TY - CHAP T1 - Models of subsistence and ethnobiological knowledge: Between extraction and cultivation in Southeast Asia T2 - Folkbiology Y1 - 1999 A1 - Roy F. Ellen ED - Douglas L. Medin ED - Scott Atran AB - The successful adaptation of human populations to rainforest environments depends largely on their capacity to organise and apply knowledge of its structure and composition. This paper examines our current understanding of this knowledge in a Southeast Asian context and how this relates to reliance on different models of subsistence. Particular emphasis will be placed on the differences between those populations which focus predominantly on direct extraction and those which focus on plant cultivation, and on populations which appear to be in various respects transitional. (author) JF - Folkbiology PB - MIT Press CY - Cambridge, MA SN - 026263192X; 9780262631921 UR - https://www.worldcat.org/title/237343776 U5 - 23 pp JO - Models of subsistence and ethnobiological knowledge ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The ecological and social consequences of conversion to Christianity among the Rungus Dusun of Sabah, Malaysia JF - Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography Y1 - 1997 A1 - George N. Appell KW - ecology KW - nutrition AB - This paper looks at the effects of conversion to Christianity amongst the Rungus people of Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo) on the culture and the environment. Some of the consequences proposed include degradation of the forests, deterioration of water systems, and a breakdown of Rungus culture. Also proposed is the possible damage to the nutrient cycle and an increase in health problems. Includes reasons for conversion, outline of traditional Rungus religion, and a summary of traditional swidden agriculture. VL - 11 N1 - CIKARD collection contains the 1987 revised copy of the article (manuscript). U5 - 49 pp. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Biodiversity prospecting JF - Geneflow Y1 - 1994 A1 - Anonymous KW - intellectual property rights AB - In September 1991, the Institiuto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), a Costa Rican private non-profit organization and the U.S. pharmaceutical firm Merck & Company entered into an agreement on 'biodiversity prospecting' - the exploration of biodiversity of commercially valuable genetic resources. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck provided over US$1million for a limited number of extracts from accessions gathered by Costa Rican ecochemists. The partners have agreed on a royalty-sharing system if any of the material is commercialized. (author) VL - 12 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Development of agriculture in the Sudan: An annotated bibliography with an introductory essay T2 - Sudan library series no. 19 Y1 - 1994 ED - Medani Mohamed M Ahmed KW - agricultural development projects KW - agriculture KW - aquatic resources KW - economic aspects KW - Sudan AB -

Subjects discussed:

JF - Sudan library series no. 19 PB - University of Khartoum, Institute of African and Asian Studies, Khartoum University Press CY - Khartoum, Sudan UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32608519 JO - Development of agriculture in the Sudan ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Indigenous farming systems, knowledge and practices in the Sudan T2 - Sudan Library Series no. 21 Y1 - 1994 ED - Medani Mohamed M Ahmed AB -

Contents:

JF - Sudan Library Series no. 21 PB - Khartoum University Press CY - Khartoum, Sudan UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32817483 JO - Indigenous farming systems ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Indigenous knowledge for sustainable development in the Sudan T2 - Sudanese library series no. 20 Y1 - 1994 ED - Medani Mohamed M Ahmed AB -

Papers:

JF - Sudanese library series no. 20 PB - Khartoum University Press, Institute of African and Asian Studies CY - Khartoum, Sudan UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32817483 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Livestock for a small earth: The role of animals in a just and sustainable world Y1 - 1994 ED - Jerry Aaker KW - Heifer Project KW - livestock KW - livestock projects KW - small farms KW - sustainable agriculture AB - This book is a collection of essays that share what has been learned over the course of half a century about how to make agricultural development socially just and environmentally sustainable. It is a primer on development assistance using animals. PB - Seven Locks Press CY - Washington, DC SN - 0-929765-28-1; 978-0-929765-28-0 N1 - Additional Contributors: James DeVries [and others]; illustrations by Barbara W. Carter; Heifer Project International JO - Livestock for a Small Earth ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Noble savage or noble state? Northern myths and southern realities in biodiversity conservation JF - Etnoecológica Y1 - 1994 A1 - Janis B. Alcorn KW - indigenous and local community rights AB - Northern biological preservationists wish to keep biodiversity in untouched natural settings free of any human habitation. They see people who live and work there as threats to be educated and removed if at all possible. To achieve their desires, they trust strong governments to wield the stick to protect biodiversity. They believe in a "noble state." On the other hand, Northern cultural preservationist wish to see exotic peoples preserved as idealized, superior cultures which live in "harmony with nature," untainted by the market economy. They believe in "noble savages." These Northern desires, like Northern desires for economic growth, press Northern projections upon Southern realities. Myths are created by these projections. Where is the reality? (author) VL - 2 IS - 3 U1 -

Etnoecológica

JO - Noble savage or noble state? ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nonfarm employment in small-scale forest-based enterprises: Policy and environmental issues. JF - Working Paper Y1 - 1994 A1 - J. E. M. Arnold KW - fuelwood AB -

Employment and income from non-farm activities are of increasing importance in the rural economy of developing countries. Small forest-based enterprise activities constitute one of the largest sources of such income. They also account for a large part of the total harvest from forests in many areas.

Many agriculturalists supplement their income through gathering and trading products such as forest foods, medicinal plants, and fuel wood. Small-scale manufacturing of items such as furniture, baskets, mats and craft goods constitute substantial informal sector industries. Income from these activities tends to be particularly important during seasonal shortfalls in food and cash crop income and in periods of drought or emergencies.

Ease of access to forest raw materials means that forest-based activities are particularly important for the poor and for women. However, some of the simpler activities provide very low returns to labor, and may thus provide only minimal and short-lived livelihood contributions. Some of the most important saleable forest products face uncertain markets because of growing competition from industrial or synthetic alternatives or domesticated sources of the materials. As demand grows, some activities are also threatened by depletion of, or reduced access to, forest resources.

In developing policies in support of sustainable activities, it is therefore important to be able to distinguish between those that have a potential to grow and those that do not. Policy issues include regulations that discriminate against the informal sector, policies that result in the shift from managed to uncontrolled open access use of forest resources, and restrictions on private production and sale of forest products that impede the development of farm-based sources of these products. (author).

VL - 11 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31479949 U5 - 49 JO - Nonfarm employment in small-scale forest-based enterprises ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The power of local knowledge JF - Geneflow Y1 - 1994 A1 - Anonymous KW - biodiversity KW - North Africa AB - This short piece discusses the importance of preserving biodiversity in nature. In this case the article focused on the diversity of turnips in the area of Marrakech, Morocco. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Secret gardens of the Kayapó JF - Geneflow Y1 - 1994 A1 - Anonymous KW - biodiversity KW - Kayapo ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Tropical forest conservation and development: A bibliography Y1 - 1994 A1 - Jean Albrecht KW - agroforestry KW - fuelwood KW - trees AB - This book is a bibliography containing citations on forest resources, deforestation, conservation and sustainable development, indigenous peoples, management, policy, and planning, trade and industrial development, nontimber forest products, research, education, training, and history. PB - Forestry Library, University of Minnesota CY - St Paul, MN JO - Tropical forest conservation and development ER - TY - CONF T1 - Agronomic and socio-economic aspects of windbreaks in Southwest-Niger T2 - Paper presented at 4th International Symposium on Windbreaks and Agroforestry, July 26-30, 1993, Viborg, Denmark Y1 - 1993 A1 - J. P. A. Lamers A1 - K. Michels A1 - B.E Allison A1 - R. J. Vanderbeldt KW - agroforestry KW - Niger KW - windbreaks AB - The integration of socio-economic and cultural survey into agroforestry experiments and development projects already in the planning stage can assist in the choice of tree species and the planting system. In 1992, an on-station windbreak/millet experiment in Niger was combined with a survey of farmers and their wives from an adjacent village in order to evaluate local knowledge, perception and the attributed value of trees and shrubs. Millet yield were reduced by Acacia holosericea and Acacia nilotica up to a 2 and 8 m distance from the hedge, respectively, while Faidherbia albida showed no competition to millet. The survey showed that farmers appreciation of tree species was strongly related to agricultural issues; they considered F. albida as the most preferred tree because of its soil enrichment. Their wives, however, concentrated on household needs and ranked Combretum glutinosum first. Farmers were aware of wind erosion and crop competition effects of different species. This study provided evidence that long term studies on the technical aspects of windbreaks and agroforestry systems could gain substantially from the indigenous knowledge of rural people. JF - Paper presented at 4th International Symposium on Windbreaks and Agroforestry, July 26-30, 1993, Viborg, Denmark CY - Viborg, Denmark UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768076539 U3 - 4th International Symposium on Windbreaks and Agroforestry U5 - 5 pp. ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Boundaries of home: Mapping for local empowerment T2 - The New catalyst bioregional series no. 6 Y1 - 1993 ED - Doug Aberley KW - cartography KW - environmental mapping KW - human ecology KW - landscape changes KW - maps AB - This book discusses the making of maps as a means of getting to know one's locality and as a means of local empowerment. Various mapmaking applications are discussed, of varying degrees of sophistication, mostly in the contest of California and British Columbia. Locally made maps are important because they (1) acquaint the local people with their land and resources, and (2) they make it harder for outside agencies to exploit the local people unfairly. JF - The New catalyst bioregional series no. 6 PB - New Society Publishers CY - Gabriola Island, BC, Canada SN - 1-55092-207-6 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28497226 JO - Boundaries of home ER - TY - ABST T1 - Indigenous biodiversity network Y1 - 1993 A1 - Alejandro Argumedo KW - biodiversity KW - intellectual property rights AB -

For more information contact: Alejandro Argumedo, Suite 6620, 1 Nicholas St., Ottawa, ON Canada K1N 7B7

A statement submitted to an intergovernmental committee on the convention of biological diversity. This discusses the rights of indigenous people the world over and the importance of their knowledge. In regards to their rights, they state some specific actions to help stop the exploitation of their land and their knowledge. While offering their help with issues such as conservation, they feel they are unjustly deprived of the rewards and benefits made possible because of their help. Together with government organizations, they will help restore the earth to a more natural state to the benefit of all.

ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Property-rights regimes and coastal fisheries: An empirical analysis T2 - The political economy of customs and culture: Informal solutions to the commons problem Y1 - 1993 A1 - Edella Schlager A1 - Elinor Ostrom ED - Terry L. Anderson ED - Randy T. Simmons KW - aquatic resources KW - common property KW - fishing grounds KW - marine AB - Since different bundles of rights affect the behavior of resource users, it is crucial that in analyzing common pool resources the types of property rights held by users be made explicity. Defining how fishing grounds may be used substantially affects whether fishers resolved common pool resource dilemmas. The term "common property" can't begin to capture the diversity of rights held in common by resource users. Instead, a more precise language that captures meaningful differences among different property rights regimes. JF - The political economy of customs and culture: Informal solutions to the commons problem PB - Rowman & Littlefield CY - Lanham, MD SN - 0933595123; 978-0933595125 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26587148 N1 -

Credited in Warren Bibliography as Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, R93-10

Also available online from Google Books

U5 - 41 pp. JO - Property-rights regimes and coastal fisheries ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Tropical forest conservation and development: A bibliography T2 - Manual (Environmental and Natural Resources Policy and Training Project) no. 1 Y1 - 1993 A1 - Jean Albrecht KW - agroforestry KW - fuelwood KW - trees AB - This book is a bibliography containing citations on forest resources, deforestation, conservation and sustainable development, indigenous peoples, management, policy, and planning, trade and industrial development, nontimber forest products, research, education, training, and history. JF - Manual (Environmental and Natural Resources Policy and Training Project) no. 1 PB - EPAT/MUCIA-Research & Training, University of Wisconsin—Madison CY - Madison, WI UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28478635 JO - Tropical forest conservation and development ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Using rapid rural appraisal techniques of Dache Gofara Peasant Association in Boloso Sorie Wereda: Report of diagnostic survey Y1 - 1993 A1 - Simon Adebo KW - agriculture KW - agroforestry KW - Ethiopia KW - livestock KW - social structure KW - water resources AB -

This is a report of a Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) survey which was carried out in the area of the Dache Gofara Peasant Association (PA) of Boloso Sorie (Areka) Werenda in the North Omo zone, South Ethiopia. The objectives of the survey include: to identify crop production contraints and their effects on specific crops produced; to assess ways and means of maximising production and utilising the available limited resources in the PA; to survey natural and socio-economic conditions that influence production systems in the area with the view to identify farmers' priorities or solutions for the constraints and their "best bets" development options; and, to identify the needs of women, and ways in which they themselves could actively participate in their specific development activities. (author)

The farmers identified three types of soils in the PA area. Perennial crops, eucalyptus trees, and a variety of other tree species cover the area throughout the year.

PB - FARM Africa CY - Addis Ababa, Ethiopia UR - https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=ET19940094237 U5 - 147 pp. JO - Using Rapid Rural Appraisal Techniques of Dache Gofara Peasant Association in Boloso Sorie Wereda ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Using rapid rural appraisal techniques of Gersale Village in Duraite Peasants Association in Konso Wereda: Report of diagnostic survey Y1 - 1993 A1 - Simon Adebo KW - agroforestry KW - cropping patterns KW - land use KW - livestock KW - social structure KW - trees KW - water resources AB -

This is a report of a diagnostic study, using Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) techniques. The main objective of the field work was to give trainees practice in the RRA approach and only secondary was the objectives to do RRA diagnostic study that could guide further development efforts by the community in collaboration with government and non-government organisations in Konso. (author)

Sections of this report include:

PB - FARM Africa CY - Addis Ababa, Ethiopia UR - https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=ET9300195 JO - Using Rapid Rural Appraisal Techniques of Gersale Village in Duraite Peasants Association in Konso Wereda ER - TY - CONF T1 - Panagawat Iti Bagi: Understanding local praxis on health, sickness and healing T2 - Paper presented at International Symposium on Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development, 21-25 September 1992, Silang, Cavite, Philippines Y1 - 1992 A1 - Eufracio C. Abaya AB - Coming from the ranks of anthropologists addressing health-related issues, I am here to participate in the current discourse on "indigenous knowledge" and development. I will begin with a brief discussion of what I sense as some of the potential conceptual morass that the use of the concept of "indigenous knowledge" might engender. Then I will deal with the question: How do we gain access and at the same time interpret so-called "indigenous knowledge" on health, sickness, and healing? Here I am going to use a case study derived from my ethnographic study in an agrarian community of 220 households found in the foothills of the Sierra Madre mountains in northeastern Luzon. To end my presentation, I will give some commentaries of the current initiatives in the sphere of health care promotion and maintenance. (author) JF - Paper presented at International Symposium on Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development, 21-25 September 1992, Silang, Cavite, Philippines PB - International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) CY - Silang, Cavite, Philippines N1 - Papers presented at the symposium later published in one volume by IIRR U5 - 11 pp. JO - Panagawat Iti Bagi ER - TY - CONF T1 - Rice and fish: Dual function of rice fields among the Kasepuhan people in West Java T2 - Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992 Y1 - 1992 A1 - Kusnaka Adimihardja KW - aquaculture KW - ecology KW - fish culture KW - Java KW - Kasepuhan KW - rice KW - rice-fish culture AB -

In West Java there is a group of people whose social world is considered to be almost completely based on traditional manners and custom. This particular community is the Kasepuhan people. They live on the slope of Mt. Halimun in the southern part of West Java. The Kasepuhan people still practice swidden agriculture, as well as wet rice agriculture. Until now they have refused the government proposal to change the planting and harvesting of rice from one to two times a year. This proposal is in conflict with their traditional belief. However, the government looks at this refusal as a protest to their agriculture development policy.

During the period of rest in the rice paddy field, fish are raised. This process brings economic as well as ecological benefits for the Kasepuhan people.

JF - Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992 PB - International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) CY - Silang, Cavite, Philippines U5 - 12 pp. JO - Rice and fish ER - TY - CONF T1 - Traditional environmental knowledge: A resource to manage and share T2 - Paper presented at Development with Equity and Ecological Security: Strategies and Institutions for the 21st Century Y1 - 1992 A1 - Gisèle Morin-Labatut A1 - Shahid Akhtar KW - demographic factors KW - economic factors KW - environment KW - environmental protection KW - indigenous population KW - natural resources KW - population characteristics KW - sociocultural factors AB -

This document defines traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and gives examples of organizations that are working with TEK. Formation of a global network of these organizations is suggested.

Gisèle Morin-Labatut and Shahid Akhtar examine the knowledge base acquired by indigenous and local peoples over the generations through direct contact with their environment. They argue that this knowledge, including an intimate and detailed understanding of plants, animals and natural phenomena, the development and use of appropriate technologies for hunting, fishing, agriculture and forestry, and a holistic knowledge, or "world view," parallels the scientific disciplines of ecology and environmental studies. Their paper indicates how indigenous knowledge is embedded in a dynamic, multidimensional universe in which cultural, economic, environmental and political factors intersect and influence one another. (author)

JF - Paper presented at Development with Equity and Ecological Security: Strategies and Institutions for the 21st Century UR - https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/11724/94940.pdf?sequence=1 N1 -

Google Scholar provides the paper presented to the Conference on Development with Equity and Ecological Security: Strategies and Institutions for the 21st Century, 11-12 September 1992.

Please see the journal Development's version record.

