@article {664, title = {Subversive theory: Ecology, Gaiocentric sustainable development, and the Third World}, journal = {Society and Nature}, volume = {3}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {93-116}, abstract = {

Capitalist culture, in both its freemarket and state socialism expressions, is ecologically illiterate and unsustainable. However, the global ecological crisis is changing all human relationships, including the relationship of people to nature. The theory of sustainable development and, particularly, the theory of gaiocentric sustainable development, are means by which we try to put nature on an equal footing with treasured human values, thus shifting human culture from the brink of disaster to a defender of a livable world.

Yet the knowledge for such a transformation does not exist in industrial societies. It is the Third World that is the source for human survival. Third World people are defending the integrity of ecosystems, biodiversity, the priceless Amazon, wild rivers, gaiocentric sustainable development. These people know and practice what we must know and practice in order to put the brakes on the global ecocidal and anthropocidal policies of industrial capitalist development. (author)

}, keywords = {gaiacentric, sustainable development}, url = {http://www.democracynature.org/vol3/abstract_vallianatos.htm}, author = {E. G. Vallianatos} } @article {665, title = {Suggested ethical guidelines for accessing and exploring biodiversity}, journal = {Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics}, volume = {5}, year = {1995}, note = {This paper sets forth a list of ethical guidelines as suggested by the title.}, month = {October 21, 1994}, pages = {38-40}, abstract = {Biodiversity in both developing and developed countries has been accessed for a long time by outside researchers and corporate prospectors as well as by local communities. Such activities are carried out for various purposes. Sometimes plants, animals and habitats are merely described, other times the goal is to extract for profit. These activities have helped to advance knowledge and create awareness of how precious biodiversity is. These activities have also generated many products that contribute to the health and well-being of global consumers, but may not necessarily provide benefits to their original stewards. (author)}, keywords = {ethnobiology}, url = {http://eubios.info/EJ52/EJ52I.htm}, author = {Anil K. Gupta} } @article {648, title = {Secret gardens of the Kayap{\'o}}, journal = {Geneflow}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {3}, keywords = {biodiversity, Kayapo}, author = {Anonymous} } @article {432, title = {Sustainability}, volume = {13}, year = {1994}, note = {Entire issue}, month = {October 1994}, abstract = {

Contains the following articles:

}, keywords = {Brazil, deforestation, environmental utility space, ethnobotany, Indonesia, international development, medicinal plants, rainforests, reforestation, tropical forests}, author = {BOS} } @article {832, title = {Saga of a star fish: Participative design of sustainable institutions for natural resource management}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, institution = {Indian Institute of Management}, address = {Ahmedabad, India}, abstract = {

Management of natural resources requires reconciliation in the conflicting world views of different stake holders. The conflicts emerge because of the variation in the (a) perception of nature, (b) associated socio-ecological interactions and (c) the ethical values generating respect for non-voting members of our society. It is not easy to design institutions for collective action such that resources are managed not only for the current generation but also in a manner that options of future generations are not compromised.

An organization becomes an institution when its members use internal commands (i.e. the directions for action emanating from within one self) instead of external demands (i.e. external regulation or direction for individual action). The cultural conditions in both the cases are very different.

The paper provides discussion on the issues which affect \"Our\" participation in \"Peoples\" organizations and institutions in part one. Much of the literature on participation deals with the opposite, i.e. how people participate in the organizations designed by us. The eco-sociological perspective for survival of households over space, season and sector is given in part two. The nature of risks and the strategies for coping with the same are described. The relationship between culture and ecology is discussed in the light of eco-specificity of social interactions in part three. The problem of collective action, the role of risk and redundancy, and resource diversification are discussed in part four. The Eco-Institutional model dealing with interactions between access, assurances, ability and attitudes of the households with ecological resources, institutions, technology and culture are described in part five. How local creativity and innovative potential can become the building block of future development is discussed in part six. How institutions designed on the basis of alternative eco-ethics generate accountability to people and encourage people to people learning is illustrated with the help of the case of Honey Bee network. This global network of innovators at grassroots level builds upon the local excellence, and urge to experiment and evolve technology and institutions for sustainable resource use. The role played by the process of monitoring the collective action by different stake holders is given in part seven. In part eight, the linkages for lateral learning with particular reference to biodiversity are outlined. In part nine, the lessons and issues for becoming accountable to people are summarized. The ethical issues in farmer participatory research and implications of scaling up the peoples\&$\#$39; organization are brought out in part ten. In the annexure, a discussion on the philosophy of sustainability is presented. (author)

}, keywords = {participative design, resource management}, author = {Anil K. Gupta} } @inbook {913, title = {Social forestry: A cross-cultural analysis}, booktitle = {Ecosystem rehabilitation: Preamble to sustainable development}, volume = {1}, year = {1992}, month = {[1990]}, pages = {63-78}, publisher = {SPB Academic Publishing}, organization = {SPB Academic Publishing}, address = {The Hague, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

There is a growing appreciation of the importance of trees to rural people in developing countries. Several terms have been used to describe aspects of this relationship, including social forestry, agroforestry, and forestry for local community development. Each term denotes a connection between people and trees. Forestry has a social context; trees and food production systems are intimately linked and forestry activities should be an integral part of development, contributing to the satisfaction of basic material needs, ensuring environmental stability, and the attaining of other progressive goals. Many of these ideas about the role of forestry in rural development are not new. However, what is different is the emphasis placed on the participation of communities, households, and individuals in planting and managing trees.

