@proceedings {475, title = {Report of the Seminar on the Role of Community Participation in Integrated Coastal Fisheries Management, Port-of-Spain (Trinidad), 19 August 1993}, year = {1993}, note = {FAO/UNDP Project FI:DP/INT/91/007 "Integrated Coastal Fisheries Management"}, month = {August 1993}, address = {Port-of-Spain, Trinidad}, abstract = {

Coastal zones play a very important role in world development, in fact, these areas are among the fastest growing in terms of both people and economic activities as stated by project co-ordinator for project INT/91/007 in his address to the seminar on the Role of Community Participation in Integrated Coastal Fisheries Management.

The three principal strategy elements identified for the pilot project in the Gulf of Paria included:

The seminar theme cut across all three strategy elements and rightly placed the communities at the center of our attention as there would be no significant progress in the management of fisheries, the coastal zone or the environment without the active participation of the concerned communities. (author)

}, keywords = {aquaculture, Caribbean, coastal zones, common property, community management, community participation, fish, fisheries, Gulf of Paria, natural resources, resource management, Spain, Trinidad, turtle}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)} } @conference {792, title = {Report of the Consultation on Sustainable Development and Environment in the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Sectors in Latin America and the Caribbean: Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development, Santiago, Chile, 28 to 30 April 1992}, series = {RLAC-CSD3}, year = {1992}, month = {April 1992}, publisher = {FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean}, organization = {FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean}, address = {Santiago, Chile}, abstract = {Contains information on soil resources, land use, erosion, salinization, desertification, management of soil and water resources, fragile ecosystems, agriculture and water pollution, water and soil conservation, treatment and use of sewage water in irrigation, rehabilitation of degraded lands, use of agro-chemicals, health impacts, integrated pest control, and gives suggestions for action on sustainable agriculture and rural development. This paper attempts to present a broad view of the problems presently hindering the conservation of biological diversity and of its relationship to biotechnology and to suggest possible solutions which are becoming an interesting economic alternative for the developing countries. (author)}, keywords = {ex situ conservation, in situ conservation, intellectual property rights}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28814990}, author = {FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean and UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development)} } @article {831, title = {Report on funding and investment opportunities for income generating activities that could complement strategies to halt environmental degradation in the greater Amazon Basin}, year = {1992}, note = {

Sourced from Refugee Studies Centre.

Report for the Biodiversity Support Program, World Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy, WRI/Center for International Development and Environment

}, month = {Feb. 18, 1992}, institution = {Cultural Survival, Inc.}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {This report summarizes the lessons learned from Cultural Survival{\textquoteright}s attempts to generate markets for Amazonian nontimber forest products. It identifies key research, institution building, production and processing constraints that must be addressed. These require funding if income generating efforts are to become part of overall solutions to saving the biological and cultural diversity of the Amazon. The major causes of environmental degradation, including Amazonian rainforest destruction, are population pressure, poverty, greed and ignorance. Scientists are coming to understand what forest residents have long known, namely that forests are capable of generating more income and employment than the same areas cleared for pasture or agriculture.}, keywords = {Bolivia, Brazil, environmental degradation, financing, income-generating projects, investment, marketing, rainforests}, author = {Dr. Jason W. Clay} } @conference {794, title = {Rice and fish: Dual function of rice fields among the Kasepuhan people in West Java}, booktitle = { Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992}, year = {1992}, month = {Sept. 21-25 1992}, publisher = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)}, organization = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {

In West Java there is a group of people whose social world is considered to be almost completely based on traditional manners and custom. This particular community is the Kasepuhan people. They live on the slope of Mt. Halimun in the southern part of West Java. The Kasepuhan people still practice swidden agriculture, as well as wet rice agriculture. Until now they have refused the government proposal to change the planting and harvesting of rice from one to two times a year. This proposal is in conflict with their traditional belief. However, the government looks at this refusal as a protest to their agriculture development policy.

During the period of rest in the rice paddy field, fish are raised. This process brings economic as well as ecological benefits for the Kasepuhan people.