JO - Traditional environmental knowledge ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Traditional environmental knowledge: A resource to manage and share JF - Development (Journal of SID [Society for International Development]) Y1 - 1992 A1 - Gisèle Morin-Labatut A1 - Shahid Akhtar KW - demographic factors KW - economic factors KW - environment KW - environmental protection KW - indigenous population KW - natural resources KW - population characteristics KW - sociocultural factors AB -

Gisèle Morin-Labatut and Shahid Akhtar examine the knowledge base acquired by indigenous and local peoples over the generations through direct contact with their environment. They argue that this knowledge, including an intimate and detailed understanding of plants, animals and natural phenomena, the development and use of appropriate technologies for hunting, fishing, agriculture and forestry, and a holistic knowledge, or "world view," parallels the scientific disciplines of ecology and environmental studies. Their paper indicates how indigenous knowledge is embedded in a dynamic, multidimensional universe in which cultural, economic, environmental and political factors intersect and influence one another. (author)

Indigenous people have acquired traditional environmental or ecological knowledge (TEK) over generations as a survival strategy. Knowledge and application are intricately linked with cultural economic environmental and political factors. Recognition of indigenous peoples contributions to management of natural resources was given in the 1989 World Conservation Strategy and the 1987 Brundtland Commissions Our Common Future. The premise is that sustainable management of resources can be achieved only through scientific development which includes the priorities of local population. It is also achieved through technological development which uses both traditional and modern approaches to problem solving. Western scientists have not readily accepted TEK. THe current relationship between TEK and Western approaches is a power relationship where indigenous people lack political power and control over natural resources and Western development paradigms are imposed. Comparisons of TEK and Western knowledge systems are given in Annex 1. This paper addresses the issues of how traditional and Western environment knowledge are complementary and jointly contribute to sustainable development. Integration requires different forms of institutional and political organization and power. Respect for indigenous knowledge (IK) will occur during the process of documenting and disseminating IK. It also occurs when indigenous populations become involved in the research process itself and affect changes in the research design and implementation. What is needed is more indigenous people who can manage Western research methods and Western researchers who understand aboriginal approaches to understanding the environment. Western researchers also need holistic ways of defining the universe. UNCED documents (Agenda 21) recognize the importance of indigenous cultures knowledge about health culture and human settlements. Other documents which provide a framework for dealing with these issues are Principle 22 of the Rio Declaration and the Preamble of the Convention on Biodiversity. Examples of TEK cooperative programs are given for Canada (Man and the Biosphere the International Development Research Center and other initiatives). Other centers for knowledge about TEK are also noted. An international TEK Management System affiliated with the Canadians has been proposed.

IS - 4 N1 -
  1. Development (SID Journal) not found online prior to 1999; Google Scholar version is a paper presented at the Conference on Development with Equity and Ecological Security: Strategies and Institutions for the 21st Century, 11-12 September 1992.
  2. Please see the record for the Google Scholar version that was presented at the conference.

JO - Traditional environmental knowledge ER - TY - JOUR T1 - An heirloom in the garden: Antique fruits and flowers are popping up all over JF - Newsweek Y1 - 1991 A1 - K. Ames A1 - A. Underwood KW - biodiversity KW - gardening KW - genetic diversity KW - germplasm AB -

With the expansion of agribusiness, companies are looking for crops which will grow rapidly and produce a standard plant. These crops fit well into the package and can weather long trips to the market.

Hybridization has caused many different varieties of crops to all but disappear from the market. Plants have lost their regional differences with attention given to standardization. Among some of these lost crops are the howling mob corn, ice cream watermelons, and mortgage lifter tomatoes. These regional varieties are considered "heirloom" crops.

Their seeds are kept in circulation by small groups of gardeners swapping seeds. Organizations such as Seed Savers Exchange are helping small time gardeners to obtain seeds of regional varieties of crops and flowers.

VL - 118 IS - 2 N1 -

Comments on antique fruits and flowers that are popping up all over.  For years, small groups of gardeners kept endangered varieties alive by collecting and swapping their seeds. Recently word of their work spread.  Kent Whealy of Seed Savers Exchange in Decorah, Iowa; Two mainstream catalog outfits, Gardener's Supply Co. and Smith & Hawken.

U1 - Newsweek JO - An heirloom in the garden ER - TY - ABST T1 - Leaders in sustainable agriculture: Oral history interview series Y1 - 1991 A1 - AFSIC (Alternative Farming Systems Information Center) KW - communications KW - information KW - oral history KW - study and teaching KW - sustainable agriculture AB -

Description of video tapes.

The Alternative Farming Systems Information Center (AFSIC) is creating a series of videotaped interviews with leaders in the field of sustainable agriculture. The first eight of these tapes are currently available from the National Agricultural Library, with more to follow.

JF - AFSIC Oral History Interview Series PB - AFSIC CY - Beltsville, MD UR - https://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/oral-history-interview-series N1 - Alternative Farming Systems Information Center National Agricultural
Library 10301, Baltimore Boulevard Beltsville, MD 20705-2351 U5 - 1 p. JO - Leaders in sustainable agriculture ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Pátzcuaro's lesson: Nature, production, and culture in an indigenous region of Mexico T2 - Biodiversity: Culture, conservation, and ecodevelopment Y1 - 1991 A1 - Victor M. Toledo ED - Margery L. Oldfield ED - Janis B. Alcorn KW - agricultural conservation KW - agricultural ecology KW - biodiversity conservation KW - ecosystem KW - fish KW - forestry KW - germplasm resources KW - household KW - land redistribution KW - land tenure KW - landscapes KW - maize morphology KW - Mesoamerica KW - mestizo KW - mushroom KW - Native Americans KW - natural resource management KW - pasture KW - peasants KW - population KW - Purépecha KW - settlements KW - smallholders KW - soil classification KW - subsistence patterns KW - Tarascans KW - taxonomy KW - transect KW - woodland management AB - This document looks at the ecosystem and cultural history in the region of Lake Pátzcuaro, Mexico. The production activities and use of natural resources (plant and animal, both wild and cultivated) of and by the local indigenous communities are detailed. Activities and knowledge of the Purhépecha people are focused upon. JF - Biodiversity: Culture, conservation, and ecodevelopment PB - Westview Press CY - Boulder, CO SN - 0-8133-7680-7; 978-0-8133-7680-6 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24467584 U5 - 26 pp. JO - Pátzcuaro's lesson ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Some missing policy links in Nigerian agricultural development Y1 - 1991 A1 - Ojetunji Aboyada AB -

Contains discussions on:

  1. rethinking the framework for policy analysis
  2. elusiveness of an African "green revolution"
  3. the changing profile of Nigerian farming
  4. revisiting the IITA agenda

The goal of IITA is to increase the productivity of key food crops and to develop sustainable agricultural systems that can replace bush fallow, of slash-and-burn, cultivation in the humid and subhumid tropics. Crop improvement programs focus on cassava, maize, plantain, cowpea, soybean, and yam. Research findings are shared through international cooperation programs, which include training, information, and germplasm exchange activities.

PB - Publications Unit IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture) CY - Ibadan, Nigeria UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/633156914 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Alternatives to deforestation: Steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest Y1 - 1990 ED - Anthony B. Anderson KW - agroforestry KW - Amazon KW - deforestation KW - ecology AB - Alternatives to Deforestation explores some of the possible sustainable uses of the world's largest rain forest, the Amazon. The collection by scientists, policy makers, and foundations presents innovative approaches and technologies that will permit simultaneous use and conservation of the rain forest, and will benefit the population of Amazonia as a whole, rather than just a small rural minority. By presenting sustainable land-use alternatives that are both economically viable and ecologically sound, this book represents a valuable contribution in the effort to end the tragic consequences of tropical deforestation. (author) PB - Columbia University Press CY - New York SN - 0-231-06892-1; 978-0-231-06892-5 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/803206060 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Amazonia: Voices from the rainforest Y1 - 1990 A1 - Monti Aguirre A1 - Angela Gennio A1 - Brent Milikan A1 - Maria Amalia Souza A1 - Glenn Switkes KW - Amazon KW - rainforests AB - This guide, based on information gathered from questionnaires and interviews with amazonian organizations,discusses the efforts of the indigenous people of the Amazon to defend their rain forests. It also discusses what these Amazonian organizations feel outside world needs to know about their fight and what hey can do to help. PB - Rainforest Action Network and Amazonia Film Project CY - San Francisco UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232654290 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The banana (Musa spp.) Coffee robusta: Traditional agroforestry system of Uganda JF - Agroforestry Systems Y1 - 1990 A1 - Peter A. Oduol A1 - J. R. W. Aluma KW - agroforestry KW - bananas KW - coffee KW - home gardens KW - medicinal plants KW - mixed cropping KW - multipurpose trees KW - traditional agroforestry KW - Uganda AB - Banana (Musa spp.) with Coffee robusta, a traditional agroforestry system in Uganda, is a purely mixed cropping system managed on a sustained production basis. The basic primary production is banana as a main food crop and Coffee robusta as the main cash crop. The variety of trees deliberately retained, managed and planted, animals and crops in the system are managed by the farmers to maximize production by supplying timber, fruits, fuelwood, fodder, food, medicinal and other miscellaneous uses. VL - 11 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045900 IS - 3 U1 - Agroforest Syst JO - The banana (Musa spp.) Coffee robusta ER - TY - CHAP T1 - The ecology and management of insect pests in traditional agroecosystems T2 - Ethnobiology : implications and applications : proceedings of the First International Congress of Ethnobiology, Belém, 1988 Y1 - 1990 A1 - Miguel A. Altieri ED - Overal, William L ED - Posey, Darrell Addison KW - agroecology KW - ethnoentomology KW - indigenous pest control AB -

An analysis of the scattered research conducted on indigenous knowledge about pest ecology and methods of pest control used in traditional agriculture suggested the following facts:

The ensemble of traditional crop protection practices used by indigenous farmers throughout the developing world represents a rich resource for modern workers seeking to create pest management systems that are well adapted to the agroecological, cultural and socioeconomic circumstances facing peasants.