This paper examines the importance and implications of indigenous technical knowledge for forestry development. It describes the extensive use of forest resources by rural people in developing countries. Further, it reviews various local tree management strategies that have been customarily used to retain tree cover in rural areas. I believe that participatory forestry interventions need to be based on a clear understanding of indigenous tree use and management systems. Such systems for a valuable foundation from which effective afforestation efforts can be launched. (author)

}, keywords = {community forestry, home gardens, intercropping, propagation, tree management}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/605953042}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro}, editor = {Mohan K. Wali} } @book {386, title = {Soil and water conservation in sub-Saharan Africa: Towards sustainable production by the rural poor: A report}, year = {1992}, note = {Prepared for the International Fund for Agricultural Development by the Centre for Development Cooperation Services, Free University, Amsterdam}, month = {1992}, pages = {110}, publisher = {International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)}, organization = {International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)}, address = {Amsterdam}, abstract = {This book deals with the links between environmental degradation and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Considering the length of this paper, the authors have chosen to restrict themselves to making broad generalizations, which are sometimes supported by examples of specific local soil and water conservation experiments. As is pointed out in this paper, a first step in the design of soil and water conservation policy for a given country or area must be the detailed investigation of the conditions and issues which are outlined here.}, keywords = {agroforestry, degradation, ethno-engineering, resource management, Sahel, soil conservation, soil erosion, Sub-Saharan Africa, sustainable agriculture, water conservation, West Africa}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30624582}, author = {International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)} } @book {391, title = {Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products}, year = {1992}, note = {CIKARD copy: 4 page table of contents from the book}, month = {July 1992}, pages = {xv, 325 pages}, publisher = {Island Press}, organization = {Island Press}, address = {Washington, DC and Covelo, CA}, keywords = {ethnopharmacology, medicinal plants, rainforests, traditional medicine}, isbn = {1-55963-169-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24952705}, editor = {Mark J. Plotkin and Lisa Famolare} } @article {653, title = {Soil fertility management of paddy fields by traditional farmers in the dry zone of Sri Lanka}, journal = {Journal of Sustainable Agriculture}, volume = {1}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {95-106}, abstract = {Traditional farmers in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka maintained soil fertility of paddy fields for centuries without applying mineral fertilizers. Some of their traditional cultivation practices not only preserved the natural processes which lead to the regeneration of fertility, but also added nutrients to the soil. This study highlights those traditional practices-fallow period, application of green manure and animal waste, aquaculture in paddy fields, utilization of nutrients in irrigation water and planting trees on paddy fields. Why these practices ceased to exist with the introduction of agricultural modernization and increased population is examined herewith.}, keywords = {aquaculture, soil fertility, Sri Lanka}, doi = {10.1300/J064v01n03_08}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J064v01n03_08}, author = {Rohana Ulluwishewa} } @book {387, title = {Some missing policy links in Nigerian agricultural development}, year = {1991}, month = {April 25, 1990}, publisher = {Publications Unit IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture)}, organization = {Publications Unit IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture)}, address = {Ibadan, Nigeria}, abstract = {

Contains discussions on:

  1. rethinking the framework for policy analysis
  2. elusiveness of an African \"green revolution\"
  3. the changing profile of Nigerian farming
  4. revisiting the IITA agenda

The goal of IITA is to increase the productivity of key food crops and to develop sustainable agricultural systems that can replace bush fallow, of slash-and-burn, cultivation in the humid and subhumid tropics. Crop improvement programs focus on cassava, maize, plantain, cowpea, soybean, and yam. Research findings are shared through international cooperation programs, which include training, information, and germplasm exchange activities.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/633156914}, author = {Ojetunji Aboyada} } @article {695, title = {The southern Mount Kenya forest since independence: A social analysis of resource competition}, journal = {World Development}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, month = {February 1990}, pages = {1695-1704}, abstract = {

CIKARD file:
This paper investigates conflicts between small- and large-scale forest users, as well as between forestry and non-forestry uses of land, in the Mount Kenya Reserve in Kirinyaga District, Kenya. It questions the prevalent belief that local households and small-scale forest enterprises posed the most serious threat to sustained-yield management of the reserve. Instead, the paper argues that widespread forest destruction was associated with large-scale industrial and commercial development: the use of fuelwood by tea factories, the expansion of plantation forests, and the establishment of government tea revenue farms.

Science Direct Abstract:
Large forest reserves represent a long-standing state response to tropical forest destruction. There are, however, growing doubts about their effectiveness as sustainable resource management regimes. This case study uses a social and historical perspective to examine conflicts about the use and management of the Mount Kenya Reserve in Kirinyaga District, Kenya since independence in 1963. Official policies and practices have treated local households and small-scale forest enterprises as the most serious threat to the reserve. In contrast, the paper argues that forest degradation has long been associated with official mismanagement and government-sanctioned development activities. In addition, it suggests that planned and spontaneous conversion of woodlands accelerated in the mid-1980s largely because of the implementation of government plans to establish extensive forest plantations. The paper also discusses proposals by the local and national government to convert forest reserves into tea revenue farms.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Kenya}, doi = {10.1016/0305-750X(91)90013-8}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0305750X91900138}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @conference {797, title = {Sustainable yield in coastal zone and aquatic ecosystems}, booktitle = {Prepared for The National Research Council Panel on Collaborative Research Support for AID{\textquoteright}s Sustainable Yield and Natural Resource Management (SANREM) Project, November 1990}, year = {1990}, month = {November 1990}, abstract = {In this paper, I intend to identify both issues and problems faced in extracting yields from coastal zone environments. The issues are certainly ecological, but they are equally social, anthropological, and economic. The scope of the paper is wide enough to encompass the production of usable protein from inland aquatic sources such as rivers, lakes, and aquaculture facilities. The theme that emerges will center on the conceptual and operational reasons why coastal zone and aquatic ecosystems should be included as one of the "key agro-ecosystems facing critical poverty and environmental constraints." An ecosystem perspective that has adaptive management as a conspicuously built-in component will be advocated. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources, coastal zone}, author = {Vincent F. Gallueel} } @article {803, title = {The scientific basis for Shipibo soil classification and land use: Changes in soil-plant associations with cash cropping}, journal = {American Anthropologist}, volume = {91}, year = {1989}, month = {March 1989}, pages = {83-100}, abstract = {Since the Shipibo began cash cropping rice, their land use patterns have changed with proportionately less utilization of soft sandy soils, which are best for staple Musa production, and greater use of harder clayey soils, which are more suitable for rice and root crops. Statistical analysis of soil samples reveals the physical-chemical basis for Shipibo soil categories and indicates the effect of swidden agriculture on levels of important soil characteristics. While cultural principles for planting have summarized these important ecological relationships in the past, they are often violated with increasing rice production. Examination of time allocation and food consumption data shows that changes in Shipibo land use patterns are associated with higher labor costs during brief periods of the agricultural cycle and greater dependence on domesticated animal foods.}, keywords = {cultural ecology, human adaptation, Shipibo, soil classification, swiddens}, doi = {10.1525/aa.1989.91.1.02a00050}, url = {https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.1989.91.1.02a00050}, author = {Clifford A. Behrens} } @article {485, title = {Searching for medicinal wealth in Amazonia}, volume = {19}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {94-103}, abstract = {Guided by local shamans, ethnobotanist Mark Plotkin is documenting how the plants of the tropical rain forest are used for healing.}, keywords = {traditional knowledge, traditional medicine}, author = {Donald Dale Jackson} } @mastersthesis {447, title = {Sherpa settlement and subsistence: Cultural ecology and history in highland Nepal}, year = {1989}, note = {

