TY - JOUR T1 - Adapting forestry institutions to encourage people's participation in Senegal JF - Unasylva (FAO) Y1 - 1994 A1 - Ibrahima Guèye A1 - Abdoulaye Kané A1 - Oumy Ndlaye Koné KW - agroforestry KW - farmer participatory research AB - Forestry issues, and especially desertification control, are now at the heart of the environmental debate in Senegal. This is therefore an appropriate moment to examine the process that has led to the present official commitment to people's participation in the rational management of Senegal's forestry resources which, it is increasingly acknowledged, have major production and protection implications for the future. VL - 45 UR - http://www.fao.org/docrep/t3350e/t3350e03.htm#adapting%20forestry%20institutions%20to%20encourage%20people%27s%20participation%20in%20senegal IS - 178 ER - TY - CONF T1 - Biodiversity and African anthropogenic landscapes: Two case studies from Sierra Leone T2 - Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the U.S. African Studies Association, 4-7 December 1993, Boston Y1 - 1993 A1 - H. Kandeh A1 - S. Bobor A1 - P. Richards KW - biodiversity KW - genetic resources KW - West Africa AB - This document reviews two case studies of biodiversity in human-affected landscapes in Sierra Leone. Both plant and animal (especially birds) diversity is discussed. JF - Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the U.S. African Studies Association, 4-7 December 1993, Boston PB - [U.S. African Studies Association] CY - Boston, MA U3 - Annual Meeting of the US African Studies Association 4-7 December 1993 U5 - 13 pp. JO - Biodiversity and African anthropogenic landscapes ER - TY - Generic T1 - In good hands: Sustainable agriculture in the Lancandon Rainforest Y1 - 1993 A1 - Steve Bartz A1 - Jaime Kibben KW - intercropping AB - This is a proposal for the making of a videotape to document the work of Dr. James Nations. He is an ecological anthropologist. His work mainly entails the study of the Lancandon Rainforest. The video will document his most recent trip for observing the Lancandons. Kibben and Bartz's target audiences are public television viewers, policymakers of countries with tropical forests, educational institutions, and the tropical farmers themselves. The proposal also gives the benefits of the use of the tape, the backgrounds of everyone involved and a breakdown of production costs. Lastly, the proposal includes the letter of intent to back the project from the Film Arts Foundation. U5 - 15 pp. JO - In good hands ER - TY - CONF T1 - Knowledge systems in agroforestry T2 - Proceedings of the Workshop on Research Methodologies and Applications for Pacific Island Agroforestry July 16-20, 1990, Kolonia, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia Y1 - 1993 A1 - Wieland Künzel AB -

Pacific Islands agroforestry has evolved into sustainable, diverse and productive land use systems in many areas. We marvel at these systems, and the scientific world is trying to catch up with the traditional knowledge.

At the same time, Pacific Islands farmers are abandoning their agroforestry systems in great numbers. It is mainly intensified agriculture for cash crop production that follows. Soil erosion and soil fertility deficiencies are close companions of this intensification.

Why do land use systems that have been operative for centuries disappear so easily? Can "modern" agroforestry systems lead to the destruction of "traditional" ones? The paper explores the importance of knowledge systems in agroforestry innovations. (author)

JF - Proceedings of the Workshop on Research Methodologies and Applications for Pacific Island Agroforestry July 16-20, 1990, Kolonia, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia T3 - General technical report PSW-GTR-140 PB - U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station (Berkeley, CA) CY - Albany, CA UR - https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr140/psw_gtr140.pdf ER - TY - CONF T1 - The indigenous food plants programme of Kenya T2 - Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992 Y1 - 1992 A1 - Christine Kabuye KW - biodiversity KW - Kenya AB - Indigenous knowledge is essential to the development process especially for the sustainable use of natural resources. In Kenya, this has been illustrated by the Indigenous Food Plants Programme which endeavours to improve diets as well as preserve cultural practices and preserve biodiversity. The programme is part of a complex of two complementing centres at the National Museums of Kenya this being the Centre for Biodiversity and the new Kenya Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (KENRIK). Both will provide basal data to be utilised in conservation and development. (author). JF - Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992 PB - International Institute for Rural Reconstruction CY - Silang, Cavite, Philippines U3 - International Symposium on Indigenous Knowledge 20-26 September 1992 U5 - 7 pp. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The influence of karité (Vitellaria paradoxa) and néré (Parkia biglobosa) trees on sorghum production in Burkina Faso JF - Agroforestry Systems Y1 - 1992 A1 - J. J. Kessler KW - agriculture KW - forestry KW - Parkia biglobosa KW - parkland KW - savanna KW - shade influence KW - tree management KW - tree-crop relations KW - Vitellaria paradoxa KW - West Africa AB -