}, keywords = {aquaculture, ecology, fish culture, Java, Kasepuhan, rice, rice-fish culture}, author = {Kusnaka Adimihardja} } @article {423, title = {Rain forest plan stirs debate at World Bank}, year = {1991}, month = {October 14, 1991}, pages = {A7}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The World Bank has come under heavy attack after issuing a memorandum that details the eviction of hundreds of thousands of people. They are planning a forestry project that will make it possible for roads to be built making the forest accessible. The problem is there are no resources to place these evicted forest dwellers into new homes. The purpose is to "improve management of the forest," and advance logging projects. They say they are making provisions to help with resettlement, however critics are still unsatisfied with the upcoming proposal.}, keywords = {forest resource management, rainforests}, url = {http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/14/world/rain-forest-project-in-africa-stirs-debate-at-world-bank.html?pagewanted=all\&src=pm}, author = {Keith Bradsher} } @article {830, title = {Refugees and forestry}, year = {1990}, note = {Paper prepared for the Forestry Support Program USAID.}, month = {April 1990}, institution = {USAID}, abstract = {In this paper, Helin looks at the impact refugees make on local forest resources for housing materials and fuelwood needs. Long-term refugee camps have often negatively impacted the environment to the point of desertification. Helin proposes that agroforestry projects be enacted near refugee camps so as to save the local environment from complete devastation.}, keywords = {desertification, fuelwood, housing, refugee camps}, author = {William H. Helin} } @article {424, title = {Research in {\textquoteright}virgin{\textquoteright} Amazon uncovers complex farming}, year = {1990}, note = {Science Times (Section C)}, month = {April 3, 1990}, pages = {C1, C12}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Techniques let Indians harvest the jungle without destroying it.}, keywords = {Brazil, Indians, Kayapo, rainforests, shifting cultivation}, url = {http://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/03/science/research-in-virgin-amazon-uncovers-complex-farming.html?pagewanted=all\&src=pm}, author = {William K. Stevens} } @article {740, title = {Research-client linkages: The role of NGOs in agroforestry/natural resource management technology \& transfer}, year = {1990}, note = {AFNETA-IITA invited paper.}, month = {October 1990}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Little Rock, AR}, abstract = {An overview of the topic is given, followed by an analysis of comparative advantages of NGO/research entity linkages. What can be gained by each of the three sets of actors -- NGOs, research entities, and clients of the research -- is briefly discussed. Based on the appended three case studies of Winrock projects, a comparative analysis and matrix are developed. Finally, recommendations for future action are given. Examples throughout the text are drawn primarily, though not exclusively, from Winrock projects.}, keywords = {farmer participatory research, on-farm research}, author = {Diana de Treville} } @inbook {922, title = {The role of soil biodiversity in sustainable dryland farming systems}, booktitle = {Dryland agriculture: Strategies for sustainability}, series = {Advances in Soil Science no. 13}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {241-251}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {New York}, abstract = {A major consequence of modern agricultural development has been environmental degradation. As biodiversity is reduced due to specific crop fields, soils then lose much of their biota. Organisms such as Azotobacter and Beijerinckca indica are effective polysaccharide-producing microbes. These may provide indicators of soil potential. Soil organic matter can decrease for many reasons, one of which involves conventional tillage practices. Better soil management is necessary to increase microbial processes and soil fertility. More research is necessary to predict how soil type, climatic conditions, and management affect below ground microbial ecology in drylands. (author)}, keywords = {biodiversity, dryland farming}, isbn = {978-1-4613-8984-2; 978-1-4613-8982-8 (online)}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8982-8_12}, author = {C. S. Potter and R. E. Meyer}, editor = {R. P. Singh and J. F. Parr and B. A. Stewart} } @article {644, title = {Rethinking crop genetic resource conservation}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {19-29}, abstract = {A worldwide system of crop germplasm conservation has been developed around ex situ preservation. This system is based on a dual mandate