@book {405, title = {The wealth of communities: Stories of success in local environmental management}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {213}, publisher = {Kumarian Press}, organization = {Kumarian Press}, address = {West Hartford, CT}, abstract = {So much written about the environment conveys unremitting doom and the sense that time is running out. The problems, are, indeed, serious, yet there are grounds for optimism, and communities all over the world are making intelligent use of the resources on which they depend. This book tells the stories of 10 such communities, from the Philippines to Poland, from Los Angeles to Zimbabwe, whether reviving depleted fisheries, finding novel ways of waste disposal, or controlling industrial pollution for their own needs while at the same time protecting the environment -- often in the face of hardship and opposition.}, keywords = {Calcutta, case studies, community organization, community participation, Costa Rica, developing countries, economic development, Ecuador, environmental aspects, environmental conditions, environmental management, environmental protection, human ecology, India, Krakow, Los Angeles, management, Mauritania, natural resources, Nepal, Philippines, sustainable development, Uganda, United States, Zimbabwe}, isbn = {978-1-56549-038-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30567089}, author = {Charlie Pye-Smith} } @article {725, title = {Women and biodiversity}, journal = {Development: Journal of the Society for International Development (English Edition)}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {67-71}, abstract = {

Balghis and Amna Badri discuss the important of biodiversity in understanding women\&$\#$39;s role in sustainable livelihoods using the example of Sudan.
The analysis of the links between women\&$\#$39;s issues and biodiversity identifies the following needs:

  1. documentation of women\&$\#$39;s knowledge, skills, and interventions in the interaction with the environment and satisfaction of survival needs;
  2. more research on how women develop skills and knowledge in dealing with survival needs;
  3. training of professional women in these fields and gender sensitizing of men;
  4. key leaders with knowledge about women\&$\#$39;s contributions to development;
  5. respecting women for their thoughtful contribution of knowledge and creative options;
  6. establishing a library resource of women\&$\#$39;s knowledge; and
  7. rewriting the biodiversity convention to account for rural population concerns.

Women\&$\#$39;s contribution to development engenders love for nature, life sustainability mechanisms, diversified skills, knowledge, and creativity. Biodiversity fulfills the basic needs of 40\% of the world economy and 80\% of the needs of the poor. Development has exacerbated poverty over the years, and women\&$\#$39;s groups must direct attention to policy, research, and actions which take into account women\&$\#$39;s issues. The example of Sudan exemplifies how women creatively use and depend upon ecological zones in deserts and savannahs for survival. Sudanese women invented over the past 2000 years 90 different fermented foods and drinks from grains and grew sorghum and millet to make 30 different food products. Creative ways to use dairy, vegetable, and fish products have been developed. Other uses were developed for frogs, locusts, cow urine, and tree products. Wild foods have been found to be nutritious, to cure medical problems, and to create cosmetics. Women\&$\#$39;s role in food production has been marginalized due to women\&$\#$39;s lack of power and low status in society and male researchers and policy makers ignorance of women\&$\#$39;s needs. A gender-focused policy and action plan would engender a grassroots and women\&$\#$39;s participatory approach to conserving biodiversity, small-scale programs that focus on women\&$\#$39;s needs, large-scale programs, if at all, that recognize women\&$\#$39;s needs, and poverty alleviation and food security conventions. Women in industrialized countries could learn more about ways to reduce consumption and to rely on healthier and indigenous methods which may be antithetical to multinational industries.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, Sudan, women{\textquoteright}s groups}, author = {Balghis Badri and Amna Badri} } @article {721, title = {Wheat cultivation in association with Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. field bund plantation {\textemdash} a case study}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {17}, year = {1992}, month = {January 1992}, pages = {43-51}, abstract = {The paper presents the results of a case study conducted to find out the influence of single row bund plantation of Acacia nilotica var. juquemontii on the growth and yield of associated wheat crop under irrigated conditions in Haryana, India. The indications are that the tree line does affect all crop parameters like height growth, shoot numbers, ear length, grain number and grain yield in the vicinity of trees upto 4 m distance from the tree line and establishes that as the distance from the tree line increases the growth and yield of wheat crop also improves. The effect on wheat crop was found more pronounced in the plots laid out towards the middle of the tree line as compared to plots towards the outer border.}, keywords = {Acacia nilotica var. jaquemontii, agroforestry, bund plantation, crop yield, wheat}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122926}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122926}, author = {K. K. Sharma} } @inbook {933, title = {Why study traditional agriculture?}, booktitle = {Agroecology}, series = {Biological resource management}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {551-564}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, address = {New York}, abstract = {It is difficult to separate the study of agricultural systems from the study of the cultures that nurture them. For this reason, this paper deals with both the complexity of the production systems as well as with the sophistication of the knowledge of the people that manage them. This paper also attempts to integrate the arguments advanced by both social scientists and biologists, in order to justify the need to continue studying traditional agroecosystems. It is here argued that rescue of this knowledge must occur rapidly, not only because it is being irreversibly lost, but also because it is crucial for the advancement of agricultural ecology.}, keywords = {agricultural ecology, ecology}, isbn = {0-07-052923-X; 978-0-07-052923-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20055574}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri}, editor = {C. Ronald Caroll and John H. Vandermeer and Peter M. Rosset} } @conference {809, title = {Wood energy management and knowledge in Pokhara area, Western Nepal}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Second International Congress on Ethnobiology, 21-26 October 1990, Kunming, Yunna, China}, year = {1990}, month = {Oct. 21-26 1990}, address = {Pokhara, Nepal}, abstract = {

Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) methods were used to study indigenous knowledge of wood energy production and consumption in Pokhara. Commercial and non-commercial uses were examined. Wood energy comes mainly from fuelwood, charcoal, sawdust and bamboo harvested in surrounding areas, but also from lowland regions and roadside fuelwood sellers in fuelwood sufficient areas. Thus, the distribution involves mainly producers (villagers) to consumers (townspeople), through one to three levels of middlemen in between.

Producers illegally harvesting government or community forests were also studied. Most are lower caste poor and landless people, trying to earn a living during the non-agricultural season (September-May).

While many urban householders have shifted to fossil fuels, certain industries still rely on charcoal and wood from the forest. The depletion of sal (Shorea robusta), khair (Acacia catechu) and kaphal (Myrica esculanta) threatens the forests. Producers retain a rich working knowledge of forest resources, which has potential payoffs for more sustainable and equitable forest resource policy. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, author = {Mohan K. Balla and Sukhdev Chaudhary and Thakur B. Karkee} } @proceedings {421, title = {Workshop to develop an Agroforestry Technology Information Kit, November 4-13, 1989}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, publisher = {Philippene Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR); International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR); Ford Foundation (FF)}, address = {Quezon City, Philippines; Silang Cavite, Philippines; Manila, Philippines}, abstract = {The "Agroforestry Technology Information Kit" was prepared for the use and guidance of the Social Forestry Officers and Technicians of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. This kit was meant to help our forestry officers and technicians be effective in their role as extension workers for the upland dwellers. It is full of narative know-how and skills that make life in the uplands more meaningful, profitable and ecologically sustainable. It is well-prepared and if properly operationalized and seriously implemented, it is expected to create a new dimension in the struggle for upland rehibilitation that can only be maintained through concerted and sustained effort of the government and the people. This kit is Philippine- focused: it is intended for use primarily in support of the training of DENR{\textquoteright}s 1,200 technicians for its Social Forestry Program nationwide. This program of DENR aims to give the Filipino uplanders access to forest lands for a tenure of 25 years or more. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, conservation, ecology, Filipino, fruit, home-lot, livestock, management, natural resources, Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources, plants, seeds, soil and water conservation (SWC), sustainability, Taungya System, trees, water }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51168241}, editor = {Francis Korten and Romulo del Castillo and Julian Gonsalves and Jaime Roquillo and Forester Nicanor Iscala Jr} } @book {420, title = {Women in community forestry: A field guide for project design and implementation}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {45}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {Rural women are major caretakers and users of forests. Each day they walk long distances to gather fodder and fuelwood. They seek out fruits, nuts and small creatures for food for their families. They use bark, roots and herbs for medicines. Trees provide shade, beauty and environmental protection for their homes. Thus, trees and forests play a major role in their daily lives. Unfortunately, most forestry programmes are organized by men who may not understand women{\textquoteright}s relationship to forests. Forestry has typically been a man{\textquoteright}s profession and it is hard for many foresters to perceive of women as being competent in this field. Moreover women{\textquoteright}s needs regarding the forest often differ from those of men. Rural women confront obstacles that limit their ability to participate in community development programmes. They frequently lack the self-confidence or a forum in which to speak up publicly for themselves and for their families. They often lack access to child care, credit, education and land tenure, which limits them more than it limits the men of their own families. These obstacles prevent them from being heard and from achieving a more powerful role in accessing and making decisions about tree and forest resource management. This field guide focuses on practical ways to include women in project design and implementation and is meant to be a tool to facilitate discussion, offer options and promote action on behalf of women and forestry. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21987106}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @book {416, title = {We eat trees: Tree planting and land rehabilitation in West Pokot District, Kenya: a baseline study (Working Paper)}, series = {Forest, Trees and People Working Paper np. 82}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {123}, publisher = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre}, organization = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre}, address = {Uppsala [Sweden]}, abstract = {During early discussion with the management of the VI Tree Planting Project, it appeared to the author that there were three lodestars to guide the project{\textquoteright}s activities. First, by enclosing waste lands and planting trees in the semi-arid parts of West Pokot district, a rapid improvement of the environment is brought about. Grass invades the enclosed areas, soil erosion is arrested, and the productivity of the land is improved. This impresses the farmers of the area, who become interested in land rehabilitation. Secondly, in the higher potential areas of West Pokot district and in Trans Nzoia district, the project concentrates on producing and distributing seedlings of rapidly growing leguminous species. These will improve soil fertility and provide fuelwood in these densely populated and treeless areas. Thirdly, through cooperation with the many women groups on the settlement schemes in Trans Nzoia, the project hopes to reach a large number of families and encourage them to plant trees. (author)}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, erosion, extension, farmer participatory research, fodder, fuelwood, grazing, herding, Kenya, land use, livestock, pastoralism, reclamation of land, reforestation, soil conservation, subsistence agriculture, tree planting, women}, isbn = {978-91-576-3510-5}, issn = {0280-4301}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610964356}, author = {Wilhelm {\"O}stberg and Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala (Sweden) and International Rural Development Centre} } @book {417, title = {Weed management in agroecosystems: Ecological approaches}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {354}, publisher = {CRC Press, Inc.}, organization = {CRC Press, Inc.}, address = {Boca Raton, FL}, abstract = {Consists of table of contents and introduction. The chapters of this book describe the physiological, population, and community ecology of weeds within agroecosystems, with the goal of recognizing details relevant for better weed management. Recognition of the germination, establishment, growth, and reproduction requirements of different weeds will allow identification of life stages that are particularly susceptible to attack. Recognition of the effects of different tillage and crop rotation systems will be present in a particular field at a particular point in time. Recognition of how crops, insects, and pathogens affect weed performance through resource competition, allelopathy, herbivory, and disease will suggest better ways to use these phenomena in integrated approaches to weed management. Recognition of how and when weeds affect crop performance through resource competition, allelopathy, and positive and negative interactions with crop insect and disease pests will provide insights into when and how thoroughly weed management tactics should be imposed.}, keywords = {agricultural ecology, agricultural systems, biological control, ecology, integrated control, tillage, weeds}, isbn = {0-8493-6816-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16682275}, editor = {Miguel A. Altieri and Matt Liebman} } @article {720, title = {Weinstock{\textquoteright}s analogy}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {15}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {109-111}, abstract = {This article concerns the problem surrounding the comparison of South American and Southeast Asian swidden (slash and burn) systems. Topics discussed include the "apples and oranges" debate as well as root crop/seed crop cultivation, species diversity, and intent of production.}, keywords = {biodiversity, fallow, South America, southeast Asia}, doi = {10.1007/BF00891374}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602834}, author = {Stephen Beckerman} } @article {722, title = {When agroforests drive back natural forests: A socio-economic analysis of a rice-agroforest system in Sumatra}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {27-55}, abstract = {

In the Krui arae, (South Sumatra, Indonesia), the damar agroforests (Shorea javanica, Dipterocarpaceae) are but one element of the farming systems which include several other cropping systems such as irrigated or rainfed rice cultivation, and coffee plantation.