Sorghum grain yields under the karité and the néré are reduced by an average of 50% and 70% respectively, in comparison with yields in the open field. Soil fertility, limiting primary production in the region, is at least as favorable under the tree canopies as in the open field. Reduced light intensity, to a minimum of 20% under the néré canopy, is probably largely responsible for low sorghum production under the tree canopies. Benefits from the tree products are more valuable than losses in cereal yields, explaining why trees are maintained on the agricultural fields.

Pruning of tree branches, selection of (shade-) crops and tree selection could reduce crop yield losses but cannot be expected to increase tree- and crop production.

VL - 17 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00053116 IS - 2 U1 - Agroforest Syst ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Karité (Vitellaria paradoxa) and néré (Parkia biglobosa) associated with crops in South Mali JF - Agroforestry Systems Y1 - 1992 A1 - L. J. M. Kater A1 - S. Kante A1 - Arnoud Budelman KW - agriculture KW - Butyrospermum paradoxum KW - cotton KW - forestry KW - Mali KW - Parkia biglobosa KW - pearl millet KW - sorghum KW - tree/crop interface KW - Vitellaria paradoxa KW - West Africa AB -

The effect of two tree species, karité (Vitellaria paradoxa) and néré (Parkia biglobosa) on soil condition, development and production of cotton, sorghum and pearl millet, main crops in South Mali, has been investigated.

The soil under the trees is slightly richer (organic matter content and several cations) compared to adjacent tree-less sites. Also tree-specific effects exist.

Soil enrichment, however, is mainly a matter of redistribution of locally available nutrient resources.

Of the six associations studied, only karité-cotton shows no tree-induced reduction in crop production. All other associations suffer greatly from reduced crop outputs caused by the trees, usually in the order of 60%.

There are at least two reasons that explain tree-induced yield reduction. Because of increased humidity in the immediate surroundings of trees, in both soil and air, lower numbers of crop plants survive up to maturity, presumably because plants are attacked by fungi. Secondly, crop plants that mature show reduced output because of inter-specific competition for light and nutrients.

In case of néré, in order to minimize the trees' negative influence lopping is advised. Such practice, however, is less suitable in case of karité, because of its assumed lower potential to regenerate, as compared to néré.

VL - 18 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00115407 IS - 2 U1 - Agroforest Syst ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Pharmaceutical discovery, ethnobotany, tropical forests and reciprocity: Integrating indigenous knowledge, conservation and sustainable development T2 - Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products Y1 - 1992 A1 - Steven R. King ED - Mark J. Plotkin ED - Lisa Famolare KW - Conservation International, Asociación Nacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza KW - ethnobotany KW - ethnopharmacology KW - medicinal plants KW - rainforests KW - traditional medicine AB - This is an incomplete paper that details the works and goals of Shaman Pharmaceuticals. They are trying to discover ways to develop antifungal, antiviral, and sedative drugs from the same type of plants. They are combining the methods of ethnobotany, chemistry, and pharmacology. Also, they are trying to come up with a better way to screen and test these drugs. The combination of ethnobotanists and medical personnel show the coming together of the two pieces of a scientific puzzle. The company has created The Healing Forest Conservancy, a non-profit organization to share the responsibilities of the development of plant biodiversity. JF - Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products PB - Island Press CY - Washington, DC and Covelo, CA SN - 1-55963-168-6; 978-1-55963-168-6 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/231440749 N1 -