Chapter 9: Sherpa Forest Use and Management. Chapter 10: Forest Nationalization and Environmental Change. Maps; charts; figures; tables. (Has since been published as Claiming the High Ground. University of California Press. 1993.)

}, month = {1989}, school = {University of California, Berkeley, Department of Geography}, address = {Berkeley, California}, abstract = {

\"Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography in the graduate division of the University of California at Berkeley.\" A detailed analysis of forest conservation amongst the Khumbu Sherpas of Highland Nepal. Stevens outlines forest uses of the Sherpas as well as giving linguistic definitions of different indigenous conservation programs. Includes the effect of national government intervention on forest conservation in Highland Nepal.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, conservation, ecology, environment systems, government intervention}, url = {https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ak06-013}, author = {Stanley Francis Stevens} } @proceedings {400, title = {The social sciences in Asian forestry curricula: Papers from the workshop held November 27-December 2, 1988 in Khon Kaen, Thailand}, year = {1989}, note = {also credited: Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, month = {11/27-12/2/1988}, publisher = {Winrock International}, address = {Morillton, AR}, abstract = {

Contains following papers:

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35213137}, editor = {Robert E. Clausi} } @inbook {914, title = {Solving the common-property dilemma: Village fisheries rights in Japanese Coastal waters}, booktitle = {Common property resources: Ecology and community-based sustainable development}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {59-75}, publisher = {Belhaven Press}, organization = {Belhaven Press}, address = {London; New York}, abstract = {Through a rights system and membership in local cooperative associations, Japanese coastal fishermen have legally guaranteed suitable access to and {\textquoteright}ownership{\textquoteright} of the living aquatic resources in their tenured waters. Contemporary Japanese coastal sea tenure involves time-honored village customary procedures that have been incorporated into modern legislation. Among other things, these complex and locally varied systems consist of the intimate interplay of community rules of conduct, local social sanctions and the interpersonal behaviour of fishermen with the formal institutions. This chapter examines the main features of fisheries rights, cooperative associations, and the use of sea territory in Japanese coastal waters.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, fisheries rights, Japan}, isbn = {1-85293-080-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19518103}, author = {Kenneth Ruddle}, editor = {Fikret Berkes} } @article {662, title = {Structure and function of traditional agroforestry systems in the western Himalaya. I. Biomass and productivity}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {August 1989}, pages = {47-70}, abstract = {

Species composition, biomass, and productivity patterns of three types of traditional agroforestry systems, namely, agrisilvicultural, agrihorticultural, and agrihortisilvicultural, commonly practiced in the western Himalaya, were studied. Species composition in the systems varied depending upon the size of the land holdings, and the basic requirements of the farmers.

Among three systems agrihortisilvicultural was highly diverse in vegetation, with as many as 13 tree and 5 agricultural crops mixed together. This system showed the highest productivity up to 25.8 t ha -1yr-1, out of which 68 percent was contributed by the trees and the remainder by the annuals. Agrisilvicultural system having predominantly annuals had the lowest productivity of 20.4 t ha -1yr-1 with only 27 percent contribution by the trees. Total aboveground biomass in agrihortisilvicultural or agrihorticultural system was around 48 t ha -1 and it was about 2-fold higher than agrisilvicultural system. In fodder trees, a significant percentage of annual production, up to 48 percent, was allocated in current twigs, while in horticultural trees a major portion, up to 63 percent was portioned towards fruits. Implications of the results have been discussed in context with the growing problems of fuel, fodder, and packaging material in the western Himalaya.