Rainfed rice is cultivated in forest clearings, in order to meet rice requirements which cannot be met with irrigated rice crop only. In the forest clearings, coffee stands are established in rice crop, and later, Damar are planted among coffee plants. As a result of this cropping system, the damar agroforest spreads while the forest dwindles.

In one village, no more forest land is available for peasants\&$\#$39; clearings. The resulting high land pressure causes cropping systems and farming systems to change or to be exported to neighbouring areas where forest land is still available.

}, keywords = {Dipterocarpaceae, Indonesia, peasants{\textquoteright} control, rice-agroforestry farming system, socioeconomics, Sumatra, Taungya System}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046412}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046412}, author = {Fabienne Mary and Genevi{\`e}ve Michon} } @conference {810, title = {Woody biomass production: Traditional methods for modern problems}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Alternative Energy in the Midwest: Research and Applications, March 19-20, 1987, Rosemont, Illinois}, series = {ILENR/AE-87/06}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {408-417}, publisher = {Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources}, organization = {Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources}, address = {Springfield, IL}, abstract = {

Recent research on fuelwood production in North America has concentrated on the simple coppice method, a highly productive but capital-intensive method that provides few of the benefits desired by landowners. In contrast to the maximum-yield approach taken by advocates of the simple coppice method, the goal of this study was to design low-input woodland management methods that would provide benefits consistent with landowner objectives. In particular, the objective was to develop systems of fuelwood production that could also be used to control soil erosion on marginal farmland and to provide high-quality wildlife habitat. From an energy perspective, the strategy is to sacrifice high productivity for wider adoption, thereby compensating for lower yields.

A review of the historical and ecological literature suggested that some of the lesser-known methods of fuelwood production methods may be better suited to the objectives of current landowners than the simple coppice system. To test this idea, experimental woodlots based on two traditional European woodland management systems were established. One of the systems, coppice with standards, is related to the simple coppice method. Although the primary product of coppice with standards is fuelwood from the coppice component, some trees (the standards) are retained for multiple coppice rotations to provide timber, to sustain wildlife, and to provide aesthetic benefits. The other system, pasture with pollards, is a type of agroforestry in which fuelwood-producing trees (the pollards) form a broken canopy above an herbaceous pasture layer. Pollards are much like coppiced trees except that regeneration occurs from the top of permanent trunks 8-12 feet tall, thereby preventing livestock from damaging young sprouts. Preliminary growth and yield data indicate that native tree species respond well to these methods. Potential benefits and problems of the two methods are discussed. (author).

}, keywords = {soil conservation}, author = {Christopher D. Burnett} } @book {419, title = {Women and community forestry in Sudan}, year = {1986}, month = {[1986?]}, pages = {28}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {[Rome]}, abstract = {Eighty percent of Sudan{\textquoteright}s population relies on trees to meet energy needs. High demands for firewood has led to the disappearance of about one-third of Sudan{\textquoteright}s forests. Reforestation has become a high priority with one goal hoping to convert wood consumers into tree producers. Special programs have been implemented to inform villagers about the need for trees and their capability to grow trees. Special women{\textquoteright}s committees are formed, and with the help of female extensionists, women begin small nurseries in the village or even in their own homes. Tree planting allows to plan for the future in order to meet the growing demand and to slow the effects of desert encroachment.}, keywords = {agroforestry, arid region, desertification, farmer participatory research, fuelwood, Sahel}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34367596}, author = {Caroline Webb} } @article {724, title = {Women and agroforestry: Four myths and three case studies}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {253-272}, abstract = {Women are traditionally important participants in both the agricultural and forestry components of agroforestry production. Women are frequently ignored in the design of agroforestry projects because of commonly held myths about their participation in both production activities and in public life. The involvement of women in agroforestry projects and activities are examined in case studies from the Dominican Republic, India and Kenya. Considerations for including women in agroforestry projects are discussed. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry, women}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147037}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00147037}, author = {Louise Fortmann and Dianne E. Rocheleau} } @article {726, title = {Women, wood and work in Kenya and beyond}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {36}, year = {1984}, month = {April 1984}, pages = {36-43}, abstract = {