General Note: Proceedings of a meeting sponsored by Conservation International and the Asociación Nacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, held in Panama City on June 20-21, 1991
Bibliography note: Includes bibliographical references and index
Book title submitted as Sustainable Harvest of the Rainforest in original bibliography; Chapter 26 in Sustainable Harvest and Marketing of Rain Forest Products

JO - Pharmaceutical discovery, ethnobotany, tropical forests and reciprocity ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The T'OLCHE', a Maya system of communally managed forest belts: The causes and consequences of its disappearance JF - Agroforestry Systems Y1 - 1992 A1 - G. G. A. Remmers A1 - H. De Koeijer KW - common property management KW - fallow regeneration KW - Maya KW - shelterbelts KW - shifting cultivation KW - traditional landuse AB -

The T'OLCHE' is a protected forest belt about 10–20 m wide that runs through the Mayan landscape on the limits of the maize fields of the farmers. This study explores its traditional use and management and traces how it has changed in the last 30 years in the study village in Yucatán, Mexico. A major change is in its extent; little remains of the 10–20% of the area it occupied in the past. Two of the causes of this are identified as being a credit programme of the local bank and 1973 state legislation concerning cattle. The causes and consequences of this decline are discussed in relation with other farmer-perceived changes in overall landuse, including a fall in maize yields. The ecological roles of the T'OLCHE' are examined. It is argued that the T'OLCHE' plays an essential role in the regeneration of the fallow vegetation and in the maintenance of biological diversity. The case of the T'OLCHE' suggests the need for a diversified and politicized look on Common Property Resource Management.

VL - 18 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00115409 IS - 2 U1 - Agroforest Syst JO - The T'OLCHE', a Maya system of communally managed forest belts ER - TY - JOUR T1 - For a determined farmer, agroforestry brings an unexpected reward JF - Agroforestry Today (Kenya) Y1 - 1991 A1 - Sidney B. Westley A1 - Alice Kaudia KW - agroforestry KW - fodder KW - fuelwood KW - KEFRI KW - Kenya Forestry Research Institute KW - soil fertility KW - timber KW - trees KW - water AB - This document looks at the agroforestry efforts of George Nti'Gitonga, a farmer in Kenya's Meru District. Since 1967, Mr. Nti'Gitonga has established over 25,000 trees on his farm which he uses as fodder, food, fuelwood, timber, windbreaks, boundary plantings, erosion control, and maintenance of soil fertility. Also included in this document are Mr. Nti'Gitonga's method for growing his trees in the semi-arid environment, and how he plans on harvesting water for the trees. VL - 3 IS - 3 U1 - Agroforestry Today (Kenya) ER - TY - JOUR T1 - No Hunting! Biodiversity, indigenous rights, and scientific poaching JF - Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine Y1 - 1991 A1 - Jack Kloppenburg KW - agriculture KW - biodiversity KW - ethnobotany KW - ethnomedicine KW - indigenous knowledge KW - indigenous plants KW - intellectual property rights KW - plant hunting AB - The policies concerning the use of indigenous plants for commercial uses have historically protected those with the most to gain. In most cases, it is the pharmaceutical companies which benefit from the profits. Often the knowledge shared from indigenous people is essential to the research of these plants. Scientists are calling this the "golden age of plant hunting" because of the growth of pharmaceutical companies and their research on indigenous medicines. There are many proposals to protect the rights of indigenous people and land from which the plants come. The Kuna Indians of Panama have established their own rules about how research is to be conducted on their lands. These rules are to keep the Kuna Indians from being exploited. These methods and others could possibly help to avoid situations such as that in Madagasgar with the development of vinblastine and vincristine from the rosy periwinkle. VL - 15 UR - http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/panama/no-hunting-biodiversity-indigenous-rights-and-scient IS - 3 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - The 1986 to 1989 project summary of the Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Inc Y1 - 1990 A1 - Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture KW - agriculture KW - sustainable agriculture AB - The Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture (KCSA) has now been in operation for over four years. Much of our initial task was simply to identify what our work should encompass and how to go about it. We eventually began a number of demonstration and research projects we believe address approaches to sustainable agriculture in our region. Most of these projects have now been active long enough to begin showing some initial results. The purpose of this report is to present the initial information generated from KCSA demonstration and research projects from 1986 through 1989. (author) PB - Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture CY - Poteau, OK UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=3U4bAQAAMAAJ ER - TY - Generic T1 - Innovative practices of the farmers in Gujarat Y1 - 1990 A1 - Dr. N. K. Kalyanasundaram KW - agroforestry KW - Gujarat AB -