}, keywords = {productivity, species composition, biomass, traditional agroforestry, Western Himalaya}, doi = {10.1007/BF00120155}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120155}, author = {Om Parkash Toky and Pradeep Kumar and Prem Kumar Khosla} } @article {663, title = {Structure and function of traditional agroforestry systems in the western Himalaya. II. Nutrient cycling}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {August 1989}, pages = {71-89}, abstract = {Budget of nutrient in plant and soil, and their rates of recycling in three types of traditional agroforestry systems in mid elevations of the western Himalaya were studied. Concentration of nitrogen and potassium was significantly higher in fruits and leaves than in branches, boles, and litter. Grewia optiva, an important fodder tree, was found to be rich in potassium, vegetable crops in nitrogen, and weeds in phosphorus. Maximum store of nutrients was estimated in aboveground biomass of agrihortisilvicultural system: nitrogen 532, phosphorus 40, potassium 461, calcium 400, and magnesium 298 kg/ha; it was closely followed by that in agrihorticultural system, and both these had about 2-fold higher nutrient stock as compared to agrisilvicultural system. In the case of the former two systems, considerable quantity of nutrients up to nitrogen 169, phosphorus 14, potassium 165, calcium 97, and magnesium 65 kg/ha, for example in agrihortisilvicultural system, was recycled through debris of crops and weeds, and tree leaf litter, while the recycling rate was almost half in agrisilvicultural system. Through {\textquoteright}harvest{\textquoteright} potassium was depleted in the largest quantity from the system, followed by nitrogen, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus; much higher loss occurred through agricultural and/or horticultural edible parts as compared to fuel and fodder biomass. For example, the loss through agricultural crops and horticultural fruits for nitrogen in agrihortisilvicultural system was up to 75 percent and 38 percent respectively of the total annual uptake. This heavy loss makes the system unstable from a nutrient point of view particularly for nitrogen and potassium until external inputs are added through organic and inorganic fertilizers. Agrihortisilvicultural system is remarkably efficient in view of biomass productivity for fuel, fodder and fruits, and also from nutrient point of view provided losses through harvest are compensated externally.}, keywords = {agroforestry systems, allocation pattern, nutrient budget, nutrient cycling, soil fertility, Western Himalaya}, doi = {10.1007/BF00120156}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120156}, author = {Om Parkash Toky and Pradeep Kumar and Prem Kumar Khosla} } @inbook {916, title = {Succession management and resource distribution in an Amazonian rain forest}, booktitle = {Resource management in Amazonia: Indigenous and folk strategies}, series = {Advances in economic botany no. 7}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {223-237}, publisher = {New York Botanical Garden}, organization = {New York Botanical Garden}, address = {Bronx, NY}, abstract = {

Many Amazonian peoples have a profound effect on rain forest structure and species composition through a process I call succession management. This article describes and examines the extent of such management in a Runa Indian community in Napo Province, Equador. The Runa live in dispersed settlements at low density, below 2 persons/km2. Unlike Amazonian people living in concentrated settlements, they are not under strong pressure to intensify succession management in order to concentrate forest resources. In order to assess the magnitude of such manipulation under low density conditions, I compare succession in two managed and two unmanaged five-year-old forest fallows. I found that management increases the species diversity of trees greater than 10 cm dbh (diameter at breast height). Planted tree crops accounted for between 8\% and 19\% of trees in this size class, and protected secondary species for between 6\% and 16\%. The distribution of many species, however, was not the result of conscious management decisions, although seedling establishment may have been altered by agriculture. It is possible that succession management in this Runa community could be further intensified to increase the proportion of useful planted and protected species. Nevertheless, resources present in Runa managed fallows provide significant amounts of food, construction material, and firewood as well as medicinal plants and other needed household items. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazon, Ecuador, fuelwood, rainforests, resource management, Runa, South America, succession}, isbn = {0-89327-340-6; 978-0-89327-340-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19623957}, author = {Dominique Irvine}, editor = {Darrell Addison Posey and William L. Balée} } @article {834, title = {Survey report for increasing food production and its development plan in Africa: Zimbabwe}, year = {1989}, month = {March 1989}, institution = {Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry, Japan}, address = {Tokyo}, abstract = {In the first half of the 1980s, African countries, particularly those located south of the Sahara Desert, faced a serious problem of food shortage that was caused by population increase, progress of desertification and continuation of drought year. Although the food shortage has been somewhat alleviated in the recent years due to favorable climatic conditions, the increase of food production continues to be the fundamental problem as no improvement has been made on the fragility of food production in these African countries. Cooperation and support from the developed countries are needed in solving this problem. The role of Japan would be to actively provide cooperation to the African countries in the domain of agriculture and forestry. For this purpose, AICAF has been conducting a survey to grasp the actual conditions of food and agriculture in the African countries since 1985 under the consignment from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. This survey has been conducted on twelve countries by the end of FY 1987.}, keywords = {Africa, aquatic resources, desertification, drought, food production, Zimbabwe}, author = {Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry (AICAF)} } @book {390, title = {Sustainable development: Land and water strategy: A summary of public input}, year = {1989}, month = {November 1989}, publisher = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, organization = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, address = {Winnipeg, MB}, abstract = {Because our activities on land affect our water resources, it is vital that we manage our land and water resources together. This is the position that the Government of Manitoba has taken, and why it has proposed a Land and Water Strategy for the Provience. Conserving the environment while creating economic activity is the objective of the Land and Water Strategy--an objective consistent with the principles of sustainable development set out by the National Task Force of Environment and Economy. The Task Force defines sustainable development as "...development which ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not damage prospects for their use by future generations." The key concept advanced by the Task Force is that the economy and the environment can no longer be viewed in isolation. We must use our resources to survive and prosper, but we must also manage them wisely if they are to be there in future, for our children and grandchildren.{\textquoteright} In the past, the economy and the environment were viewed as mutually exclusive. That is no longer an acceptable view. We can conserve our resource base and generate economic activity at the same time. The Land and Water Strategy points the way. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural land use, agriculture, alternate land use, conservation, drainage, education, environmental protection, fisheries, flooding, hydro, land use planning, minerals, recreation, saline soils, soils, tourism, water supply, wildland, wildlife }, author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Water Resources Branch} } @article {651, title = {Small-scale utilization of rattan by a Semai community in West Malaysia}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {42}, year = {1988}, month = {Jan.-March 1988}, pages = {105-119}, abstract = {The role rattan plays in the life of a small Semai community in West Malaysia is discussed. Of the 24 rattan species occurring in the study area, four are frequently used for binding, house building, basketry, fish traps and snares, and other artifacts. These are briefly described and some illustrated. Some species are used for food, medicinal, and ritual purposes. The Semai have a profound knowledge of nature and have a good concept of rattan systematics that comes very close to scientific classification. Demand for rattan for commercial use threatens the rattan populations and has led to heavy depletion of some of the most useful species.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, handcrafts, Malaysia, rattan}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02859040}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4255051}, author = {Wanda Av{\'e}} } @article {658, title = {Starving in the forest}, journal = {Plant Research and Development}, volume = {28}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {7-31}, abstract = {

This paper gives a brief history of the tropical rainforest regions of Middle America \—Yucatan. It relates this history to the present destruction of the forests and how this destruction is interrelated with starvation. This paper demonstrates, through an example of water use, how planning and aid should be suited to a locality. Sections include: land use in tropical Middle America; determination of the forest function; exploiting the forests; loss of the forest; traditional [living] alternatives; Milpa: the shifting cultivation of the Maya; conuco; tree gardens; peasants and state projects; and land use planning in the pre-Spanish era.

