25787422}, author = {William L. BaleĢe}, editor = {Harold K. Steen and Richard P. Tucker} } @conference {771, title = {Indigenous knowledge, biodiversity conservation and development}, booktitle = {Paper presented at International Conference on Conservation of Biodiversity in Africa: Local Initiatives and Institutional Roles, August 30-September 3, 1992, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya}, year = {1992}, month = {08/30-09/3/1992}, publisher = {National Museums of Kenya}, organization = {National Museums of Kenya}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {Global awareness of the crisis concerning the conservation of biodiversity is assured following the United Nation{\textquoteright}s Conference on Environment and Development. This conference was held in June 1992 in Rio de Janiero. This presentation provided an overview of recent studies that show the active role that rural communities throughout the world have played in three major areas. They have helped to generate knowledge based on an understanding of their environment. They have devised mechanisms to conserve and sustain their natural resources. Lastly, they have established community-based organizations that serve as forums for identifying problems and dealing with them through local level experimentation, innovation, and exchange information with other societies. This active role that they are playing will help to preserve their resources well into the future.}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity, cooperatives}, url = {http://www.ciesin.org/docs/004-173/004-173.html}, author = {D. Michael Warren} } @article {688, title = {The influence of karit{\'e} (Vitellaria paradoxa) and n{\'e}r{\'e} (Parkia biglobosa) trees on sorghum production in Burkina Faso}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {17}, year = {1992}, month = {February 1992}, pages = {97-118}, abstract = {

Sorghum grain yields under the karit{\'e} and the n{\'e}r{\'e} are reduced by an average of 50\% and 70\% respectively, in comparison with yields in the open field. Soil fertility, limiting primary production in the region, is at least as favorable under the tree canopies as in the open field. Reduced light intensity, to a minimum of 20\% under the n{\'e}r{\'e} canopy, is probably largely responsible for low sorghum production under the tree canopies. Benefits from the tree products are more valuable than losses in cereal yields, explaining why trees are maintained on the agricultural fields.

Pruning of tree branches, selection of (shade-) crops and tree selection could reduce crop yield losses but cannot be expected to increase tree- and crop production.

}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry, Parkia biglobosa, parkland, savanna, shade influence, tree management, tree-crop relations, Vitellaria paradoxa, West Africa}, doi = {10.1007/BF00053116}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00053116}, author = {J. J. Kessler} } @article {583, title = {Indigenous agroforestry of Pohnpei: 1. Plant species and cultivars}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {16}, year = {1991}, month = {November 1991}, pages = {139-157}, abstract = {Plant species and cultivars of the indigenous agroforestry system of Pohnpei were surveyed in transects through 54 randomly-selected farms. The agroforestry system was characterized by extensive cultivation of yams (Dioscorea), aroids (Alocasia), and Piper methysticum under a permanent overstory of breadfruit, coconut, and forest remnant trees and a middle canopy of Hibiscus tiliaceus, Musa spp., and Morinda citrifolia. In the 10 ha of survey plots, 161 species were found, of which 102 were trees, shrubs, and crops and 59 were uncultivated herbaceous plants. Numbers of tree, shrub, and crop species per farm ranged from 16 to 37 with an average of 26. Twenty-eight breadfruit and 38 yam cultivars were found in the survey plots, showing that cultivar diversity is an important component of the biological diversity maintained and utilized in Pohnpeian agroforests.}, keywords = {agroforestry, cultivars, indigenous agriculture, low-input agriculture, Micronesia, Pacific islands, species diversity}, doi = {10.1007/BF00129745}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129745}, author = {W. C. Raynor and J. H. Fownes} } @article {584, title = {Indigenous agroforestry of Pohnpei: 2. Spatial and successional vegetation patterns}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {16}, year = {1991}, month = {November 1991}, pages = {159-165}, abstract = {A vegetation survey of 54 randomly-selected Pohnpeian land holdings quantified agroforest vegetation patterns in terms of horizontal distribution in the landscape and changes over time. Spatial distribution of species, expressed as distance from the main household, varied greatly with successional stages to produce the characteristic pattern of the Pohnpeian agroforest. Food crops, bananas, and Piper methysticum were planted around the house compound first, then gradually planted further away over time. Upland forest and secondary successional trees were removed by girdling, and gradually replaced by annual and perennial crops and breadfruit and other trees. A fallow or reduced management stage was discerned, characterized by low densities of early successional crops and higher densities of weedy secondary successional species; this stage resulted from a reduction in management intensity, mainly due to a variety of socioeconomic factors. Although the indigenous Pohnpeian agroforestry system is permanent and thought to be sustainable, it is dynamic in space and time.}, keywords = {agroforestry, low-input agriculture, Micronesia, Pacific islands, spatial pattern, succession, traditional agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00129746}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129746}, author = {W. C. Raynor and J. H. Fownes} } @article {587, title = {Indigenous Kikuyu agroforestry: A case study of Kirinyaga, Kenya}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {1-18}, abstract = {

This article analyzes agroforestry practices among the Ndia and Gichugu Kikuyu of Kirinyaga, Kenya, at the turn of the century, before the onset of colonial rule. It describes ways in which people adapted to competing pressures for retaining and removing tree cover. It shows how religious beliefs, tenure relations based on a communal property-rights regime, and farm forestry practices contributed to the conservation of trees.