Handwritten, for circulation to the members of network of local technical knowledge.

The document is a draft about innovative practices of the farmers in Gujarat. The practices discussed include: planting techniques for castor, potatoes (both field and riverbed cultivation), fennel, cabbage, and agroforestry in terms of Eucalyptus trees; harvesting techniques; and pest control on cumin and several other crops. This report mentions areas in which some research has been done and other areas where research must be done.

U5 - 16 pp. ER - TY - CONF T1 - Wood energy management and knowledge in Pokhara area, Western Nepal T2 - Paper presented at Second International Congress on Ethnobiology, 21-26 October 1990, Kunming, Yunna, China Y1 - 1990 A1 - Mohan K. Balla A1 - Sukhdev Chaudhary A1 - Thakur B. Karkee KW - agroforestry AB -

Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) methods were used to study indigenous knowledge of wood energy production and consumption in Pokhara. Commercial and non-commercial uses were examined. Wood energy comes mainly from fuelwood, charcoal, sawdust and bamboo harvested in surrounding areas, but also from lowland regions and roadside fuelwood sellers in fuelwood sufficient areas. Thus, the distribution involves mainly producers (villagers) to consumers (townspeople), through one to three levels of middlemen in between.

Producers illegally harvesting government or community forests were also studied. Most are lower caste poor and landless people, trying to earn a living during the non-agricultural season (September-May).

While many urban householders have shifted to fossil fuels, certain industries still rely on charcoal and wood from the forest. The depletion of sal (Shorea robusta), khair (Acacia catechu) and kaphal (Myrica esculanta) threatens the forests. Producers retain a rich working knowledge of forest resources, which has potential payoffs for more sustainable and equitable forest resource policy. (author)