}, keywords = {forestry, Maya, Mexico, Native Americans, Oxkutzcab, plan Tabi, rainforests, trees, Yucatan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3048499}, author = {Bernd Neugebauer} } @book {401, title = {The status of multipurpose trees in Thailand}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series Report 2}, year = {1988}, month = {August 1988}, pages = {104}, publisher = {Winrock International}, organization = {Winrock International}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {As the forestry problems are enormous, forest researchers have to find the proper program to tackle the existing problem. To promote the general well-being of the Thais there is the need to establish tree-lands wherever possible. To ensure progressively increasing supplies of fuelwood and charcoal as well as industrial wood, establishment of multipurpose trees is considered to be a superb chance for increasing wood productivity as well as restoring a proper ecological balance.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ecology, Thailand}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26788851}, author = {Suree Bhumibhamon} } @article {661, title = {Structural and technical development in agriculture: An international overview}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {92-100}, abstract = {This study investigates the socio-historical relationships existing between the development of the agricultural structure and the process of technical development. Adopting a political economy posture, it is argued that the development of technical procedures in agriculture has been aimed historically at the maximization of production and productivity. This phenomenon has been generated by the social hegemony of groups interested in the enhancement of accumulation of capital and has been translated into an emphasis on large productive units, which discriminates against small and medium farms. This pattern of development has been legitimized through a social consensus which involves an emphasis on small family producers. This contradiction is embodied in the generation of a dualistic agricultural structure characterized by the prosperity of large farms, the persistence of small farms and the crisis of medium farms and in patterns of overproduction and unavailability of food for the poor segments of society.}, keywords = {agricultural economic structure, political economy, productive unit, technical development, veterinary medicine}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217180}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217180}, author = {Alessandro Bonanno} } @book {286, title = {A survey of women{\textquoteright}s attitudes toward forestry and fuelwood in eight rural villages in eastern Sudan}, series = {Field document (Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan) no. 31}, year = {1988}, month = {March 1988}, pages = {41 leaves}, publisher = {Forests Administration}, organization = {Forests Administration}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {This report analyzes a survey of Sudanese women{\textquoteright}s attitudes toward forestry and fuelwood. The survey was carried out in December, 1986 in eight rural villages in Eastern Sudan. It was sponsored by FAO{\textquoteright}s Fuelwood Development for Energy Project and designed and carried out by students from Ahfad University for Women in Omdurman. It is the first survey of this size and scope to focus specifically on women{\textquoteright}s attitudes as they relate to forestry in Sudan. Based on the results of this survey, forestry extension staff will be able to strengthen and expand existing forestry programs to address the needs and perceptions of rural women.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, Khartoum, Sudan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29011350}, author = {Rosemary N. Furfey} } @article {501, title = {A second look at the economics of natural management systems in tropical mixed forests}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {155}, year = {1987}, note = {A.J. Leslie is a former Director of FAO{\textquoteright}s Forest Industries Division}, month = {March-April 1987}, pages = {46-58}, abstract = {A.J. Leslie states that the reason for national management{\textquoteright}s failure was that it was not given a good enough chance. National management was all too easily dismissed and the greed of timber production was one of the biggest reasons for its downfall. Leslie is trying to outline the deeper aspects of economic analysis. The author says that conservation of the forest is possible through management. He lists the case and its weaknesses against national management. He also states the problem of generalities of forest management includes a timeline, approximating the rate that a cycle could last. He inserts 3 tables illustrating cost estimates. He also includes a glossary of terms.}, keywords = {benefit cost ratio, discount rate, Faustmann formula, India, rainforests, shadow prices}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1930e/s1930e06.htm}, author = {A. J. Leslie} } @conference {796, title = {Seeing the forest for the trees}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Farming Systems Research Symposium: How Systems Work, October 18-21, 1987}, year = {1987}, month = {October 1987}, address = {University of Arkansas}, abstract = {A grassroots approach to implementing alley farming is described in this paper. The approach emphasizes the participation and cooperation of Nigerian farm households in farming systems research. Strategies were developed to present the critical concepts of alley farming in a culturally acceptable, sustainable, and self-perpetuating manner. Findings are based on three years of field work with the International Livestock Center of Africa and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, alley farming, cassia, Cassia siamea, farming, farming systems research , fertilizer, FSR\&D, grassroots organizations, IITA, ILCA, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, International Livestock Center for Africa, legume, luecaena, Nigeria, OFR, on-farm research}, author = {Kristin Cashman} } @inbook {480, title = {Some thoughts on economic development, sustainability, and the environment}, booktitle = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, month = {1987}, pages = {371-382}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This paper addresses issues having to do with economic development and its relationship to environmental and sustainability problems. This set of issues is important for a number of reasons. First, it appears to be widely perceived by many that economic development is the cause of environmental damage and reduction in sustainability. Proponents of this view tend to have an anti-development perspective in their rhetoric. Secondly, this set of issues is important because of its relevance to the World Bank{\textquoteright}s lending program.}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9; 978-0-8213-0909-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, author = {G. Edward Schuh}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @article {657, title = {Spatio-temporal variations of soil properties under cocoa interplanted with kola in a part of the Nigerian cocoa belt}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {December 1987}, pages = {419-428}, abstract = {Spatio-temporal variations in soil properties under cocoa interplanted with kola in 15- and 40- ear-old plots were considered in a part of the Nigerian Cocoa Belt. The study shows that no significant variations occur in soil properties when both cocoa and kola are 15 years old. However, significant variations in many soil properties are recorded when cocoa and kola are 40 years old. At that time, soil conditions from sample points directly under kola and between kola and cocoa were similar while soil from the sample point directly under cocoa differed significantly, in most respects, from the other two points. Soil properties appear to improve under kola over time while the converse is the case under cocoa. It is adduced that these differences result from apparent differences in growth habit and nutrient extraction of kola and cocoa over time.}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047176}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047176}, author = {Olusegun Ekanade} } @book {388, title = {Special Report: The environment: Managing natural resources for sustainable development}, series = {Special report (United States Agency for International Development)}, year = {1987}, month = {[1987]}, pages = {48}, publisher = {U.S. Agency for International Development}, organization = {U.S. Agency for International Development}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