Such strategies were not aimed at reversing deforestation, but mitigating its impact by incorporating valued trees into local sociocultural and household production systems. The article points out that indigenous agroforestry practices need to be viewed in the context of local socioeconomic and ecological differences. It also considers the impact of the caravan trade on land use during the late 1800s. Tree scarcity in the late precolonial era is briefly contrasted with the area\&$\#$39;s \"woodfuel crisis\" of the 1980s.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, common property, conservation, firewood, forestry, fuelwood, indigenous technical knowledge , Kenya, Kikuyu}, doi = {10.2307/4602996}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602996}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @article {588, title = {Indigenous knowledge and biodiversity: Global commons or regional heritage?}, journal = {Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine}, volume = {15}, year = {1991}, month = {September 1991}, pages = {4-8}, abstract = {Pharmaceutical companies are turning to indigenous knowledge-based forms of healing for new medicinal plants and they are walking away with million dollar deals. In general, very little money goes back to the communities and the healers who shared their knowledge. There are many different ideas as to how the money should be distributed. It is felt that the role of bridging the gap between the traditional communities and the pharmaceutical companies should be filled with anthropologists and enthnobiologists. They can facilitate a partnership agreement that will benefit both the indigenous community and industrial society.}, keywords = {ethnobotany, intellectual property rights}, url = {http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/indigenous-knowledge-and-biodiversity-global-commons-or-regional-heritag}, author = {A. B. Cunningham} } @conference {769, title = {Indigenous knowledge and development (revised version)}, year = {1991}, note = {Background paper for seminar series on "Sociology and Natural Resource Management", Agriculture Department, The World Bank, December 3, 1990}, month = {Feb. 20, 1991}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {There are now hundreds of studies which have recorded indigenous knowledge in many countries. A review of these documents reveals useful insights in how indigenous knowledge and scientific research can benefit from one another. Despite improvements in crop and livestock production technologies, many farmers do not adopt these innovations. Research indicates that the farmers{\textquoteright} decisions to reject an innovation are often rational when viewed through the indigenous system. Many farming systems are based on intimate knowledge of soils, vegetation, climate, and pests. They also reflect strategies that allow the farmer to avoid perceived input, output and marketing risks or uncertainties. Understanding these perceived risks and ways of avoiding them can be an important first step towards fruitful partnerships between development professionals and farmers. Several examples of types of indigenous knowledge useful for development are outlined in this paper.}, keywords = {agroforestry, aquatic resources, ethnoveterinary medicine, fisheries, forest gardens, mixed cropping, pest management, rice, traditional medicine, trees}, author = {D. Michael Warren} } @article {687, title = {The indigenous knowledge of ecological processes among peasants in the People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {8}, year = {1991}, note = {This paper was also presented at the Second International Ethnobiology Program, October 22-26, 1990 in Kunming, China.}, month = {Win-Spr 1991}, pages = {59-66}, abstract = {

A decision-tree model of an indigenous forest management system centered around shamu (Cunninghamia lanceolata),an important timber species in China, was constructed from extensive interviews with peasants in two villages in Fujian Province, China. From this model additional interviews were conducted to elicit from these peasants their reasons for selecting among decision alternatives. Those reasons that were of an ecological nature were discussed in detail with the peasants to elicit indigenous interpretations of ecological processes in order to test an hypothesis that a strong analogy exists between traditional indigenous and scientific knowledge of ecological processes.