of conservation and development, and it has largely ignored the farming systems that produce germplasm. A revisionist critique of the existing system is presented. Problems of the current strategy include incomplete collections, loss within these collections, isolation from evolutionary processes, and budgetary constraints. In situ conservation offers an alternative to current methods especially if conservation rather than development is the priority. The concept of genetic erosion is discussed and evaluated in light of recent evidence of uneven change in areas of crop diversity. Farmers in many parts of the world are conserving traditional varieties even as they modernize and adopt improved varieties. This pattern is illustrated by reference to Asian rice agriculture. A new approach to conservation is needed that builds a collaborative program between farmers, crop scientists, ecologists, biogeographers, and social scientists. A first step is to analyze farming systems that already conserve traditional crop varieties.}, author = {Stephen B. Brush} } @inbook {795, title = {Rural development and the careful utilization of natural resources in the Peruvian Sierra}, booktitle = {Report on the Workshop-Seminar held in Achoma (Arequipa), Peru, 31 March to 9 April 1987}, year = {1989}, month = {March-April 1987}, publisher = {Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Entwicklung (German Foundation for International Development)}, organization = {Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Entwicklung (German Foundation for International Development)}, address = {Berlin, Germany}, abstract = {The Workshop-Seminar held in Achoma was the third in a series, its closest antecedent being the meeting held in 1984 in Feldafing (Federal Republic of Germany), which was likewise organized by DSE. On that occasion, the participants, who had been mainly concerned with analysing the ecological and development problems facing Peru, concluded and agreed that "If the quality of life in the Sierra does not improve, the country as a whole will be unable to make progress. Here lies the central problem of rural development in Peru." (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, Callalli, camelidae, Colca Valley, ecology, integrated management, Jalca, livestock, Maca, natural resources, Peru, Puna, rural development, Sierra, soils, Suni, trees, water , watersheds}, isbn = {3-924441-44-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/243201934}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a Ang{\'e}lica Salas} } @article {645, title = {Revival of an ancient starch crop: A review of the agronomy of the sago palm}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {7}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {259-281}, abstract = {Since 1971 there has been a revival of interest in the possibilities for cultivation of the true sago palm, Metroxylon spp. Agronomic and economic research shows that the palm can become an important starch producing crop. Many queries concerning the agronomy of the crop have been solved. The palm is especially suited to humid tropical lowlands. It is fairly salinity tolerant, but less tolerant to swampy conditions than generally thought. Research programmes to solve the remaining problems have been started in Sarawak on peat soils and will be started in Indonesia on mineral soils, both regarding the cultivated crop and exploitation of natural stands. Yields of 5 tons of dry starch per ha and year in the first year, increasing to 15 tons in the tenth, are to be expected in good quality natural stands under cultivation and on mineral soils. In new plantings there will be no yield in the first eight years; after that yields will increase rapidly to 25 tons per ha and year, tapering off slowly to 15 tons. Yields on peat soils under cultivation are expected to remain 25\% lower. In both natural stands and plantings an extensive drainage system is to be provided, which also allows the trunks, the raw material, to be floated out to the factory. Both systems of cultivation are expected to be economically viable with an internal rate of return estimated at 10\%.}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry, metroxylon, natural stands, palm agronomy, perennial crop, planting, sago palm, starches}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046972}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046972}, author = {M. Flach and D. L. Schuiling} } @inbook {924, title = {The role of women farmers in choosing species for agroforestry farming systems in rural areas of Ghana}, booktitle = {Gender issues in farming systems research and extension}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {439-441}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