This report covers the following topics:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, developing countries, environmental policy, natural resources}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23690519}, author = {Nyle C. Brady and United States Agency for International Development (USAID)} } @book {389, title = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, month = {1987}, pages = {viii, 383}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Contains following papers:

}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9; 978-0-8213-0909-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @inbook {912, title = {Seeing the forest while planting the trees: An anthropological approach to agroforestry in rural Haiti}, booktitle = {Politics, projects, and people: Institutional development in Haiti}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 7}, month = {1986}, pages = {193-226}, publisher = {Praeger}, organization = {Praeger}, address = {New York}, abstract = {This chapter describes an anthropological approach to environmental restoration that is currently being implemented in rural Haiti, and that has stimulated an historically unprecedented level of voluntary tree planting by Haitian peasants. The overall design of the Agroforestry Project has been described elsewhere. In keeping with the theme of this volume, the discussion focuses upon the underlying design principles and institutional dimensions of the Project.}, keywords = {administrative agencies, economic development, economic development projects, Haiti, institution building, politics and government, social aspects}, isbn = {0-03-004532-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12345132}, author = {Gerald F Murray}, editor = {Derick W. Brinkerhoff and Jean-Claude García-Zamor} } @article {649, title = {Seventeenth century organic agriculture in China: II. Energy flows through an agroecosystem in Jiaxing region}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {14}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {15-28}, abstract = {An examination of traditional agriculture of the Jiaxing region of eastern China in the seventeenth century. Use of statistical evidence on energy inputs and outputs to show the sustainable incorporation of silk, mulberry, livestock, fishing, and cereal crop production with little or no fossil fuel use.}, keywords = {agroecology, China, energy flow, fodder, labor, organic farming, rice, silkworm, wheat}, doi = {10.1007/BF00889208}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602798}, author = {Wen Dazhong and David Pimentel} } @book {385, title = {Socio-economic aspects of integrated resource management, with special reference to the forest resources of Kassala Province, Eastern Region: The case of Rawashda and Wad Kabu forests}, series = {Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan Field Document 13}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {109}, publisher = {Govt. of the Democratic Republic of Sudan}, organization = {Govt. of the Democratic Republic of Sudan}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {

Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan project is undertaking research to formulate management plans for Sudan ecologically marginal forests. Rawashda and Wad Kabu forests are taken as examples to initiate such plans. It is believed that the study of socio- economic parameters of forest users is an essential component to achieve such plans. This study is also fundamental for attaining an integrated land use system, as a prime option of natural resource use. This study is, consequently, aiming at:

  1. providing the base line information of the different communities identified in Table 1 and using the two forests;
  2. examine people\&$\#$39;s attitude, perception, participation options in maintenance and management of the two forests. Such parameters are also vital for adoption of an integrated land use strategy in the future, and
  3. based on 1 and 2 to outline broadly the most relevant plan of management land use strategy to be adopted, based on community self-generated options of institutions and objectives of use.

The main findings in this context can be summarized in the following:

  1. a complex pattern of economic activities ranging from pure pastoral nomadism to modern mechanized farming. Still characterized by combination of related activities of agriculture/livestock breeding, agriculture/forest resource use, etc. This diversity in activities, which is mostly dependent on the natural resource base, gives a sound base for any option of an integrated land use system;
  2. perception and attitude analysis have revealed a growing awareness of the role of the forest resources in the economy as source of grazing, domestic needs and source of income. This awareness is supported by willingness to participate in any integrated land use plan, yet from a different standpoint and objective. Preference of self-generated channels is quite evident, but with a specified role of the government; and
  3. the major finding is that, and among all communities, the situation is mature for action, although at different levels. (author)
}, keywords = {forest policy, Sudan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17919050}, author = {Mohamed El-Hadi Abu Sin and Mohammed Osman El Sammani} } @article {654, title = {Some aspects of dry land afforestation in the Sudan with special reference to Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne, A. senegal Willd. and Prosopis chilensis (Molina) stuntz}, journal = {Forest Ecology and Management}, volume = {16}, year = {1986}, month = {October 1986}, pages = {209-221}, abstract = {

Arid lands in the Sudan have been subjected to degradation manifested by loss of soil fertility, shortages of fodder and fuel, and moving sands. Acacia tortilis, (Forsk.) Hayne, A. senegal Willd. and Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz are valuable afforestation species to restore these lands and provide fodder, fuelwood and other products. Animals, particularly goats and sheep, are effective long-distance dispersers of seeds of A. tortilis and P. chilensis. The ingested seeds are preserved from further attacks of predators particularly bruchids, and their germination capabilities are enhanced by ingestion and pelleting. Because of the small mass of the droppings, the ingested seeds are transported by wind and water to low-lying places where run-off water collects (favourable sites). As rainfall fluctuations are common, natural regeneration, using seeds in animal droppings and using only favourable sites in the semidesert tract, is recommended. The trees established on such sites can form focal points from which the trees can further spread through animals feeding on their pods. Soil working in the form of saucer-pits, ridges and furrows was successful in establishing P. chilensis in arid lands.