Three cases are presented that test this hypothesis. These three cases concern the effect of intercrops on the growth of shamu, the relative merits of seedlings and root collar sprout cuttings for forest regeneration, and the effects of repeated plantings of shamuon soil chemistry. All three cases provide strong support for the research hypothesis and suggest that, even in the absence of a formalized scientific method, humans exercise mental processes typical of scientific thinking. This phenomenon is called proto-science.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Cunninghamia lanceolata, ethnoecology, evolutionary biology, indigenous knowledge, proto-science, shamu}, doi = {10.1007/BF01579657}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01579657}, author = {Paul M. Chandler} } @article {593, title = {Indigenous natural-resource management systems for sustainable agricultural development: A global perspective}, journal = {Journal of International Development}, volume = {3}, year = {1991}, note = {An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Symposium on Natural Resource Management Systems held at New Delhi, India, 6?II February 1990 See also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jid.4010030312}, month = {1991}, pages = {387-401}, abstract = {Increasing pressure for food production due to the rapidly growing population has led to the gradual disappearance of numerous indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) related to natural-resource management. This process exposes the earth{\textquoteright}s natural resources to constant ecological instability (such as loss of genetic diversity) and severe environmental vulnerability (such as soil degradation and soil erosion). Recent research on indigenous natural-resource management systems indicates that they are highly sophisticated and complex, reflecting generations of careful observations of the natural and physical environment. Keeping these in view, a literature review has been conducted to identify major consequences of the disappearance of IKSs related to natural-resource management. An attempt has been made to categorize indigenous natural-resource management systems. IKSs documented from all over the globe and received at the Center for Indigenous Knowledge for Agriculture and Rural Development (CIKARD) were used to illustrate specific instances of locally adapted and economically viable indigenous natural-resource management systems. Such examples were found in indigenous agronomic practices, agroforestry, indigenous genetic resources, and pastoral management. An integrated natural-resource management model has been developed with an overall goal of increasing food production by small-scale farmers with a least amount of deterioration to nature{\textquoteright}s resource base. The salient features of the proposed model include promoting small-scale farmer participation, recording indigenous knowledge systems related to natural resource management, conducting diagnostic interviews, evaluating modern technologies and conducting on-farm farmer-oriented research (OFFOR) trials for integrating indigenous and modern technologies. Careful implementation of such a model could contribute to ameliorating the growing natural-resource problems of the developing world such as soil erosion, environmental degradation, and ecological destruction.}, keywords = {natural resource management, on-farm research, participatory research}, doi = {10.1002/jid.4010030312}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.4010030312/abstract}, author = {B. Rajasekaran and D. Michael Warren and S. C. Babu} } @inbook {878, title = {Indigenous agroforestry strategies meeting farmers{\textquoteright} needs}, booktitle = {Alternatives to deforestation: Steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest.}, year = {1990}, note = {Author Affiliation: Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA}, month = {1990}, pages = {141-151}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, organization = {Columbia University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Seven characteristics of indigenous agroforestry strategies are discussed: they incorporate native trees and communities; they rely on natural succession; they use natural environmental variation; they incorporate numerous crop and native species; they are flexible; they spread risks by retaining diversity; and they work to ensure independent survival using backup resources available to the community. Specific examples from the sequential agroforestry and forest grove systems of Mexican Huastec and Peruvian Bora farmers show the ways in which indigenous strategies are used.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Bora, deforestation, ecology, Huastec, Mexico, Peru}, isbn = {0-231-06892-1; 978-0-231-06892-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/803206060}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn}, editor = {Anthony B. Anderson} } @article {589, title = {Indigenous knowledge and economic production: The food crop cultivation, preservation and storage methods of a West African community}, journal = {Ecology of Food and Nutrition}, volume = {24}, year = {1990}, month = {January 1990}, pages = {1-20}, abstract = {This paper examines specific cultivation, preservation and storage techniques for some selected staple crops in the food farming community of Ayirebi, near Akyem Oda in southeastern Ghana. The traditional subsistence methods of Ayirebi farming households are well adapted to the social and geographical environments of the region. The long-term future of developing African communities may well lie in building up thriving rural communities producing the food needed by the wider population. However, before this can be achieved, the particular food cultivation strategies of local communities need to be understood. Micro-level studies such as this one will provide specific data vital to formulating and implementing a general agenda for national agricultural and economic development.}, keywords = {cultivation, ecology, foodstuffs, Ghana, processing, storage, sustainable development, West Africa}, doi = {10.1080/03670244.1990.9991115}, author = {George J.S. Dei} } @inbook {883, title = {Indigenous resource exploitation}, booktitle = {Ecology and Land Management in Amazonia}, year = {1990}, note = {Chapter 4}, month = {1990}, pages = {62-85}, publisher = {Belhaven Press}, organization = {Belhaven Press}, address = {New York/London}, abstract = {This document looks at various forms of indigenous resource exploitation in the Amazon basin. It details plant and animal (both wild and cultivated) use in the forest, savannas, and wetlands by numerous tribes. European influence is also briefly discussed.}, keywords = {Amazon River region, American Indians, Andoke, anteater, aquatic resources, archaeology, Brazil, Colombia, crop production, environmental policy, fishing, food sources, Guyana, hunter-gatherer, maize, manioc, Native Americans, natural resource conservation, nutrition, Piaroa, polyculture, rainforests, shifting cultivation, South America, swiddens, timber , tubers, Uanano, Venezuela, wetlands, Witoto, Yanomamo}, isbn = {1-85293-118-3; 978-1-85293-118-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21195403}, author = {Michael J. Eden} } @book {353, title = {Indigenous technical knowledge on private tree management: Final draft}, year = {1990}, note = {Published in 1992 in Bibiographies in technology and social change series no. 7 CIKARD copy indicates "Draft 2"}, month = {May 1990}, pages = {142 pp.}, publisher = {Iowa State University}, organization = {Iowa State University}, address = {Ames, IA}, abstract = {Bibliographic study prepared under contract with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome This report gives an overview of indigenous technical knowledge on private tree management and discusses how it might be applied in development programs. It focuses on practices in developing countries.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30260806}, author = {Evelyn Mathias-Munday and Olivia Muchena and Gerard McKiernan and Paul Mundy} } @article {738, title = {Innovative practices of the farmers in Gujarat}, year = {1990}, month = {May 1990}, abstract = {

Handwritten, for circulation to the members of network of local technical knowledge.

The document is a draft about innovative practices of the farmers in Gujarat. The practices discussed include: planting techniques for castor, potatoes (both field and riverbed cultivation), fennel, cabbage, and agroforestry in terms of Eucalyptus trees; harvesting techniques; and pest control on cumin and several other crops. This report mentions areas in which some research has been done and other areas where research must be done.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Gujarat}, author = {Dr. N. K. Kalyanasundaram} } @inbook {886, title = {Institutional incompatibility in community forestry: The case of Nepal}, booktitle = {Community organizations and government bureaucracies in social forestry}, series = {Working paper no. 22}, year = {1990}, month = {May 1990}, pages = {11-25}, publisher = {Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center}, organization = {Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center}, address = {Honolulu, Hawaii}, abstract = {This paper examines a number of problems which have slowed progress considerably. The major areas of conflict include the tendency of bureaucrats to assume that there is a vacuum of knowledge and institutional capacity in rural communities, over-emphasis on committees as a form of organization, and over-emphasis on panchayats in organizing community forestry.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23804282}, author = {R. J. Fisher}, editor = {Jefferson Fox and R. J. Fisher} } @conference {774, title = {International Association for the Study of Common Property: "Designing sustainability on the Commons," 27-30 September 1990, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina}, year = {1990}, note = {

Conference papers available online, see url.