This paper discusses the three basic types of agroforestry systems:

  1. Agrosiliviculture systems (integration of forest trees with agricultural crops);
  2. silvopastorial systems (integration of forest trees and livestock); and
  3. agrosilvopastorial systems (integration of forest trees, agricultural crops, and livestock).

The paper continues by pointing out specific findings from farms surveys conducted in the rural Forest Savannah Transitional Zone of Ghana:

  1. Food, nutrition, health, and energy (fuelwood) are more important to women farmers than income, clothes, and social status which are comparably more important to men farmers.
  2. Traditional subsistence agroforestry farmers (mostly women), capable of selling between 45-50 percent of their surplus products, acknowledged the benefits of forest trees and proposed the most useful trees for the new agroforestry system.
  3. Multiple purpose local trees like Puvolfia vomitoria, Alsotoia boonei, Terapleura tetraplera, and Fagara xanthoxeyoides, as well as foreign species like Leucaena leucocephala and Gliriadia speim, have high potential of being accepted by farmers in the forest savannah transitional zone.
  4. Female farmers were found to be better conservators and more resourceful than their male counterparts.
  5. An agroforestry package that integrates local livestock with forest trees to ensure adequate forage, especially for sheep and goats during the dry season, would be readily adopted by the subsistence farmers. A similar package favoring cattle would be favored by commercial farmers.
  6. Plants with medicinal or healing properties had the highest probability of being accepted for both agroforestry and conservation purposes (author)
}, keywords = {agroforestry, medicinal plants}, isbn = {0-8133-7399-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17386097}, author = {Kofi Owusu-Bempah}, editor = {Steven V. Poats and Marianne Schmink and Anita Spring} } @article {643, title = {Research opportunities to improve the production of homegardens}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {57-67}, abstract = {The management of home gardens on a widescale basis is reviewed and examples of specific systems are presented. Opportunities for improvement are presented and recommendations for research are given. Because of the contribution to supply food and goods to millions of people, the home gardens should play a more important role in development programs and more organized and directed research should be provided. This should contribute greatly to the yield from these land use systems.}, keywords = {home gardens, research }, doi = {10.1007/BF00046413}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046413}, author = {Fran{\c c}ois Mergen} } @book {383, title = {Restoring the balance: Women and forest resources}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {32}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Swedish International Development Authority}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Swedish International Development Authority}, address = {[Rome]; [Stockholm]}, abstract = {Trees are important in rural economies largely as a result of the uses to which they are put by women. The fact that a special relationship exists between women, the family, and trees has been ignored by past development programs.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, reforestation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19792443}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and SIDA (Swedish International Development Authority/Styrelsen f{\"o}r internationell utveckling)} } @conference {790, title = {Relationships between Shipibo and western soil classification: Changes in land use patterns with cash cropping}, booktitle = {Paper presented at 85th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, 5 December 1986, Philidelphia}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, abstract = {Since the Shipibo began cash cropping rice, their land use patterns have changed with less utilization of sandy soils, best for staple Mosa production, and greater use of harder soils, more suitable for rice and root crops. Statistical analysis of soil samples reveals the physical-chemical basis for Shipibo soil categories and indicates the effect of swidden agriculture on levels of important soil characteristics. While cultural prescriptions for planting have summarized these ecological relationships in the past, they are often violated with increasing rice production. This paper examines the greater labor costs associated with the adoption of cash cropping by Shipibo farmers. (author)}, keywords = {cultural ecology, human adaptation, Shipibo, soil classification, swiddens}, author = {Clifford A. Behrens} } @article {694, title = {The role of agroforestry in the farming systems in Rwanda with special reference to the Bugesera-Gisaka-Migongo (BGM) region}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, pages = {271-289}, abstract = {The Rwandan farmers, faced with a perpetual land shortage, have evolved certain intensive systems of organic agriculture. These systems, particularly the homestead (compound) farming, involve the combination of food, fodder and tree crops. to a certain extent these systems can satisfy the multiple needs of the subsistence farmers living under several risks and constraints. However, they cannot cope with the expanding food demand of the rapidly increasing population. Some multipurpose, low-input technologies and agroforestry approaches have been designed to improve the productivity of these traditional systems; these include inter/mixed cropping systems and rotations, alley cropping with leguminous trees and shrubs, use of planted {\textquoteright}fallow{\textquoteright}, planting tree legumes on anti-erosive lines, mixed farming,community forestry and woodlots, and tree planting on farm/field boundaries. The essential aspects of these technologies are briefly discussed. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, forestry, homestead farming, intercropping, land tenure, low-input technologies, organic agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00048104}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00048104}, author = {V. Balasubramanian and A. Egli} } @conference {802, title = {The role of governments and international agencies in conservation and rural development}, booktitle = {The Environmentalist}, volume = {4}, year = {1984}, pages = {8-10}, abstract = {The role of intergovernmental and nongovernmental international agencies in conservation and rural development is contrasted with the role of governments. The inseparable relationship between conservation and development provides the only basis for the long-term success of either activity. Governments are advised to pay attention to the concept of ecodevelopment, in which provision is made for meeting basic needs, and achieving self-reliance within a context of ecological sustainability.}, keywords = {NonGovernmental Organizations (NGOs)}, author = {Raymond F. Dasmann} } @article {642, title = {Rattan: Ecological balance in a Borneo rainforest swidden}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {37}, year = {1983}, month = {Jan.-March 1983}, pages = {58-68}, abstract = {Various agricultural startegies have been tried in swidden areas of tropical rainforest. Some have focused on food production, others on cash crops. Certain strategies have disrupted the ecological balance of the rainforest, while others developed with ecological stability in mind, but rarely have food production and cash cropping been coterminous and maintained ecological stability. Rattan in tropical rainforest swidden of southeastern Boreno is an indigenous system of producing both food and a cash crop without ecological disruption.}, keywords = {Borneo, economic botany, food crop production, rattan, split rattan, swiddens}, doi = {10.1007/BF02859305}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4254455}, author = {Joseph A. Weinstock} } @conference {923, title = {The role of trees in agroforestry: Some comments}, booktitle = {Plant research and agroforestry: Proceedings of a consultative meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981}, year = {1983}, note = {

Proceedings of a Consultative Meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981

Chapter 18

}, month = {1983}, pages = {257-270}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

In agroforestry land use systems, the woody perennial components (\&$\#$39;trees\&$\#$39;) play a role in both productivity and sustainability. Some general characteristics of woody perennials are outlined and the need to consider the possible advantages or disadvantages of these in relation to specific agroforestry systems is emphasized. In deciding about introducing trees on farm land the challenge is to answer the questions: What trees? How many? How are they best arranged? Answers to the first of these will arise from the many existing and planned trials with multipurpose trees now being established worldwide. This paper addresses mainly the second question: How many trees?