JF - Ethnobiology : implications and applications : proceedings of the First International Congress of Ethnobiology, Belém, 1988 PB - Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi CY - Belém, Brazil VL - 1 UR - https://www.worldcat.org/title/1025826490 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Homestead tree planting in two rural Swazi communities JF - Agroforestry Systems Y1 - 1990 A1 - James A. Allen KW - agroforestry KW - fruit trees KW - social forestry KW - Swaziland KW - woodlots AB - Tree planting practices were investigated on a total of 95 homesteads in two communities in rural Swaziland. Information was also collected on socioeconomic characteristics of the homesteads. In both the study areas, Sigombeni and Bhekinkhosi, there was considerable variation amongst individual homesteads in size, relative wealth (as indicated by cattle and motor vehicle ownership), and amount and types of trees planted. Eighty-five percent of all homesteads in Sigombeni and 73 percent in Bhekinkhosi had planted at least one tree. Common forms of planting included small woodlots, fruit trees, and ornamentals. Virtually all the woodlots consisted of two introduced wattle species (Acacia mearnsii and A. decurrens). The most commonly planted fruit trees were avocadoes, bananas, and peaches. No complex or labor-intensive agroforestry practices (such as maize/leucaena intercropping) were observed. There was some evidence that the poorest and newest homesteads were the least likely to have planted any trees and that the richest homesteads were the most likely to have planted woodlots. The results indicate that forestry research and extension efforts should take into account homestead characteristics, and strive to offer a range of tree planting options that vary in input requirements, labor needs, and complexity. VL - 11 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00122809 IS - 1 U1 - Agroforest Syst ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Indigenous agroforestry strategies meeting farmers' needs T2 - Alternatives to deforestation: Steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest. Y1 - 1990 A1 - Janis B. Alcorn ED - Anthony B. Anderson KW - agroforestry KW - Bora KW - deforestation KW - ecology KW - Huastec KW - Mexico KW - Peru AB - Seven characteristics of indigenous agroforestry strategies are discussed: they incorporate native trees and communities; they rely on natural succession; they use natural environmental variation; they incorporate numerous crop and native species; they are flexible; they spread risks by retaining diversity; and they work to ensure independent survival using backup resources available to the community. Specific examples from the sequential agroforestry and forest grove systems of Mexican Huastec and Peruvian Bora farmers show the ways in which indigenous strategies are used. JF - Alternatives to deforestation: Steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest. PB - Columbia University Press CY - New York SN - 0-231-06892-1; 978-0-231-06892-5 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/803206060 N1 - Author Affiliation: Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Medicine from plants JF - Science Y1 - 1990 A1 - Philip H. Abelson KW - ethnobotany KW - ethnopharmacology KW - medicinal plants AB - Basically, this article just discusses the usefulness of plants as medicine. It goes on the objective that the National Cancer Institute has created a superior technique for screening plants for useful medicinal properties. Some of the economic aspects of the medicinal plant industry are discussed. Lastly, it discusses the number of plants that have been tested as opposed to the number of plants in existence. It states that many have come from tropical forests, especially rainforests, and at the rate that they are being destroyed we may lose valuable plants before we have a chance to test them. VL - 247 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/2873781 IS - 4942 U1 - Science ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The tragedy of the commons: Twenty-two years later JF - Human Ecology Y1 - 1990 A1 - David Feeny A1 - Fikret Berkes A1 - Bonnie J. McCay A1 - James M. Acheson KW - co-management KW - common property KW - fisheries KW - forestry KW - grazing lands KW - sustainable development KW - water resources KW - wildlife AB - Hardin's Tragedy of the Commons model predicts the eventual overexploitation or degradation of all resources used in common. Given this unambiguous prediction, a surprising number of cases exist in which users have been able to restrict access to the resource and establish rules among themselves for its sustainable use. To assess the evidence, we first define common-property resources and present a taxonomy of property-rights regimes in which such resources may be held. Evidence accumulated over the last twenty-two years indicates that private, state, andcommunal property are all potentially viable resource management options. A more complete theory than Hardin's should incorporate institutional arrangements and cultural factors to provide for better analysis and prediction. (author) VL - 18 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889070 IS - 1 JO - The Tragedy of the Commons ER - TY - RPRT T1 - The use of marine organisms in folk medicine and horticulture: A preliminary study Y1 - 1990 A1 - P. M. Alino A1 - G. J. B. Cajipe A1 - E.T. Ganzon-Fortes A1 - W. R. Y. Licuanan A1 - N. E. Montano A1 - L. M. Tupas KW - ethnobotany KW - ethnopharmacology KW - medicinal plants KW - taxonomy AB - This paper reports briefly on the use of marine organisms in folk medicine and horticulture among the coastal people of northern Mindanao and the Visayan Islands of Bohol, Cebu, and Negros in central Philippines. This island group seemed to us a good starting point for what could eventually be a broad and in-depth study of this subject. For one thing, the common folk medicinal and horticultural practices in these areas are, for the most part, based on efficacious use of marine plants and animals. For another, the people on these islands are linked by a common dialect that is spoken by two of us, a distinct advantage that precluded the need for translation during interveiws with local folks. (author) T3 - SICEN Leaflet 1: Supplement of the SICEN Newsletter PB - Seaweed Information Center (SICEN), University of the Philippines CY - Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines U5 - 8 pp. JO - The use of marine organisms in folk medicine and horticulture ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Why study traditional agriculture? T2 - Agroecology Y1 - 1990 A1 - Miguel A. Altieri ED - C. Ronald Caroll ED - John H. Vandermeer ED - Peter M. Rosset KW - agricultural ecology KW - ecology AB - It is difficult to separate the study of agricultural systems from the study of the cultures that nurture them. For this reason, this paper deals with both the complexity of the production systems as well as with the sophistication of the knowledge of the people that manage them. This paper also attempts to integrate the arguments advanced by both social scientists and biologists, in order to justify the need to continue studying traditional agroecosystems. It is here argued that rescue of this knowledge must occur rapidly, not only because it is being irreversibly lost, but also because it is crucial for the advancement of agricultural ecology. JF - Agroecology T3 - Biological resource management PB - McGraw-Hill CY - New York SN - 0-07-052923-X; 978-0-07-052923-6 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20055574 U5 - 22 pp. ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Costs and benefits of floodplain forest management by rural inhabitants in the Amazon estuary: A case study of Acai palm production T2 - Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development Y1 - 1989 A1 - Anthony B. Anderson A1 - Mário Augusto G Jardim ED - John O. Browder KW - Amazon KW - ecology KW - palm production AB -

This chapter is a case study of an economically productive and ecologically sustainable land use that has evolved among traditional inhabitants in the floodplain of the Amazon estuary. These river dwellers ("ribeirinhos"), typically mestizo in ethnicity, constitute a living bridge between indigenous Amerindian knowledge of the natural diversity and inherent productivity of the Amazon's floodplain resources and the modern world with its more limited view of the economic potential of natural ecosystems. The river dwellers of the Amazon estuary participate in the market economy, and are often mistakenly included in the economically marginal, rural population of lesser-developed countries that recent multi-lateral development programs have sought to advance. What prevailing development programs have failed to consider is how the river dwellers' knowledge of their environment can contribute to a better use of fragile lands in the floodplain.

The present case study does not aspire to propose a comprehensive sustainable land-use strategy for the Amazon's floodplain ("varzea"). Rather, it focuses on the economic potential of one important natural resource element in the regional economy, the "acai" palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). We report the findings of a field experiment designed to measure the effects of different management practices utilized by river dwellers on fruit yields in natural stands of acai. Although measurements of the effects of these practices on other floodplain forest species were not included in this experiment, our findings are important since acai is the foremost commercial floodplain forest resource for rural inhabitants over extensive areas of the estuary. The case study described in this chapter is particularly interesting because rural inhabitants of the Amazon estuary implement an extensive form of land use in a biotope generally considered to have the greatest potential for intensive agriculture in Amazonia: the varzea floodplain of sediment-rich rivers. Forest resources are the most fragile component of the floodplain, which has served as the principal location for agriculture in Amazonia since aboriginal times. The acai palm is an especially fragile resource, as it has been subjected to intensive exploitation in the form of palm heart extraction since the 1960's. In contrast to other floodplain areas however, river dwellers in the estuary we studied have largely maintained the native forest cover and have developed management practices that assure the sustained utilization of forest resources such as acai.

The general adoption of a less intensive form of land use in a biotope of high agricultural potential is frequently viewed as a sign of the inhabitants' lack of industry, "collecting mentality," Indian blood, and "primitive" land-use practices. However, this option is in fact a rational one from ecological, cultural, and economic perspectives. Elsewhere, the ecological and cultural bases for this option have been examined in detail. Here we shall examine this option from an economic perspective by conducting a cost-benefit analysis of various management practices carried out by local inhabitants in naturally occurring stands of the acai palm. (author)

JF - Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development PB - Westview Press CY - Boulder, CO SN - 0-8133-7705-6; 978-0-8133-7705-6 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18351601 JO - Costs and benefits of floodplain forest management by rural inhabitants in the Amazon estuary ER - TY - CHAP T1 - An economic analysis of Huastec Mayan forest management T2 - Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development Y1 - 1989 A1 - Janis B. Alcorn ED - John O. Browder KW - agroforestry KW - Huastec KW - Latin America KW - Maya KW - Mexico AB -

In this paper, I describe and evaluate a type of "social forestry" system currently used by indigenous farmers living at a density of 100 persons per square kilometer in a zone of "fragile lands" in northeastern Mexico. This zone can be classified as fragile for several reasons. It is a zone where bare soil is easily damaged by heavy rains and hot sun. It is a zone of slopes subject to erosion by runoff from the heavy rains. The land use I describe is not limited to the specific physical or social conditions of my study site. Systems similar to that of the Huastec have been described from other areas and could be applied by trained smallholders living in any forested area, regardless of forest type or slope.