Conference also known as: \"the First Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property\"

}, month = {Sept 27-30, 1990}, publisher = {Duke University}, organization = {Duke University}, address = {Durham, NC}, abstract = {This is a program of events which includes abstracts of all papers presented. Good reference document.}, keywords = {common property, dams, fisheries, forest use, groundwater, irrigation, property rights, sustainability, water , watersheds}, url = {https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/browse?value=Designing+Sustainability+on+the+Commons\%2C+the+First+Biennial+Conference+of+the+International+Association+for+the+Study+of+Common+Property\&type=conference}, author = {International Association for the Study of Common Property} } @inbook {888, title = {Introduction to agroforestry}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Classification and management}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {1-30}, publisher = {Wiley}, organization = {Wiley}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Agroforestry is an age-old land use that has been practiced for thousands of years by farmers the world over. Although in recent years it has also been developed as a science that promises to help farmers increase the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of production on their land, the science of agroforestry lags far behind the art of existing agroforestry practices. However, scientific efforts to understand, classify, and improve agroforestry systems are on the increase.}, keywords = {agroforestry, classification}, isbn = {0-471-83781-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19222486}, author = {Kenneth G. MacDicken and Napoleon T. Vergara}, editor = {Kenneth G. MacDicken and Napoleon T. Vergara} } @article {598, title = {Iterative increase of economic tree species in managed swidden-fallows of the Amazon}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, month = {June 1990}, pages = {175-197}, abstract = {

Fallow utilization schemes are becoming increasingly popular in agroforestry designs. However little attention has been given to the fate of valuable fallow plants after the end of the initial fallow cycle, and over successive fallow cycles on a regional or inter-fallow level. Evidence is presented here for the spontaneous long-term community enrichment of an area with valuable plants in a cyclic or iterative fashion, in the context of an existing fallow utilization scheme in the Amazon. Review of the ecological processes which operate at microsite, field and community levels indicate that:

}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, Amazon, fallow utilization, fruit trees, frugivores, spontaneous community enrichment}, doi = {10.1007/BF00838727}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00838727}, author = {Jon D. Unruh} } @book {345, title = {Indigenous forest utilization and management systems: Lecture series forestry and rural development lecture notes}, year = {1989}, note = {General Note: Lecture series Forestry and rural development 2, 1989}, month = {May/June 1989}, pages = {80}, publisher = {Agricultural University Wageningen, Department of Forest Management}, organization = {Agricultural University Wageningen, Department of Forest Management}, address = {Wageningen [Netherlands]}, abstract = {Lecture notes on indigenous forest utilization and management systems; Farmers{\textquoteright} perception of society and environment, and their land use: the case of the Aouan in Ivory Coast; The Kubu and the outside world (South Sumatra, Indonesia): the modification of hunting and gathering; Household economy and tree growing in upland Central Java; The reality of the commons: answering Hardin from Somalia; social forestry and land use institutions, an anthropological view.}, keywords = {agroforestry, community forestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880968334}, author = {Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, Department of Forest Management} } @inbook {884, title = {Indigenous soil management in the Amazon basin: Some implications for development}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, series = {Westview Special Studies in Social, Political, and Economic Development}, year = {1989}, note = {Chapter 11}, month = {1989}, pages = {166-181}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This paper focuses on two main issues. First, it discusses the indigenous versus modernization approaches to soil resource management in Amazonian research and development strategies. The production systems of the Kayap{\'o} Indians of southern Para state are compared with those that inform current regional agricultural programs. While indigenous systems are complex, the principles that underlie them are not. Native land management models could be adapted by development planning agencies in a fuller way. Second, the outcomes of Kayap{\'o} and conventional colonist and livestock systems are compared in terms of soil fertility and yields. (author)}, keywords = {American Indians, deforestation, Kayapo, local knowledge, Native Americans, nutrition, pasture, Peru, rainforests, soil degradation, South America, tropical forests, Yurimaguas}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6; 978-0-8133-7705-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18351601}, author = {Susanna B. Hecht}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @article {825, title = {Institutional options and multiple sources of agricultural innovation: Evidence from an Ecuadorean case study}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, institution = {Overseas Development Institute (ODI), Agricultural Administration Unit}, address = {London}, abstract = {Taking farmer-oriented agricultural research and extension as the starting point, this paper outlines the roles played by different actors in a local system of technology development and dissemination in south-central Ecuador. A brief review of efforts to institute a participatory research program within the national agricultural research system suggests that the success of this, and of linking research to extension, have depended on national political and economic context and institutional dynamics. The local case study then shows clearly that the public sector is not the only actor in technology development and dissemination. Farmer organizations and non-governmental grassroots support organizations are also very active and combine their agricultural work to broader goals of strengthening farmer organization, cultural recovery and ecological agriculture. Their work methods are highly participatory, greatly reduce the research/extension linkage problem and are built upon much local knowledge. They have significant capacity to distribute technology and train indigenous agricultural promoters. Nonetheless, they too have certain limitations, which are reviewed. While they conduct some controlled investigation, much of their research is iterative. Thus, while the public sector could learn much from these organizations for its own work, there is also a potential complementarity between them and the national agricultural research system.}, keywords = {agricultural innovations, ecology, Ecuador}, author = {Anthony Bebbington} } @book {341, title = {IADSS (Information and Decision Support System): Users{\textquoteright} manual}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series, manual no. 1}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {140}, publisher = {Winrock International, F/FRED Global Research Unit}, organization = {Winrock International, F/FRED Global Research Unit}, address = {Paia, Hawaii}, abstract = {This manual is a publication of the Fuelwood/Forestry Research and Development (F/FRED) in Hawaii. Specifically, it covers the setup and use of F/FRED){\textquoteright}s Information and Decision Support System (IADSS). IADSS is a computer program designed to hold and process the results of field trials and other forestry-related experiments. The manual has three sections that are more or less traditional in computer literature: installation procedures, a quick lesson in the use of the system, and a detailed description of system operations. The installation section is very straightforward. A list of required hardware is provided, along with instructions for setting up Digital Operating System (DOS) directories and transferring material from a disc to one{\textquoteright}s hard drive. The quick start section shows the user how to start the IADSS program. IADSS is "menu-driven"; it has a number of forestry-related databases (experiments, abstracts, soil, climate, etc.) that can be reached via screen menus. These databases can be accessed or modified using "search," "add," "modify," and "delete" commands. The system options section describes each option available within each database (experiment descriptions, trial site information, weather measurements, etc.). All are illustrated with appropriate screen presentations. This is a very readable and straightforward document. An intelligent person who knows nothing about computers could set up and operate an IADSS system using this manual.}, keywords = {computers, forestry, Hawaii, information, manual}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768268914}, author = {Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project, Global Research Unit} } @article {823, title = {Indigenous agroforestry systems in Hambantota district: An indicative study}, year = {1988}, month = {September 1988}, institution = {Hambantota Integrated Rural Development Programme}, address = {Kachcheri, Hambantota, Sri Lanka}, abstract = {