The fuelwood crisis is discussed in the context of broader issues relating to poverty and land use, in which women are involved. Kenya is taken as a case study to illustrate the potential and limitations of tree-planting projects. The National Council of Women of Kenya is one of the major women\&$\#$39;s networks in a country with a strongly developed national network of women\&$\#$39;s organizations. It has developed a strong and active tree-planting programme with two major components \— the Green Belt movement and tree nursery development. The latter is a social forestry project; by 1982 there were over 50 nurseries and the project is expanding. A broader role is urged for women in decision-making and in wider political and economic influence.

[agroforestry, sustainabable Ag abstract] This article discusses the need for tree production in Kenya to meet growing fuelwood needs. Because of the role of women in society, projects have been directed specifically towards women. Women\&$\#$39;s clubs provide information and assistance for women to develop nurseries. The author notices weaknesses in the program which include:

  1. no participation among the poorest, most burdened women,
  2. over-centralized project management,
  3. project sustainability may depend on a single person, and
  4. socio-economic and political constraints.

Despite these barriers, women can gain valuable experience, resources, and income throughout developing countries with the introduction of these nurseries.

}, keywords = {Green Belt Movement, social forestry, tree nursery}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/r0465e/r0465e06.htm$\#$women,\%20wood\%20and\%20work:\%20in\%20kenya\%20and\%20beyond}, author = {Lori-Ann Thrupp} } @article {745, title = {Why do people grow trees?}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, abstract = {This paper examines the reasons behind the shift from not planting trees to planting trees in the last few decades. The author opens the paper with a series of questions concerning and gives the answers to the questions in the paper citing case studies of tree planting practices in Zanzibar, Malawi, Kenya, Mali, and Sudan.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, fuelwood}, author = {Noronha Raymond} } @book {418, title = {Wild fruits of the sub-Himalayan region}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {xii, 136}, publisher = {Kalyani Publishers [PARMAR]}, organization = {Kalyani Publishers [PARMAR]}, address = {New Delhi}, abstract = {In the present work, the authors have endeavoured to bring out detailed information on various characteristics of morphological, taxonomical, economical and horticultural importance. This information was collected during the course of investigation carried out by them on 26 plants found growing wild in the sub-Himalayan tract yielding edible fruits in an attempt to evaluate these wild fruits from economic and commercial standpoints. To make the work more comprehensive and useful, the authors also consult various other sources including the translations of ancient Sanskrit texts on Ayurveda for compiling all the available information on the medicinal properties and other uses of these plants. The treatise, therefore, carries a detailed information on the phenology, flowering and fruiting seasons, chemical composition, medicinal properties, yield, utilization, scope, etc., in respect of each fruit.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany, fruit, Himalayan region, horticulture, India, taxonomy, tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9422206}, author = {Chiranjit Parmar and Mitlesh Kumar Kaushal} } @article {723, title = {Why do Apo Kayan shifting cultivators move?}, journal = {Borneo Research Bulletin}, volume = {13}, year = {1981}, month = {April 1981}, pages = {16-32}, abstract = {This paper examines shifting cultivation patterns in Apo Kayan on the island of Borner (East Kalimantan). Includes reasons for moving from fields not related to food productions and discards the idea that shifting cultivators cannot adjust to a cash economy. Another "myth" this is discarded is that shifting cultivators are destroyers of primary forests. Also includes suggestions for resettlement program planning as well as expediting economic growth.}, keywords = {Indonesia, rainforests, rice, trade}, url = {http://www.borneoresearchcouncil.org/BRB\%20PDF\%20scans/BRB_1981_13_01.pdf}, author = {Timothy C. Jessup} }