The advantages of this systems are that it complements production from other farm subunits, gives farmers access to subsistence goods, produces commercially valuable products, conserves wild genetic resources of forest species, and protects soils. (author)

JF - Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development PB - Westview Press CY - Boulder, CO SN - 0-8133-7705-6; 978-0-8133-7705-6 N1 - Chapter 12 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Environmental accounting for sustainable development: Selected papers from Joint UNEP/World Bank Workshops T2 - World Bank Symposium Y1 - 1989 ED - Yusuf Ahmad ED - Salah El Serafy ED - Ernst Lutz KW - accounting KW - economic development KW - environmental aspects KW - environmental impact analysis KW - national income KW - natural resources AB - International organizations are making a substantial effort to incorporate environmental concerns in their regular operations. A great deal of work is now being done to help clarify the linkages between development and the environment. This work will enable us to integrate environmental and resource management concerns more effectively in the economic decision-making process. It will be an essential component in our efforts to establish the basis for long-term and sustainable development. This volume reflects the attention given during the past six years by the World Bank and the United Nations Environment Programme, as well as others, to this important topic. (author). JF - World Bank Symposium PB - The Bank CY - Washington, DC SN - 0-8213-1224-3 N1 - Contributors include the United Nations Environment Programme; World Bank JO - Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Financial and economic analysis of agroforestry: Key issues T2 - Discussion paper (University of East Anglia. School of Development Studies) no. 212 Y1 - 1989 A1 - Michael Stocking A1 - Jan Bojö A1 - Nick O. J. Abel KW - agroforestry AB - This is the summary and index of a paper dealing with cost-benefit analysis of agroforestry systems from an individual, household, institutional, and societal perspective. Included are the major steps needed to perform quantitative cost-benefit analysis and qualitative agroforestry issues. Also included is a note about prediction models used. JF - Discussion paper (University of East Anglia. School of Development Studies) no. 212 PB - University of East Anglia, School of Development Studies CY - Norwich, UK SN - 1-871546-62-1; 978-1-871546-62-0 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23672191 JO - Financial and economic analysis of agroforestry ER - TY - CONF T1 - Multi-storied cropping in Cavite: A farmer-derived agroforestry system T2 - Paper presented at IIRR/MBRLC/MF Workshop on Sustainable Agriculture in the Uplands 25 August-9 September 1989, Philippines Y1 - 1989 A1 - Laurito B. Arizala A1 - Julian F. Gonsalves KW - intercropping KW - multiple cropping AB - The search for addressing the environmental degradation problems facing the Uplands and Hillylands in most parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America inevitably ends up in the selection of an Agro-Forestry based intervention strategy. Perennials such as trees are an important component of any such stabilization strategy. However, some of the best designers of widely adopted traditional agroforestry systems have been the farmers themselves. One such example is the polycultural, multistoried cropping system of Cavite, Philippines where over 12,285 hectares of land are devoted to agriculture planted to various crops which include coconut, coffee, banana, papaya, pineapple, upland rice, tuber crops and different kinds of fruit trees along with the shade producing Gliricidia sepium. This agroforestry system was developed by the farmers themselves and has evolved over the years (and continues to do so). This article discusses various technical aspects of this approach as practiced by the majority of Cavite farmers. (author) JF - Paper presented at IIRR/MBRLC/MF Workshop on Sustainable Agriculture in the Uplands 25 August-9 September 1989, Philippines PB - International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) CY - Philippines U5 - 7 pp. JO - Multi-storied cropping in Cavite ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Phytopractices in tropical regions: A preliminary survey of traditional crop improvement techniques T2 - Man and the Biosphere Program Project Y1 - 1989 A1 - Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas A1 - F. Pinglo KW - biotechnology KW - crops KW - ecology KW - ethnobotany KW - genetic engineering KW - plant genetic engineering AB - The aim of this report is threefold: first, to present a compilation of traditional techniques of plant manipulation in tropical regions, as a contribution to current efforts to improve agricultural production in these zones; second, to invite comments and suggestions for modifying and completing the present text; third, to encourage new initiatives of research, synthesis and application geared to sustained development in the tropics, which is in tune with the ecological and socio-cultural characteristics and constraints of these regions. JF - Man and the Biosphere Program Project PB - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) CY - Paris UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21010205 N1 - UNESCO/Programme on Man and the Biosphere; France. Institut de botanique. Laboratoire de botanique tropicale JO - Phytopractices in tropical regions ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Survey report for increasing food production and its development plan in Africa: Zimbabwe Y1 - 1989 A1 - Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture & Forestry (AICAF) KW - Africa KW - aquatic resources KW - desertification KW - drought KW - food production KW - Zimbabwe AB - In the first half of the 1980s, African countries, particularly those located south of the Sahara Desert, faced a serious problem of food shortage that was caused by population increase, progress of desertification and continuation of drought year. Although the food shortage has been somewhat alleviated in the recent years due to favorable climatic conditions, the increase of food production continues to be the fundamental problem as no improvement has been made on the fragility of food production in these African countries. Cooperation and support from the developed countries are needed in solving this problem. The role of Japan would be to actively provide cooperation to the African countries in the domain of agriculture and forestry. For this purpose, AICAF has been conducting a survey to grasp the actual conditions of food and agriculture in the African countries since 1985 under the consignment from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. This survey has been conducted on twelve countries by the end of FY 1987. PB - Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture & Forestry, Japan CY - Tokyo JO - Survey report for increasing food production and its development plan in Africa ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Agroecology and in situ conservation of native crop diversity in the third world T2 - Biodiversity Y1 - 1988 A1 - Miguel A. Altieri A1 - Laura C Merrick ED - E. O. Wilson ED - Frances M. Peter KW - alternative farming systems KW - intercropping KW - raised fields AB - Modern agriculture is pushing traditional farmers to plant areas with monocultures of genetically uniform plants. This is risky because the plants are vulnerable to yield-limiting factors. Situ conservation methods have many benefits; although they do not provide a panacea for conserving natural sources of crop genetic resources. Researchers in certain countries have helped farmers return to traditional chinampas and multilayered, specied-rich gardens. In Bolivia, project AGRUCO is helping peasants recover their production autonomy. JF - Biodiversity PB - National Academy of Sciences CY - Washington, DC SN - 0-309-03783-2 UR - https://doi.org/10.17226/989 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Gender related issues in international development assistance for agriculture and rural life JF - Agriculture and Human Values Y1 - 1988 A1 - Nancy W. Axinn KW - agricultural productivity KW - development project KW - ecological niche KW - national policy KW - veterinary medicine AB - In this paper, the author points out that although by-passed by international development assistance in many parts of the world, women have been providing skill and labor for agricultural production, as well as subsistence of food, water and firewood for their families. Some of the assumptions which have contributed to the marginal attention to women as agriculturalists in international development assistance programs are reviewed. Factors contributing to these assumptions, examples of achievements in development projects and persistent problems are discussed. Some issues which continue to challenge national policy makers in developing countries as well as donors are identified. The author notes that while various donors and organizations address bits and pieces of the issues intermittently, a systematic, organized and universally shared approach to the issues, within a nation state or on a global basis is lacking. She concludes that just as agricultural production inputs and information need to be modified to fit the unique constraints of any ecological niche, similarly, modifications must be made in development assistance programs to fit the specific needs of women in their agricultural roles and cultural settings. VL - 5 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217178 IS - 1-2 N1 - This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently. U1 - Agric Hum Values ER - TY - JOUR T1 - International technical interventions in agriculture and rural development: Some basic trends, issues, and questions JF - Agriculture and Human Values Y1 - 1988 A1 - George H. Axinn KW - ethics KW - international development KW - rural development KW - small proportion KW - unintended consequence KW - veterinary medicine AB - This paper presents some of the basic trends, issues, and questions regarding the last four decades of international development cooperation in agriculture. The impact of technical cooperation tends to account for only a small proportion of change; the bulk of the variance being caused by internal, rather than external, forces and events. The paper reviews both multilateral and bilateral technical cooperation, and then illustrates with the case of U.S. universities in international technical cooperation. It goes on to question the difference between "development" and "merely change," and asks who are the real beneficiaries? Finally, the paper suggests the following factors affecting continuity and change as forces to be analysed with respect to any attempt at technical cooperation: biological, physical, cultural, social, economic, administrative, political, and diplomatic. The world experience of the past four decades confirms that without consideration of such a human ecology of continuity and change, well-meaning interventions in international technical cooperation are likely to have unintended consequences for both "donors" and "recipients." VL - 5 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217172 IS - 1-2 N1 - This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently. U1 - Agric Hum Values JO - International technical interventions in agriculture and rural development ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Local resource use systems in the tropics: Taking pressure off the forests T2 - Tropical rainforests: Diversity and conservation Y1 - 1988 A1 - Stephen R. Gliessman ED - Frank Almeda ED - Catherine M. Pringle KW - agroforestry KW - resource management AB - By focusing research on indigenous and local agroecosystems, much information can be gained for the development of resource-conserving, ecologically sound land-use strategies that promote the sustained-yield management of land already cleared in tropical regions. By keeping the farmers on the land they already have, pressure can be taken off the limited forest reserves that still exist. A research approach that looks at the agricultural ecosystem (agroecosystem) will allow an agro-ecological focus, in order to examine impacts on the land in the context of nutrient cycles, crop and non-crop population dynamics, energetics, and other ecological concepts. Examples of such studies are presented from tropical Mexico and Costa Rica, including the corn/bean/squash multiple-crop agroecosystem, the tropical home garden agroforestry system with a diverse mixture of trees, shrubs, herbs, and vines, and an experimental bench-terrace-cropping system with mixed vegetables planted on the flat surfaces and a high organic-matter-producing grass on the slopes. The importance of the sustainability of the natural resource sector linked to the sustainability of the agricultural sector is stressed as an integral part of tropical forest preservation strategies of the future. (author). JF - Tropical rainforests: Diversity and conservation T3 - Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences PB - California Academy of Sciences CY - San Francisco, CA VL - 12 SN - 0-940228-19-X; 978-0-940228-19-1 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18566557 JO - Local resource use systems in the tropics ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Multipurpose tree species for small farm use: Proceedings of an international workshop, November 2-5, 1987, Pattaya, Thailand Y1 - 1988 ED - Dale Withington ED - Kenneth G. MacDicken ED - Cherla B. Sastry ED - Norma R. Adams KW - agroecology KW - agroforestry KW - socioeconomics AB -