Afforestation by seeding A. senegal using agricultural machinery in farms abandoned because of loss of soil fertility was successful in the central clay plains of the Sudan as weed growth was not intense and the seeds are cheap.

}, keywords = {afforestation, Sudan}, doi = {10.1016/0378-1127(86)90021-6}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378112786900216}, author = {Ahmed El Houri Ahmed} } @article {647, title = {Scientific forestry and social change in Uttarakhand}, journal = {Economic and Political Weekly}, volume = {20}, year = {1985}, month = {Novemebr 1985}, pages = {1939-1952}, abstract = {

This paper, a study of the development of forestry science in the hill districts of Uttar Pradesh collectively known as Uttarakhand, addresses itself to three sets of issues;

  1. the utilisation of forests in the indigenous social system;
  2. the specific forms of state intervention, and the interpretation of scientific techniques in terms of traditional patterns of resource use; and
  3. the social changes that were a consequence of scientific forestry.

In contradistinction to other studies, this paper focuses on the content of colonial forestry science, with a view to understanding its social and cultural underpinnings. It is argued that the structure of forestry science was predicated on its \"other\"-viz the cultural and social meaning traditionally ascribed to the forests in different parts of India. Having disrupted existing forms of resource utilisation, scientific forestry had to contend with recurrent and widespread protest. This led to the evolution of sophisticated techniques, described in this paper, that could meet the often conflicting aims of commercial timber production and the preemption of peasant protest. Not surprisingly, this lead to a major dislocation in agrarian relations in Uttarakhand.

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4375015}, author = {Ramachandra Guha} } @book {285, title = {A socio-economic study of the areas affected by the HADO-project, Tanzania}, series = {Report no. 11}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {28}, publisher = {University of Stockholm (Development Study Unit, Department of Social Anthropology)}, organization = {University of Stockholm (Development Study Unit, Department of Social Anthropology)}, address = {Stockholm}, abstract = {

This project will:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Tanzania}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23123400}, author = {Wilhelm {\"O}stberg} } @article {652, title = {Soil and water conservation as a starting point for rural forestry: The OXFAM Project in Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall {\textquoteright}85-Win {\textquoteright}86}, pages = {79-85}, abstract = {This paper is a case study of the agroforestry program also known as the Microcatchment Project, funded by OXFAM in the Yatenga region of Burkina Faso. The area has a history of overuse of land resources leading to a decrease in the arable surface and severe degradation of the environment. Past efforts to improve the farmers{\textquoteright} situation have met largely with failure, while traditional methods of adapting were innovative but insufficient. The project, by relying on the farmers{\textquoteright} participation to develop techniques of water conservation, has shown that land degradation can be reversed and food production increased by the farmers themselves.}, keywords = {Burkina Faso, food production, microcatchment, OXFAM, water conservation}, author = {Peter Wright and Edouard G. Bonkoungou} } @inbook {915, title = {Some effects of the Dai people{\textquoteright}s cultural beliefs and practices upon the plant environment of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, Southwest China}, booktitle = {Cultural values and human ecology in southeast Asia}, series = {Michigan papers on south and southeast Asia no. 27}, year = {1985}, note = {Chapter 13}, month = {1985}, pages = {321-339}, publisher = {University of Michigan Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies}, organization = {University of Michigan Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies}, address = {Ann Arbor, MI}, abstract = {This paper details the effects that several cultural practices of the Dai people (a national minority) of Southwest China (Yunnan Province) have on plant environment. Some of these are the introduction and distribution of locally cultivated plants and its link to Hinayana Buddhism; and the preservation of certain pristine forests due to a "Holy Hills" ideology. Also includes the economic and ecological significance of Dai fuelwood cultivation as it relates to conservation.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany}, isbn = {0-89148-039-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13134089}, author = {Pei Sheng-ji}, editor = {Karl L. Hutterer and A. Terry Rambo and George W. Lovelace} } @article {656, title = {Some socioeconomic and environmental aspects of forest use by lowland farmers in Leyte, Philippines and their implications for agricultural development and forest management}, journal = {Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society}, volume = {13}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {282-296}, abstract = {Public forests in central Leyte, Philippines provide an important source of annual food crops, perennial cash crops, and rattan and timber to lowland farmers. Household economic dependence upon and uses made of forest resources are associated with relative access to lowland-based activities, especially production of irrigated rice. Households unable to procure sufficient food staples through on or off-farm labor in the lowlands utilize adjacent public forests to cultivate subsistence food crops and to collect forest products. Households able to procure a larger portion of their food staples from lowland-based enterprises depend less upon forests and utilize them primarily for supplementary food production and perennial cash cropping. Current forest farming and forest product collecting activities, especially in annual food-focussed farms, result in erosion, soil degradation and gradual destruction of the indigenous flora. The importance of understanding and incorporating variable household economic dependence on and uses made of forest resources is discussed in relation to the introduction of appropriate strata-specific soil conservation, agroforestry and forest management measures.}, keywords = {forest resources, lowlands, public forests, rattan work, social forestry, soil conservation, soil erosion, sustainable agriculture}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/29791868}, author = {Stephen F. Siebert and Jill M. Belsky} } @article {660, title = {Strategies for forestry development in the West African Sahel: An overview}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall {\textquoteright}85-Win {\textquoteright}86}, pages = {5-19}, abstract = {A wide variety of forestry projects have been launched across the West African Sahel in recent years, part of the broader development assistance program established in response to the last Sahelian drought. Although many of these efforts are less than five years old, there are already important lessons to be learned, lessons that call for a profound review of strategies adopted thus far, lessons that point the way toward new approaches to forestry development across the region. Only a brief review of forestry strategy and experience to date will be possible in this overview. After defining the region and briefly outlining the multiple role of forests and forestry, the paper will review strategies used in forestry development in the Sahel, examine selected initial results, and outline elements of the reorientation that will be needed to place future sector development on a sounder footing. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, reforestation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1764644}, author = {George F. Taylor II and Moustapha Soumare} } @article {655, title = {Some observations on the ethnobotany of the tribes of Totopara and adjoining areas in Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal}, journal = {Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany}, volume = {4}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {453-474}, abstract = {The paper deals with 84 species of angiosperms predominantly used by the tribes inhabiting areas like Totos, Mech, Modesia, Nepalese, etc., for food, for poisoning fish, as medicine, fodder for cattle, etc. In the enumeration, the various species have been listed in alphabetical order according to their botanical names. Under each botanical name has been given details such as local name, short description, etc. Detail on herbarium specimens to authenticate the report of the species in the area have also been provided under each species. (author)}, keywords = {Bengal, taxonomy}, author = {S. N. Das and K. P. Janardhanan and S. C. Roy} } @article {659, title = {Strategies for enhancing the adoptability of agroforestry innovations}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, month = {September 1983}, pages = {173-187}, abstract = {Agroforestry has been given a broad and hopeful mandate to assist in devising productive and sustainable systems of land management to meet the demographic and ecological challenges of mankind{\textquoteright}s somewhat uncertain future. As a new and explicity interdisciplinary field of applied scientific research and technological synthesis, agroforestry is in a unique position to benefit from recent advances in our understanding of the rural development process which, if properly integrated into the emerging paradigm for agroforestry research and development, will greatly enhance its chances of fulfilling its potential as a source of solutions to many interrelated problems of tropical land use. Drawing on lessons from the literature on the adoption and diffusion of innovations, a number of research strategies and design tactics are proposed by which agroforestry R \& D teams may improve on their ability to generate relevant and adoptable technologies and, thus, stand a better chance of having the kind of practical impact on land use systems which is expected of agroforestry.}, keywords = {agroforestry, innovation, population pressure, rural development, technology design}, doi = {10.1007/BF00130606}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00130606}, author = {J. B. Raintree} } @article {833, title = {Species and part of tree collected}, year = {1980}, note = {Devers, Inc. has also been a credited author.}, month = {August 1980}, institution = {Bureau for Program and Policy Coordination, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