Three-dimensional diagrams are used to illustrate the effects of a replacement series (tree-crop, crop-tree) on changes in total productivity and soil status with time. The types of response surfaces produced are discussed and various \&$\#$39;scenarios\&$\#$39; shown to illustrate the value of this approach. Such diagrams are less a predictive tool than a means of comprehending the plant and environment changes involved.

The final section briefly discusses tree/shrub arrangement, which will depend on management considerations, soil/water conservation needs, and biological aspects of optimizing productivity. (author)

}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, botany, community woodlots, crops, fuelwood, rainforests, tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {P. A. Huxley}, editor = {P. A. Huxley} } @book {382, title = {Reforestation and community development in the Sudan}, series = {Derap Publication}, volume = {150}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {72}, publisher = {The Chr. Michelsen Institute}, organization = {The Chr. Michelsen Institute}, address = {Bergen, Norway}, abstract = {This paper looks at the importance of gum arabic production in North Kordofan Province (Sudan), including the traditional cultivation of Acacia Senegal to maintain soil fertility, erosion control, and use as a fuelwood. Also the concept of traditional agro-forestry as an appropriate economic and ecological use is discussed.}, keywords = {agroforestry, gum arabic}, author = {Turi Hammer} } @inbook {911, title = {Research on traditional water coagulation}, booktitle = {Traditional water purification in tropical developing countries: Existing methods and potential application}, series = {GTZ-publications}, year = {1981}, note = {Chapter 6}, month = {December 1981}, pages = {137-198}, publisher = {German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ)}, organization = {German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ)}, address = {Eschborn, Federal Republic of Germany}, abstract = {

This chapter, Research On Traditional Water Coagulation, contains five sections on natural water coagulants. The sections included are:

References are also provided.

}, keywords = {bacteria, chitosan, fish scales, flocculants, marine algae, microbiology, non-bacterial pathogens, plant powder, treated water, virus, water quality}, isbn = {3-88085-116-6; 978-3-88085-116-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1080074497}, author = {Samia Al Azharia Jahn} } @conference {793, title = {Resource use in the tidal swamps of central Kalimantan: A case study of Kanjarese and Javanese rice and coconut producers}, booktitle = {Tropical ecology and development: Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology, 16-21 April 1979, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, year = {1980}, month = {April 16-21 1979}, publisher = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, organization = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, address = {Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, abstract = {

In Indonesia, tidal swamplands are a major resource. The Indonesian Government has initiated major land development schemes in tidal swamplands for transmigration. Transmigrants in four projects, the Purwosari project (established in 1937), the Tamban Luar project (established in 1972), and the Tamban Lupak project (established in 1977), have been interviewed. The Purosari project is a success because the transmigrants have planted coconuts using the Banjarese system (planting rice, followed by coconuts) described in this paper. The Tamban Luar project appears to be fairly successful, though rice yields are low, their incomes are higher than when they were in Java. They have not adopted the Banjarese increasing weed problems, and no income from coconuts. The Tamban Lupak project is experiencing pest and disease problems and it is not yet clear if it will be successful. The transmigrants here have also not adopted the Banjarese system.

Comparing the Banjarese and Javanese spontaneous migrants and their system of agriculture with the official government transmigrants in the large land development systems, it seems clear the rice/coconut system provides higher returns than the only rice system of the transmigrants. Besides this, it is evident that Javanese will migrate without any assistance from the government if there are opportunities for jobs as hired labourers, access to forests land at a low cost, and good sea transport between Java and Kalimantan. Government should encourage spontaneous migration to the tidal swamp lands of Kalimantan while still continuing its massive transmigration schemes. They should further encourage the farmers to adopt the Bajarese system of rice and coconuts. (author)

}, keywords = {displacement, Indonesia, outmigration, relocation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7942294}, author = {William L. Collier}, editor = {José I. Furtado} }