Consists of following papers:

PB - Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development; International Development Research Centre CY - Arlington, VA; [Ottawa,] Canada SN - 0-933595-18-2; 978-0-933595-18-7 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213909057 N1 - Co-Sponsors: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, International Development Research Centre of Canada, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific JO - Multipurpose tree species (MPTS) for small farm use ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Small-scale utilization of rattan by a Semai community in West Malaysia JF - Economic Botany Y1 - 1988 A1 - Wanda Avé KW - aquatic resources KW - handcrafts KW - Malaysia KW - rattan AB - The role rattan plays in the life of a small Semai community in West Malaysia is discussed. Of the 24 rattan species occurring in the study area, four are frequently used for binding, house building, basketry, fish traps and snares, and other artifacts. These are briefly described and some illustrated. Some species are used for food, medicinal, and ritual purposes. The Semai have a profound knowledge of nature and have a good concept of rattan systematics that comes very close to scientific classification. Demand for rattan for commercial use threatens the rattan populations and has led to heavy depletion of some of the most useful species. VL - 42 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/4255051 IS - 1 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Weed management in agroecosystems: Ecological approaches Y1 - 1988 ED - Miguel A. Altieri ED - Matt Liebman KW - agricultural ecology KW - agricultural systems KW - biological control KW - ecology KW - integrated control KW - tillage KW - weeds AB - Consists of table of contents and introduction. The chapters of this book describe the physiological, population, and community ecology of weeds within agroecosystems, with the goal of recognizing details relevant for better weed management. Recognition of the germination, establishment, growth, and reproduction requirements of different weeds will allow identification of life stages that are particularly susceptible to attack. Recognition of the effects of different tillage and crop rotation systems will be present in a particular field at a particular point in time. Recognition of how crops, insects, and pathogens affect weed performance through resource competition, allelopathy, herbivory, and disease will suggest better ways to use these phenomena in integrated approaches to weed management. Recognition of how and when weeds affect crop performance through resource competition, allelopathy, and positive and negative interactions with crop insect and disease pests will provide insights into when and how thoroughly weed management tactics should be imposed. PB - CRC Press, Inc. CY - Boca Raton, FL SN - 0-8493-6816-2 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16682275 JO - Weed management in agroecosystems ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The agroecology of corn production in Tlaxcala, Mexico JF - Human Ecology Y1 - 1987 A1 - Miguel A. Altieri A1 - Javier Trujillo KW - agroecology KW - agroforestry KW - corn agroecosystem KW - ploycultures KW - traditional agriculture AB - The primary components of Tlaxcalan corn agriculture are described, including cropping patterns employed, resource management strategies, and interactions of human and biological factors. Tlaxcalan farmers grow corn in an array of poly-culture and agroforestry designs that result in a series of ecological processes important for insect pest and soil fertility management. Measurements derived from a few selected fields show that trees integrated into cropping systems modify the aerial and soil environment of associated understory corn plants, influencing their growth and yields. With decreasing distance from trees, surface concentrations of most soil nutrients increase. Certain tree species affect corn yields more than others. Arthropod abundance also varies depending on their degree of association with one or more of the vegetational components of the system. Densities of predators and the corn pest Macrodactylussp. depend greatly on the presence and phenology of adjacent alfalfa strips. Although the data were derived from nonreplicated fields, they nevertheless point out some important trends, information that can be used to design new crop associations that will achieve sustained soil fertility and low pest potentials. (author) VL - 15 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00888380 IS - 2 U1 - Hum Ecol ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Ecological aspects of swidden cultivation among the Andoke and Witoto Indians of the Colombian Amazon JF - Human Ecology Y1 - 1987 A1 - Michael J. Eden A1 - Angela Andrade VL - 15 IS - 3 U5 - 21 pp. ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Farm forestry T2 - Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium Y1 - 1987 A1 - J. E. M. Arnold ED - Ted J. Davis ED - Isabelle A. Schirmer KW - agricultural conservation KW - agroforestry KW - aquatic resources KW - biodiversity KW - natural resource management AB -

The focus of this paper is on managed tree resources outside the forest. It is principally concerned with trees grown on-farm by individuals and with woodlots managed by user groups as a common property resource. It excludes those situations where tree products are still harvested from unmanaged open access resources.

A feature of most systems covered by this definition, which distinguishes them from conventional forestry, is the integration of the trees into predominantly agricultural land use patterns. Other distinguishing features are the small scale, the orientation to meeting local needs and the involvement of the users in the management of the resource.

Until recently, the issues relating to management of such tree resources received remarkably little attention. The mandate of most forest services and forestry research organizations confined their attention to forest areas, and agricultural services were concerned only with those tree species which had been domesticated and adopted as agricultural crops. During the past ten to twenty years, the importance of tree products in the rural economy, and of local tree resources to supply those products, has become widely recognized with the growing attention to the place of the rural sector in the development process, environmental issues, and rising energy costs.

The management of farm and communal resources is as yet only imperfectly understood because it has attracted attention only recently. By comparison with other aspects of developing country agriculture, a severe shortage of quantitative information exists. However, experience is accumulating rapidly, and now allows us to formulate a number of propositions about some of the issues involved.

JF - Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium PB - World Bank CY - Washington, DC SN - 0-8213-0909-9 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230 N1 - See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium ER - TY - JOUR T1 - IITA: Sustainable systems JF - African Farming Y1 - 1987 A1 - Anonymous KW - agricultural extension KW - agroforestry KW - alley cropping KW - barley KW - cassava KW - cereal food imports KW - cereals KW - cowpeas KW - farming systems research KW - food aid KW - green revolution KW - indigenous crops KW - maize KW - millet KW - plantains KW - rice KW - seed yam KW - seeds KW - soils KW - sorghum KW - strategic planning study KW - sustainable agriculture KW - wheat KW - yams AB - Bede Nwoye Okigbo, Deputy Director General of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) for the last ten years, is one of those rare human beings who has a rich professional life perfectly integrated with his own personality. Several societies and academies have enrolled his talents. His field of specialization is crop ecology and production, but it is hard to find any area of agriculture or botany where Okigbo's profound insight or experience in not equally valid. In this interview, Dr. Okigbo explains how research being carried out at IITA is helping Africa to feed itself. JO - IITA ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Kandyan gardens of Sri Lanka JF - Agroforestry Systems Y1 - 1987 A1 - V. J. Jacob A1 - W. S. Alles KW - coffee KW - intercropping KW - labor KW - land use patterns KW - mixed cropping KW - pepper AB - Kandyan Gardens (KG) or Kandyan Forest Gardens (KFG) of Sri Lanka represent a traditional system of perennial cropping which has been in practice for several centuries. It is esseentially a system of mixed cropping with a variety of economically valuable groups of tree crops such as spices, fruits, medicinal plants and timber species. However, these systems are usually in small homestead holdings and are practiced in only a few districts. KFG is different from other homegarden systems mostly in terms of the variety of plants grown. Moreover the farmers who practice this system enjoy a 'relatively better' level of living by virtue of returns from both the economic cash crops and the subsistence products. Presumably, with improved management, the system has the potential for increased production and better returns. This paper examines the situation with respect to the KG system and endeavours to identify the directions of research for the improvement of the system. (author) VL - 5 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047517 IS - 2 U1 - Agroforest Syst ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Peasant agriculture and the conservation of crop and wild plant resources JF - Conservation Biology Y1 - 1987 A1 - Miguel A. Altieri A1 - M. Kat Anderson A1 - Laura C. Merrick KW - agroecosystems KW - biodiversity AB -

Peasant agroecosystems are seen as a continuum of integrated farming units and natural ecosystems where plant gathering and crop production are actively practiced Many of these traditional agroecosystems still found throughout developing countries constitute major in situ repositories of both crop and wild plant germplasm. These plant resources are directly dependent upon management by human groups; thus, they have evolved in part under the influence of farming practices shaped by particular cultures.