People everywhere have a precise evaluation of firewood, knowing which species and parts of trees are the best for specific purposes \— for roasting, simmering, brewing, quick heat, a fire to warm oneself, etc. There is extensive technical knowledge among the local collectors and users concerning the species indigenous to the region and their cooking, heating, medicinal and other qualities, passed down from one generation of users to another. (author)

}, keywords = {firewood, fuelwood, taboos}, url = {https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064769352}, author = {Dennis H. Wood and David Brokensha and Alphonso Peter Castro and Matthew S. Gamser and Beth A. Jackson and Bernard W. Riley} } @mastersthesis {446, title = {Saami ethnoecology: Resource management in Norwegian Lapland}, year = {1978}, note = {CIKARD collection only includes the abstract and draft table of contents. See also: https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ep04-018}, month = {1978}, school = {Yale University}, address = {New Haven, CT}, abstract = {

The social organization, folk knowledge, and physiographic factors shaping Saami transactions with the natural environment are systematized for various ethnoecologic domains and examined for patterns underlying the structure, persistence, and change in the classification of knowledge involved in resource management. The study is an outgrowth of nearly five years of fieldwork among reindeer-breeding and sedentary population segments in the region comprising western Finnmark and northern Troms counties. This study emphasizes the dynamic nature of sociocultural, linguistic, cognitive, and ecological processes articulating a system of resource management in space and through time.

}, keywords = {cognition, ecology, ethnoecology, Lapland, linguistics, Norway, reindeer, resource, resource management, sociocultural}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8329793}, author = {Myrdene Anderson} } @article {646, title = {Sago production in a New Guinea economy}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {2}, year = {1974}, month = {July 1974}, pages = {217-236}, abstract = {The techniques used by the Sanio-Hiowe of Papua New Guinea to produce edible starch from the sago palm (Metroxylon sp.) are described. Input-output analysis demonstrates that this is a highly productive subsistence technology; nevertheless, the Sanio-Hiowe economy is characterized by an absence of intensification. This is ascribed to functional consequences of dependence on hunting and gathering in the interior. In coastal and riverine habitats, other societies using sago supplemented by fishing or horticulture can more fully exploit the potential of sago as a basis for economic intensification and a more sedentary life.}, keywords = {agricultural productivity, hunter-gatherer, labor productivity, Melanesia, palms, Papua New Guinea, pith, sago palm, starches, swamps, swine}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602300}, author = {Patricia K. Townsend} } @article {650, title = {Shifting cultivation, fire, and pine forest in the Cordillera Central, Luzon, Philippines}, journal = {Ecological Monographs}, volume = {36}, year = {1966}, note = {See also: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2307/1942374}, month = {Autumn 1966}, pages = {389-419}, abstract = {This paper looks at the importance of montane forest on soil erosion where the Kaingin peoples of the Philippines practice swidden agriculture. Also details floral succession from primary montane to secondary pine forests. Includes the effects of modernization of Kaingin agriculture on soil erosion.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Philippines, swiddens}, doi = {10.2307/1942374}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1942374}, author = {Norman Edward Kowal} } @book {384, title = {Shifting cultivation in Africa: The Zande system of agriculture}, year = {1956}, month = {1956}, pages = {xxxi, 304 pp.}, publisher = {Routledge \& Kegan Paul}, organization = {Routledge \& Kegan Paul}, address = {London, England}, abstract = {The excerpts from this book talk about the Zande ecological conceptions concerning swidden farming, rock and stone formations. The second part of this excerpt looks at Zande Crops: millet, Maize, sorghum, rice, cowpeas, green gram. The excerpt finishes with a discussion of overcultivation.}, keywords = {cowpeas, crop rotation, ecology, green gram, maize, millet, overcultivation, rice, rock formations, slash and burn, sorghum, swiddens, taxonomy, Zande}, url = {https://ehrafworldcultures-beta.its.yale.edu/cultures/fo07/documents/060}, author = {Pierre de Schlippe} }