Given that \&$\#$39;agroforestry\&$\#$39; and village or social forestry are now commonly considered to be valuable components within integrated development efforts, it would seem worth investigating in more detail what sort of indigenous agroforestry is going on already in Hambantota district before launching into new schemes. For an understanding of existing systems, their merits and limitations can, of course, greatly increase the chances of making successful interventions. It was for this reason that this small study was carried out. (author)

This document includes sections on:

}, keywords = {Kandyan, social forestry}, author = {Margaret McCall Skutsch} } @book {349, title = {Indigenous peoples and tropical forests: Models of land use and management from Latin America}, series = {Cultural survival report no. 27}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, publisher = {Cultural Survival, Inc.}, organization = {Cultural Survival, Inc.}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {This document describes and analyzes different land use systems in the rain forests of Latin America. It considers examples from different realms of resource use, such as: gathering; hunting; fishing and other aquatic resources; swidden agriculture; permanent agriculture; and large-scale sustainable resource management systems. Research priorities are suggested for each realm.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, land use, Latin America, rainforests}, isbn = {0-939521-38-5, 978-0-939521-38-8, 0-939521-32-6, 978-0-939521-32-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/249738828}, author = {Jason W. Clay} } @book {351, title = {Indigenous technical knowledge in farming systems and rural technology: A bibliography on Eastern Africa}, series = {Working paper (Technische Hogeschool Twente. Vakgroep Ontwikkelingskunde) no. 38}, year = {1988}, month = {February 1988}, pages = {40}, publisher = {University of Twente, Technology and Development Group}, organization = {University of Twente, Technology and Development Group}, address = {[Enschede, Netherlands]}, abstract = {The vast majority of the literature describes particular aspects and issues in eastern African farming systems. There is a natural focus on ITK concerning small-scale farming systems and land-use, including pastoral systems and agroforestry systems. In addition, there are some references on specific technologies and domestic activities.}, keywords = {agroforestry, biomass, crop husbandry, East Africa, food, land management, medicine, pest management, water , women}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38348173}, author = {Michael Keith McCall} } @article {595, title = {Innovation, technical assistance, and development: The importance of technology users}, journal = {World Development}, volume = {16}, year = {1988}, month = {June 1988}, pages = {711-721}, abstract = {In both industrialized and developing country situations technology users play a key role in generating successful new products and processes. Both "high-tech" innovation, such as the design of the Boeing 747 aircraft and IBM computer software, and innovative technologies for the rural poor, such as Vietnamese expeller pumps and Bangladeshi hybrid rice strains, owe much to the creativity and skill not of research scientist, but of local housewives, farmers and artisans. New approaches to technical assistance which increase the interaction between R\&D institutions and these technology users are needed in order to tap this important innovation resource. The incorporation of such an interactive research strategy into the work of the Sudan Energy Research Council led to highly successful initiatives in the fields of charcoal production, improved charcoal stoves, and agroforestry. (author)}, keywords = {charcoal , innovation, Sudan Energy Research Council, technical assistance}, doi = {10.1016/0305-750X(88)90177-5}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0305750X88901775}, author = {Matthew S. Gamser} } @article {596, title = {Integration and role of planted trees in a bush-fallow cultivation system in central Zambia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {7}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {63-76}, abstract = {

The purpose of natural fallow in bush-fallow cultivaton systems is to improve soil fertility following a phase of cultivation and to provide useful forest products, including livestock feed. When natural fallow fails to serve these purposes, it can be supplemented or replaced by planted trees. This paper describes the development and function of Acacia fallow in the Soli tribal land of central Zambia and examines the supplementary role of planted trees.

The 31 woody species at five fallow sample sites were dominated byAcacia polyacantha. Thirty-nine percent of the species are leguminous and N-fixing while 42\% are fodder plants. These species make this Acacia fallow suitable for regeneration of soil fertility and production of fodder. The dominant species, A. polyacantha, has an extensive lateral root system and may attain a mean maximum girth at breast height (BH) of 125 cm within 20 years. In the study areaAcacia fallow regenerates from seed and root-stocks and with a maximum annual stem basal area increment of 0.87 m2ha-1 at BH can acumulate a total of 17.4 m2ha-1 in 20 years.

However, Acacia fallow is poor in edible wild fruits and durable construction wood. The scarcity of fruits in the study area has been compensated by widespread planting of exotic fruit trees. Ninety percent of households have fruit trees (mean 2.3 fruit species per household). However, in spite of the scarcity of good construction wood in the Soli tribal land, no local initiative has developed to plant timber trees. A clear opportunity therefore exists to promote timber tree planting. Such a tree planting programme was started in the study area during the 1985/86 planting season (December-February) when 25,100 seedlings of Eucalyptys grandis, Gmelina arborea and Leuceana leucocephala were distributed, free of charge and the programme will continue until 1988. A survey carried out five to seven months after planting revealed that the survival of E. grandis, L. leucocephala and G. arborea seedlings was 65\%, 90\% and 92\%, respectively. The high mortality of E. grandis seedlings was due to termite damage.