Because genetic conservation programs are more effective when preserving the ecosystems in which the resources occur, maintenance of traditional farming systems and adjacent natural ecosystems is proposed as a sensible strategy for in situ preservation of crop and wild plant genetic resources. It is here argued that preservation efforts should be linked to rural development projects that take into account the ethnobotanical knowledge of rural people and that emphasize both food self-sufficiency as well as local resource conservation. Preservation of these traditional agroecosystems cannot be achieved when isolated from maintenance of the culture of the local people. Therefore, projects should also emphasize maintenance of cultural diversity.

VL - 1 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1987.tb00008.x/abstract IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The ecological adaptation of the Lutfi herder-horticulturists of south Iran JF - Human Ecology Y1 - 1986 A1 - Sekandar Amanolahi KW - anthropology/archaeometry KW - environmental management KW - Middle East KW - pastoralism KW - sociology AB - This report describes the subsistence and settlement patterns of the Lutfi herder-horticulturists of south Iran. While specialized intensive agriculturists and nomadic pastoralists have been much studied in the Middle East, mountain dwelling populations who combine a number of extensive subsistence techniques including foraging and horticulture have not been described. These often entail, as is seen in this case, some amount of movement or nomadism. The general pattern reported here is likely to have been quite widespread in highland Iraq, Iran, and Turkey where wild stands of fruit tree were once common. (author) VL - 14 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00889035 IS - 3 U1 - Hum Ecol ER - TY - Generic T1 - Forestry networks T2 - Proceedings of the First Network Workshop of the Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED), September 24-27, 1986, Bangkok, Thailand Y1 - 1986 A1 - F/FRED Forestry Networks Workshop ED - Adams, Norma ED - Robert K. Dixon KW - agroforestry KW - fuelwood AB - Rapid depletion of forest reserves and the growing scarcity of wood for cooking and tree products for other household uses have emerged in recent years as a growing concern of development planners and specialists in most countries and development institutions. In recognition of this AID identified forestry research as one of its top four priorities for long-term commitment. JF - Proceedings of the First Network Workshop of the Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED), September 24-27, 1986, Bangkok, Thailand PB - Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development CY - Morrillton, AR UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14412966 U5 - xiv, 102 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Potential of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) for pest control and rural development JF - Economic Botany Y1 - 1986 A1 - Saleem Ahmed A1 - Michael Grainge KW - insects KW - medicinal plants KW - pest management AB - The neem tree (Azadirachta indica) contains promising pest-control substances found effective against many economically important pests. These materials are easy to process by village-level industries and easy to use by limited-resource farmers, thereby offering potential for crop protection and off-farm income generation. The tree's numerous pharmacological and other complementary uses make it doubly attractive for incorporation in large-scale rural development efforts. (author) VL - 40 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/4254854 IS - 2 U1 - Economic Botany ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Socio-economic aspects of integrated resource management, with special reference to the forest resources of Kassala Province, Eastern Region: The case of Rawashda and Wad Kabu forests T2 - Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan Field Document 13 Y1 - 1986 A1 - Mohamed El-Hadi Abu Sin A1 - Mohammed Osman El Sammani KW - forest policy KW - Sudan AB -

Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan project is undertaking research to formulate management plans for Sudan ecologically marginal forests. Rawashda and Wad Kabu forests are taken as examples to initiate such plans. It is believed that the study of socio- economic parameters of forest users is an essential component to achieve such plans. This study is also fundamental for attaining an integrated land use system, as a prime option of natural resource use. This study is, consequently, aiming at:

  1. providing the base line information of the different communities identified in Table 1 and using the two forests;
  2. examine people's attitude, perception, participation options in maintenance and management of the two forests. Such parameters are also vital for adoption of an integrated land use strategy in the future, and
  3. based on 1 and 2 to outline broadly the most relevant plan of management land use strategy to be adopted, based on community self-generated options of institutions and objectives of use.

The main findings in this context can be summarized in the following:

  1. a complex pattern of economic activities ranging from pure pastoral nomadism to modern mechanized farming. Still characterized by combination of related activities of agriculture/livestock breeding, agriculture/forest resource use, etc. This diversity in activities, which is mostly dependent on the natural resource base, gives a sound base for any option of an integrated land use system;
  2. perception and attitude analysis have revealed a growing awareness of the role of the forest resources in the economy as source of grazing, domestic needs and source of income. This awareness is supported by willingness to participate in any integrated land use plan, yet from a different standpoint and objective. Preference of self-generated channels is quite evident, but with a specified role of the government; and
  3. the major finding is that, and among all communities, the situation is mature for action, although at different levels. (author)
JF - Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan Field Document 13 PB - Govt. of the Democratic Republic of Sudan CY - Khartoum, Sudan UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17919050 JO - Socio-economic aspects of integrated resource management, with special reference to the forest resources of Kassala Province, Eastern Region ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Some aspects of dry land afforestation in the Sudan with special reference to Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne, A. senegal Willd. and Prosopis chilensis (Molina) stuntz JF - Forest Ecology and Management Y1 - 1986 A1 - Ahmed El Houri Ahmed KW - afforestation KW - Sudan AB -

Arid lands in the Sudan have been subjected to degradation manifested by loss of soil fertility, shortages of fodder and fuel, and moving sands. Acacia tortilis, (Forsk.) Hayne, A. senegal Willd. and Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz are valuable afforestation species to restore these lands and provide fodder, fuelwood and other products. Animals, particularly goats and sheep, are effective long-distance dispersers of seeds of A. tortilis and P. chilensis. The ingested seeds are preserved from further attacks of predators particularly bruchids, and their germination capabilities are enhanced by ingestion and pelleting. Because of the small mass of the droppings, the ingested seeds are transported by wind and water to low-lying places where run-off water collects (favourable sites). As rainfall fluctuations are common, natural regeneration, using seeds in animal droppings and using only favourable sites in the semidesert tract, is recommended. The trees established on such sites can form focal points from which the trees can further spread through animals feeding on their pods. Soil working in the form of saucer-pits, ridges and furrows was successful in establishing P. chilensis in arid lands.

Afforestation by seeding A. senegal using agricultural machinery in farms abandoned because of loss of soil fertility was successful in the central clay plains of the Sudan as weed growth was not intense and the seeds are cheap.