}, keywords = {nitrogen fixation}, doi = {10.1007/BF01890470}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01890470}, author = {E. N. Chidumayo} } @article {597, title = {International technical interventions in agriculture and rural development: Some basic trends, issues, and questions}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {6-15}, abstract = {This paper presents some of the basic trends, issues, and questions regarding the last four decades of international development cooperation in agriculture. The impact of technical cooperation tends to account for only a small proportion of change; the bulk of the variance being caused by internal, rather than external, forces and events. The paper reviews both multilateral and bilateral technical cooperation, and then illustrates with the case of U.S. universities in international technical cooperation. It goes on to question the difference between "development" and "merely change," and asks who are the real beneficiaries? Finally, the paper suggests the following factors affecting continuity and change as forces to be analysed with respect to any attempt at technical cooperation: biological, physical, cultural, social, economic, administrative, political, and diplomatic. The world experience of the past four decades confirms that without consideration of such a human ecology of continuity and change, well-meaning interventions in international technical cooperation are likely to have unintended consequences for both "donors" and "recipients."}, keywords = {ethics, international development, rural development, small proportion, unintended consequence, veterinary medicine}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217172}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217172}, author = {George H. Axinn} } @conference {776, title = {IUCN and indigenous peoples: How we can work together to promote sustainable development}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Fourth Annual General Assembly, Indigenous Survival International, June 15-17, 1988, Fort Yukon, Alaska}, year = {1988}, month = {June 15-17, 1988}, publisher = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)}, organization = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)}, address = {Fort Yukon, AK}, abstract = {Traditional knowledge. Repository of understanding lost by urban and industrial societies. Dependence on nature. The World Conservation Strategy, which supports sustainable use of furs and fish, migratory birds, and marine mammals. The productivity of habitats. Potential conflict situations, such as animal rights and pressures to limit or halt the fur trade, or the taking of marine mammals. Clearly, this General Assembly of Indigenous Survival International has a lot to discuss, and IUCN is pleased to be invited to participate in this gathering. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources, traditional knowledge}, author = {Jeffrey A. McNeely} } @article {580, title = {IITA: Sustainable systems}, journal = {African Farming}, year = {1987}, month = {Sept/Oct 1987}, pages = {50-51}, abstract = {Bede Nwoye Okigbo, Deputy Director General of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) for the last ten years, is one of those rare human beings who has a rich professional life perfectly integrated with his own personality. Several societies and academies have enrolled his talents. His field of specialization is crop ecology and production, but it is hard to find any area of agriculture or botany where Okigbo{\textquoteright}s profound insight or experience in not equally valid. In this interview, Dr. Okigbo explains how research being carried out at IITA is helping Africa to feed itself.}, keywords = {agricultural extension, agroforestry, alley cropping, barley, cassava, cereal food imports, cereals, cowpeas, farming systems research , food aid, green revolution, indigenous crops, maize, millet, plantains, rice, seed yam, seeds, soils, sorghum, strategic planning study, sustainable agriculture, wheat, yams}, author = {Anonymous} } @inbook {889, title = {Introduction: The Bora agroforestry project}, booktitle = {Swidden-fallow agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon}, series = {Advances in economic botany no. 5}, year = {1987}, note = {Also see 91-01916}, month = {January 1988}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {New York Botanical Garden}, organization = {New York Botanical Garden}, address = {Bronx, NY}, abstract = {The Bora Agroforestry Project carried out research on swidden-fallow management in the Bora Indian Village of Brillo Nuevo in the northeast Peruvian Amazon. Young fallow fields (up to ten years old) and old fallow fields (from 10-35 years old) were examined in terms of composition, structure, and utility.}, keywords = {ethnobotany, shifting cultivation}, isbn = {0-89327-325-2; 978-0-89327-325-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17106758}, author = {William M. Denevan and Christine Padoch}, editor = {William M. Denevan and Christine Padoch} } @article {840, title = {The implications of farming systems analysis for land titling in the area of Quimistan, Santa Barbara, Honduras}, year = {1986}, note = {CIKARD copy is a draft}, month = {January 1986}, institution = {Institute for Environmental Studies, Land Tenure Center}, address = {University of Wisconsin-Madison}, abstract = {

This document summarizes a farming systems analysis carried out in the region of Quimistan, Department of Santa Barbara, Honduras, during January 1986. The work was done as a part of the Land Tenure Center\&$\#$39;s evaluation of the Honduran Land Titling Project. Our objectives were to characterize the agricultural systems and land use practices in the area, to identify problems and constraints related to land use, and to assess actual and potential impacts of the land titling project on agriculture in the region. The study is comprised of two parts:

  1. an agro-ecological characterization of the zone and
  2. detailed case studies of eight farming systems.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, crop rotation, fallow, fertilizer, firewood, fuelwood, herbicide, land tenure, manure, peasant community, pesticides, shifting cultivation, slash and burn, trees, tropical forests}, author = {Becky J. Brown and Alexander Coles} } @inbook {885, title = {Indigenous technology and farming systems research: Agroforestry in the Indian desert}, booktitle = {Social sciences and farming systems research: Methodological perspectives on agricultural development}, series = {Westview special studies in agriculture science and policy}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 11}, month = {1986}, pages = {221-244}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This case study describes a Farming Systems project directed by the author in India with the faculty of Mohan Lal Sukhadia Agricultural University, the agricultural school for the State of Rajasthan. The project dealt with an arid zone where grain is produced in association nitrogen fixing trees. The multiple benefits of this association make it unlikely that farmers will change this production system unless major climatic or infrastructural changes occur. The probable persistence of this pattern has major implications for agricultural research strategies.}, keywords = {agricultural systems, agroforestry, research , social sciences}, isbn = {0-8133-7136-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13009091}, author = {Barry H Michie}, editor = {Jeffrey R Jones and Ben J. Wallace} } @article {826, title = {Integrated land use in forest reserves in Eastern region: Global diagnosis and the involvement of the people}, year = {1986}, month = {February 1986}, institution = {Government of the Republic of Sudan}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {

Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan

This document was written as one of the studies required for the preparation of a \"model\" management plan for the Rawashda Forest Reserve in Kassala Province. The emphasis of the plan is on integrated resource management and its objective will be to prescribe actions that will benefit all users of the forest reserve in order to provide a sustained yield of products such as fuelwood, fodder and so on.

}, keywords = {fodder, fuelwood, integrated resource management}, url = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=1994/XF/XF94028.xml;XF9327553}, author = {A. G. Seif el Din} } @article {592, title = {Indigenous management of tropical forest ecosystems: The case of the Kayap{\'o} Indians of the Brazilian Amazon}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1985}, pages = {139-158}, abstract = {

The Kayap{\'o} Indians of Brazil\&$\#$39;s Amazon Basin are described as effective managers of tropical forest, utilizing an extensive inventory of useful native plants that are concertrated by human activity in special forest areas (resource islands, forest fields, forest openings, tuber gardens, agricultural plots, old fields, and trailsides). Long-term transplanting and selection of plants suggest semi-domestication of many species. The overall management strategies of forest also includes many manipulated animal species (birds, fish, bees, mammals) utilized as food and game. Forest patches (ap{\^e}t{\^e}) are created by Indians from campo/cerrado using planting zones made from termite and ants nests mized with mulch: formation and development of these is briefly discussed, including the implementations for new ideas concerning reforestation and campo management. Finally an intergrative cognitive model is presented showing the relationships between variants of forest and savanna recognized by the Kayap{\'o}. Indigenous knowledge of subtle similarities between conceptually distinct ecological units in the model allows for the interchange of botanical material between microclimates to increase biological diversity in managed areas. It is suggested that indigenous knowledge is extremely important in development of new strategies for forest and campo/cerrado conservation, while improving productiveness of these ecological systems. Such knowledge is not only applicable for Amaz{\^o}nian Indians, but also has far-reaching implications for human populations throughout the humid tropics.

}, keywords = {Amazon Basin, cognitive model, forest patch, horticulture, indigenous knowledge, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122640}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122640}, author = {Darrell Addison Posey} } @article {685, title = {The Ikalahan experience: A forest-dwelling people{\textquoteright}s journey on the rugged terrain of development}, journal = {Tropical Forests}, volume = {1}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {18-29}, abstract = {I shall describe the Ikalahan of Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines, a forest-dwelling society with whom I have had extensive experience and involvement. I shall make a brief description of their journey on the rugged terrain of forest development and then I will bring together some of the basic lessons and principles which are to be learned from their experience, which will make their experience applicable to other peoples in other places and the total concept replicable in other parts of Southeast Asia. (author)}, keywords = {ASEAN, common property, communal forest, fish, forest management, Philippines, women}, author = {Delbert Rice} } @book {342, title = {Improved production systems as an alternative to shifting cultivation}, series = {FAO Soils Bulletin no. 53}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {201}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {Shifting cultivation, under its diverse forms of slash and burn systems, is a traditional method of cultivating tropical upland soils, mostly for subsistence purposes. During the rest or fallow periods intervening between crops, the natural fertility of the soil is restored for renewed utilization in a subsequent period of crop growth. This traditional system of cultivation is in ecological balance with the environment and does not irreversibly degrade the soil resource, provided a sufficient length of fallow is allowed for soil restoration.}, keywords = {agricultural systems, agroecology, agroforestry, alley cropping, appropriate technology and intermediate technology, climate, farming systems, horticulture, livestock, rainfall, research , shifting cultivation, soil management, watersheds}, isbn = {92-5-102121-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11418879}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Soil Resources, Management and Conservation Service} } @book {343, title = {Indigenous agroforestry in the northeast Peruvian Amazon: Report of the University of Wisconsin-Unversidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana Man and the biosphere program project, 1981-1983}, series = {Man and the Biosphere Program}, year = {1984}, month = {May 1, 1984}, pages = {281}, publisher = {Institute for Environmental Studies, Univeristy of Wisconsin, Madison}, organization = {Institute for Environmental Studies, Univeristy of Wisconsin, Madison}, address = {Madison [WI]}, abstract = {

A bibliography is provided for the titles included in the report, including Part III. The Marketing of Forest and Fallow Products: Christine Padoch, which is not represented in the CIKARD library. Titles included in the subsections of this document are:

It has been noted by the editor that: Material in this Report is not to be used without permission from the appropriate subsection authors.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Peru}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13142952}, editor = {William M. Denevan} } @article {582, title = {Indigenous agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon: Bora Indian management of swidden fallows}, journal = {Interciencia}, volume = {9}, year = {1984}, month = {Nov.-Dec. 1984}, pages = {346-357}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to examine the swidden fallows of an Amazon native group, the Bora of eastern Peru, with the objective of demonstrating how fields are gradually abandoned. This contrasts with most studies of shifting cultivation which focus on why fields are abandoned, and which present a sharp distinction between the field (swidden) and the abandoned field (fallow). For the Bora there is no clear transition between swidden and fallow, but rather a continuum from a swidden dominated by cultivated plants to an old fallow composed entirely of natural vegetation. Thirty-five years or more may be required before the latter condition prevails. Abandonment is not a moment in time but rather a process over time. (author)}, keywords = {ethnobotany, fallow, multistory, Native Americans, Peru, swiddens}, author = {William M. Denevan and John M. Treacy and Janis B. Alcorn and Christine Padoch and Julie Sloan Denslow and Salvadore Flores Pait{\'a}n} } @conference {768, title = {Indigenous irrigated production in S E Ghana: Lessons for the design of small holder irrigation schemes}, booktitle = {African Regional Symposium on Small Holder Irrigation, 5-7 September 1984, Harare, Zimbabwe}, year = {1984}, month = {Sept. 5-7 1984}, pages = {427-437}, publisher = {University of Zimbabwe}, organization = {University of Zimbabwe}, address = {Harare, Zimbabwe}, abstract = {This paper describes a system of indigenous irrigated production in S.E. Ghana and, more briefly, two irrigation schemes. It draws attention to the adaptation of cultivation practices to local ecological and climatic conditions in the indigenous system. The variety of tenure and other community arrangements providing access to land, labor and financial resources are also described. The ability of this system to adjust to deteriorating national economic conditions, and forms of adjustment are noted. Aspects of organization of the two development schemes are described, particularly to examine extent of farmer involvement. This is found to be constrained, leading to doubts on the viability of these projects or their benefit to small holders and government. (author)}, keywords = {smallholders, water }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19403156}, author = {N. G. Chisholm}, editor = {M. J. Blackie} } @article {585, title = {Indigenous agroforestry systems}, journal = {Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society}, volume = {11}, year = {1983}, month = {June-Sept. 1983}, pages = {149-174}, abstract = {Indigenous agroforestry is agroforestry that has long been practiced by cultural communities within the context of their traditional agricultural systems. It historically precedes experimental agroforestry as it is practiced by research scientists working in a Westernized system. Whereas "modern" agroforestry is still largely limited to experimental fields, indigenous agroforestry is practiced in real-life, ongoing enterprises within or adjacent to farmers{\textquoteright} fields. In this paper I will review these indigenous arrangements. (author)}, keywords = {agri-silvipasture, agroforestry, api-silviculture, aqua-silviculture, farming, field-and-groove systems, forestry, Philippines, shifting cultivation, silvipasture, swiddens, trees}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/29791792}, author = {Harold Olofson} } @article {586, title = {Indigenous forest and fish management in the Uaupes basin of Brazil}, journal = {Cultural Survival Quaterly}, volume = {6}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {17-18}, abstract = {The Uanano Indians of the Uapes River Basin in the northwest portion of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest practice an important strategy of river management. By reserving the natural vegetation of riparian forest for fisheries maintenance rather than deforesting the margin for agriculture as is common elsewhere. This strategy demonstrates an unusual awareness of the interdependence of terrestrial and aquatic systems only recently documented by Western scientist and not yet fully recognized by economic developers. It is presented here as an example of rational ecosystem management with long-term economic benefits. (author)}, keywords = {aquaculture, Brazil, fishery management}, url = {http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/brazil/indigenous-forest-and-fish-management-uaupes-basin-b}, author = {Janet M. Chernela} } @article {686, title = {The importance of women to agroforestry in Borneo}, journal = {Pacific Health}, volume = {14}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {10-13}, abstract = {In Borneo, a group of mountain people of the Dayak tribe recently moved from their old villages in the mountains to a new home by the coast. Though the Dayaks{\textquoteright} lives have imprioved in many ways, the children are suffering from the great amount of machine-hulled rice in their new diet (machine-hulled rice is less nutricious than hand-hulled rice). One reason for this is the new availability of outside jobs; there is less time to plant and maintain vegetable gardens. Another is the important part played by women in food production; women are often overlooked in agricultural extension projects.
The specific solution here seems to be a strengthening of agroforestry enterprises involving Dayak women. In general, extension efforts should focus on the important food providers in any group, regardless of what gender they might be. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Borneo, Indonesia, nutrition, women}, author = {Carol J. Pierce Colfer} } @mastersthesis {443, title = {Indigenous technology transfer and the MAB biosphere reserve program}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, school = {The University of Michigan}, abstract = {

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Natural Resource Management) in The University of Michigan.

This document looks at the effectiveness of the Man and Biosphere Reserve Program in humid tropical forest ecosystems in Latin America. It also evaluates indigenous technology transfer in relation to the AB program and specifically looks at the Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve in Honduras. Recommendations are made for many organizations and individuals concerned with the MAB program.

}, keywords = {deforestation, medicinal plants, rainforests}, doi = {http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/106355}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/68792144}, author = {Dennis Allen Glick} } @inbook {879, title = {Indigenous and colonial land-use systems in Indo-Oceanian savannas: The case of New Caledonia}, booktitle = {Human ecology in savanna environments}, year = {1980}, note = {

original notation:

Bibliography. The entire book has information on indigenous knowledge

(table of contents included).

ISU $\#$GF 895 H84

}, month = {1980}, pages = {253-265}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {London; New York}, abstract = {In this chapter, I focus on Melanesian land-use systems and in particular on the southwestern Pacific island of New Caledonia, where the historical contrast and conflict that developed in many parts of the tropics between indigenous and colonial systems can be demonstrated with great clarity. (author)}, keywords = {colonialism, land tenure}, isbn = {0-12-326550-9; 978-0-12-326550-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6423546}, author = {Jacques Barrau}, editor = {David R. Harris} }