VL - 16 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378112786900216 IS - 1-4 U1 - Forest Ecology and Management ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Traditional agroforestry in West Java: The pekarangan (homegarden) and kebun-talun (annual-perennial rotation) cropping systems T2 - Traditional agriculture in southeast Asia: A human ecology perspective Y1 - 1986 A1 - Linda Christanty A1 - Oekan S. Abdoellah A1 - Gerald G. Marten A1 - Johan Iskandar ED - Gerald G. Marten KW - agriculture KW - agroforestry KW - animals KW - crop rotation KW - ecology KW - farming KW - home gardens KW - Indonesia KW - intercropping KW - Java KW - Javanese KW - kebun-talun KW - pekarangan KW - rice KW - tree crops KW - trees KW - upland farming AB - This chapter looks at the role of kebun-talun and pekarangan in the Javanese landscape. Kebun-talun (rotation system between mixed garden and tree plantation) is a traditional system that increases overall production and serves multiple functions by sequentially combining agricultural crops with tree crops. Pekarangan (homegarden intercropping system) is a traditional system located in the villages that provides both subsistence and commercial products and serves multiple functions by simultaneously combining agricultural crops with tree crops and animals. JF - Traditional agriculture in southeast Asia: A human ecology perspective PB - Westview Press CY - Boulder, CO SN - 0-8133-7026-4 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12975293 JO - Traditional agroforestry in West Java ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The uses of mesquite (Prosopis spp.) in the highlands of San Luis Potosi, Mexico JF - Forest Ecology and Management Y1 - 1986 A1 - Sergio Galindo Almanza A1 - Edmundo Garcia Moya KW - ecology KW - medicinal plants KW - multi-use species KW - traditional medicine AB - An account is given of the uses of mesquite--Prosopis laevigata (Humb. and Bonpl. ex Willd.) M.C. Johnst. and P. glandulosa var. torreyana (L Benson) M.C. Johnst.--in the highlands of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The products of mesquite are used as human food, folk medicine, forage, fuel and for construction. The plant communities where it is the most important element provide wildlife reguge, recreation, nectar and desertification control. The development of these species by cultivation and plant breeding should be directed towards supplying those products in high demand. (author) VL - 16 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378112786900071 IS - 1-4 U1 - Forest Ecology and Management ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Babassu palm in the agroforestry systems in Brazil's mid-north region JF - Agroforestry Systems Y1 - 1985 A1 - P. H. May A1 - Anthony B. Anderson A1 - J. M. F. Frazão A1 - M. J. Balick KW - Babassu palm KW - charcoal KW - land tenure KW - northeast Brazil KW - Orbignya KW - Palmae KW - pasture expansion KW - shifting cultivation KW - vegetable oil AB - Babassu palms (Orbignya spp.) cover nearly 200,000 km2 in Brazil, providing cash income, fuel, fibre, edible oil and food to a large number of tenant farm households. Babassu is closely integrated within pastoral and shifting cultivation systems of Mid-North Brazil. In pastures, babassu provides shade for cattle, aids soil moisture retention, produces organic matter, generates supplementary farm income at little cost, and offers year-round employment. On the other hand, the persistence of juvenile palms reduces pasture grass productivity due to plant competition, and therefore there is a trend to eradicate babassu through clearcutting and understorey suppression. At moderate densities of less than 100 individuals per ha, mature babassu palms in cropland do not appear to harm crop productivity. In such cases, palms are thinned and leaves of the remaining ones are cut back, supplying fuel for the burn and nutrients to the soil. However, reduced fallow cycles due to pasture conversion threaten babassu as well as crop productivity. VL - 3 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046960 IS - 3 U1 - Agroforest Syst ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Dynamics of fallow successions and introduction of robusta coffee in shifting cultivation areas in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea JF - Agroforestry Systems Y1 - 1985 A1 - Bryant J. Allen KW - agroforestry KW - coffee KW - fallow successions KW - forestry KW - intercropping KW - Papua New Guinea KW - shifting cultivation AB - The traditional shifting cultivation system in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea consists of mixed food crop gardens in which yams (Dioscorea spp.), bananas, taro (Colocasia esculenta) and sugarcane predominate. The cropping cycle is usually for 18 months, followed by a fallow cycle of up to 30 years. During the cropping cycle, two species of fruit trees, Pometia pinnata and Artocarpus altilis are also planted, the leaves of the former also being used as a mulch and green manure in yam cultivation. Fallow succession follows rather systematic patterns about which farmers have a thorough understanding. Robusta coffee, a cash-crop component, has been added to the system in some areas since the late 1950s. It is usually grown in permanent blocks, but is interplanted with Leucaena as shade. Food crops are planted in the establishment stage, bananas and Xantohosoma being retained even in mature coffee gardens. The system seems to be a potentially promising one. But very little quantitative information is available on the production and performance of the system and practically no systematic research has been undertaken. Since the Papua New Guinea fallow gardeners are willing to accept innovations, it will be appropriate and timely to undertake serious studies so that the system can be improved. A few items that merit immediate research attention are indicated. (author) VL - 3 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00046956 IS - 3 U1 - Agroforest Syst ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Development policy, forests, and peasant farms: Reflections on Huastec-managed forests' contributions to commercial production and resource conservation JF - Economic Botany Y1 - 1984 A1 - Janis B. Alcorn KW - biogeography KW - ethnobotany KW - Huastec KW - life sciences, general KW - Mexico KW - plant ecology KW - plant sciences KW - plant systematics KW - taxonomy AB - The Huastec Indians of northeastern Mexico manage their forests in an indigenous system that integrates commercial and subsistence production. Elements of primary and secondary forest coexist with introduced species in this diverse silvi-cultural structure which complements the swidden and permanent agriculture fields of the Huastec farmstead. The forest's direct production of the food, timber, and fuel resources discussed here buffers the Huastec peasant family against market fluctuations and the failed harvest of a single crop. The Huastec system of forest management offers an alternative pattern to the agroforestry and plantation schemes now being suggested for development in the tropics. It is an alternative that provides protection for wild genetic resources while it contributes to the combination of commercial and subsistence agriculture so important for the successful modernization of peasant agriculture. The documentation of this system demonstrates that ethnobotanists and economic botanists have an important but unrealized role to play in the protection of biotic resources and in the development of sustained yield agroecosystems for peasants. The contributions of ethnobotanists are particularly valuable because they can find where and why useful wild species persist in agroecosystems. A greater effort to direct the attentions of policy makers to the value of ethnobotanical knowledge is needed. (author) VL - 38 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/4254676 IS - 4 U1 - Economic Botany U5 - 18 pp. JO - Development policy, forests, and peasant farms ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Indigenous agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon: Bora Indian management of swidden fallows JF - Interciencia Y1 - 1984 A1 - William M. Denevan A1 - John M. Treacy A1 - Janis B. Alcorn A1 - Christine Padoch A1 - Julie Sloan Denslow A1 - Salvadore Flores Paitán KW - ethnobotany KW - fallow KW - multistory KW - Native Americans KW - Peru KW - swiddens AB - The purpose of this paper is to examine the swidden fallows of an Amazon native group, the Bora of eastern Peru, with the objective of demonstrating how fields are gradually abandoned. This contrasts with most studies of shifting cultivation which focus on why fields are abandoned, and which present a sharp distinction between the field (swidden) and the abandoned field (fallow). For the Bora there is no clear transition between swidden and fallow, but rather a continuum from a swidden dominated by cultivated plants to an old fallow composed entirely of natural vegetation. Thirty-five years or more may be required before the latter condition prevails. Abandonment is not a moment in time but rather a process over time. (author) VL - 9 IS - 6 JO - Indigenous agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Natural biological compounds traditionally used as pesticides and medicines JF - The Environmentalist Y1 - 1984 A1 - Sasongko S. Adisewojo A1 - Sidik Tjokronegoro A1 - Rukmiati Tjokronegoro KW - bioactive compound KW - ecology KW - environmental management KW - ethnobotany KW - natural conservation AB - Although a knowledge of bioactive substances found in plants and used traditionally as pesticides and medicines is important, the value of these traditions is difficult to assess without having further information on the preparation and production of the active ingredients. An overview is presented on the role of traditional medicines in national development, and the present status of these medicines. In addition, information is presented on the plants that are traditionally used in pest control, together with a review of the main bioactive compounds in plants used traditionally as pesticides and medicines. VL - 4 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01907285 IS - Suppl 7 U1 - The Environmentalist ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Developing sustainable agroecosystems JF - BioScience Y1 - 1983 A1 - Miguel A. Altieri A1 - Deborah K. Letourneau A1 - James R. Davis KW - agronomy KW - biodiversity KW - ecosystem KW - energy use KW - food production KW - insects KW - land use KW - local knowledge KW - pest management KW - plant diseases KW - soils KW - sustainable agriculture KW - weeds AB - Yields in modern agricultural systems are sustained by investing costly external resources of uncertain future availability and with technologies that have prompted ecosystemic degradation. The ecological and socioeconomic aspects of developing alternative, self-sustained, energy efficient, less resource-intensive agroecosystems are analyzed. (author) VL - 33 UR - http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/1/45 IS - 1 U1 - BioScience ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Huastec noncrop resource management: Implications for prehistoric rain forest management JF - Human Ecology Y1 - 1981 A1 - Janis B. Alcorn KW - anthropology/archaeometry KW - domestication KW - ecology KW - environmental management KW - Huastec KW - rainforests KW - resource management KW - sociology KW - tropical agroecosystem AB - The Huastec have interacted with elements of a diverse flora in northeastern Mexico for 30 centuries. A Huastec plant-management model is derived from patterns reflected in all anthropogenic vegetation zones, from the dooryard to the forest, and used to discuss the possible effects of human activities upon the prehistoric rain forest. Huastec plant management is discussed from an analytical perspective which views plant management as resulting from the integration of two types of plant manipulation: the manipulation of vegetation en masse and the manipulation of individual plants. Decisions about plant manipulation reflect a concern for minimal labor investment to place the resource at hand. Noncrop plant manipulation practices potentially influence the evolution of individual plants and plant communities primarily by affecting species' distribution and population parameters. Since the impact of plant-management practices clearly goes beyond domestication, ways of evaluating such practices in order to expand our understanding of ethnobotanical interactions and their impact are suggested. VL - 9 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01418729 IS - 4 U1 - Hum Ecol JO - Huastec noncrop resource management ER - TY - CONF T1 - Effect of culture on home garden structure T2 - Tropical ecology and development: Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology, 16-21 April 1979, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Y1 - 1980 A1 - Oekan S. Abdoellah A1 - H. H. Isnawan ED - José I. Furtado KW - culture KW - ecology KW - home gardens AB - The village of Bantar Kalong Pananjung is situated in the transition region of West Java and Central Java. The people of Bantar Kalong consist of Sundanese and Javanese who are living and assimilated together. But they still maintain their customs based on their respective culture. This study is to compare the Sundanese and Javanese home garden structure, and to understand how far the Javanese culture affects Sundanese home garden structure. JF - Tropical ecology and development: Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology, 16-21 April 1979, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia PB - International Society of Tropical Ecology CY - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7942294 ER - TY - THES T1 - Saami ethnoecology: Resource management in Norwegian Lapland Y1 - 1978 A1 - Myrdene Anderson KW - cognition KW - ecology KW - ethnoecology KW - Lapland KW - linguistics KW - Norway KW - reindeer KW - resource KW - resource management KW - sociocultural AB -

The social organization, folk knowledge, and physiographic factors shaping Saami transactions with the natural environment are systematized for various ethnoecologic domains and examined for patterns underlying the structure, persistence, and change in the classification of knowledge involved in resource management. The study is an outgrowth of nearly five years of fieldwork among reindeer-breeding and sedentary population segments in the region comprising western Finnmark and northern Troms counties. This study emphasizes the dynamic nature of sociocultural, linguistic, cognitive, and ecological processes articulating a system of resource management in space and through time.

PB - Yale University CY - New Haven, CT UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8329793 N1 - CIKARD collection only includes the abstract and draft table of contents. See also: https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ep04-018 JO - Saami ethnoecology ER -