JF - Paper presented at Second International Congress on Ethnobiology, 21-26 October 1990, Kunming, Yunna, China CY - Pokhara, Nepal U5 - 41 pp. ER - TY - Generic T1 - Workshop to develop an Agroforestry Technology Information Kit, November 4-13, 1989 Y1 - 1990 ED - Francis Korten ED - Romulo del Castillo ED - Julian Gonsalves ED - Jaime Roquillo ED - Forester Nicanor Iscala Jr KW - agriculture KW - agroforestry KW - conservation KW - ecology KW - Filipino KW - fruit KW - home-lot KW - livestock KW - management KW - natural resources KW - Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources KW - plants KW - seeds KW - soil and water conservation (SWC) KW - sustainability KW - Taungya System KW - trees KW - water AB - The "Agroforestry Technology Information Kit" was prepared for the use and guidance of the Social Forestry Officers and Technicians of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. This kit was meant to help our forestry officers and technicians be effective in their role as extension workers for the upland dwellers. It is full of narative know-how and skills that make life in the uplands more meaningful, profitable and ecologically sustainable. It is well-prepared and if properly operationalized and seriously implemented, it is expected to create a new dimension in the struggle for upland rehibilitation that can only be maintained through concerted and sustained effort of the government and the people. This kit is Philippine- focused: it is intended for use primarily in support of the training of DENR's 1,200 technicians for its Social Forestry Program nationwide. This program of DENR aims to give the Filipino uplanders access to forest lands for a tenure of 25 years or more. (author) PB - Philippene Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR); International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR); Ford Foundation (FF) CY - Quezon City, Philippines; Silang Cavite, Philippines; Manila, Philippines UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51168241 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Agroforestry in Tonga: A traditional source for development of sustainable farming systems T2 - South Pacific Smallholder Project Occasional Paper no. 12 Y1 - 1989 A1 - Wieland Künzel KW - Aeurites moluccana KW - Artocarpus altilis KW - Atocarpus altilis KW - Bischofia javanica KW - Bishogia javanica KW - Carica papaya KW - Citrus fagifer KW - Citrus sinensis KW - coconuts KW - Incoarpus fagifer KW - Magfera indica KW - Mangifera indica KW - mechanization KW - Morinda citrifolia KW - pandanus spp. KW - Ponetia pinnata KW - smallholders KW - South Pacific AB - Tongan agriculture is based on the intercropping of a number of annual and perennial crops. A lower stratum which is characterised by mixed and staggered planting is tightly integrated with a dense stand of trees, bananas and coconuts. Ecological stability and the production of a wide variety of outputs are both secured by such an agroforestry system. Mechanisation, cash cropping and the beginning of a land shortage have started to change traditional land-use patterns in negative ways. A growing number of farmers see their tree crops as obstacles to intensive cash cropping. Regard for ecologically sound farming practices, which were followed by custom rather than by understanding, is falling away. A combination of modern and traditional farming practices could lead to higher returns with sustainable environmental stability. The natural, organisational and educational infrastructures for the evolution of such farming systems in Tonga are excellent. This report examines some of the factors which support and inhibit agroforestry in Tonga, and makes recommendations for further improvements. (author) This paper is based on an agroforestry survey carried out in Tonga in adjoining villages. Different species were discussed, based on their function and distribution within the communities. Land ownership, ecological effects of agroforestry and tree mangement options were also discussed. JF - South Pacific Smallholder Project Occasional Paper no. 12 PB - University of New England; South Pacific Smallholder Project CY - Armidale, NSW SN - 0-85834-823-3; 978-0-85834-823-3 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20746333 JO - Agroforestry in Tonga ER - TY - BOOK T1 - People, tree planting and forestry extension some examples from central region T2 - Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan, Field Document no. 35 Y1 - 1989 A1 - Hallgeir Kismul KW - agroforestry KW - fuelwood KW - Khartoum KW - Sudan AB - The purpose of this report is to demonstrate some relations between people, their local conditions and forestry extension. The report in particular is concerned with people's needs for trees and forest products, the possibilities of tree planting and people's knowledge of trees. JF - Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan, Field Document no. 35 PB - Government of the Republic of Sudan CY - Khartoum UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65434273 JO - People, tree planting and forestry extension ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Structure and function of traditional agroforestry systems in the western Himalaya. I. Biomass and productivity JF - Agroforestry Systems Y1 - 1989 A1 - Om Parkash Toky A1 - Pradeep Kumar A1 - Prem Kumar Khosla KW - productivity KW - species composition, biomass KW - traditional agroforestry KW - Western Himalaya AB -

Species composition, biomass, and productivity patterns of three types of traditional agroforestry systems, namely, agrisilvicultural, agrihorticultural, and agrihortisilvicultural, commonly practiced in the western Himalaya, were studied. Species composition in the systems varied depending upon the size of the land holdings, and the basic requirements of the farmers.

Among three systems agrihortisilvicultural was highly diverse in vegetation, with as many as 13 tree and 5 agricultural crops mixed together. This system showed the highest productivity up to 25.8 t ha -1yr-1, out of which 68 percent was contributed by the trees and the remainder by the annuals. Agrisilvicultural system having predominantly annuals had the lowest productivity of 20.4 t ha -1yr-1 with only 27 percent contribution by the trees. Total aboveground biomass in agrihortisilvicultural or agrihorticultural system was around 48 t ha -1 and it was about 2-fold higher than agrisilvicultural system. In fodder trees, a significant percentage of annual production, up to 48 percent, was allocated in current twigs, while in horticultural trees a major portion, up to 63 percent was portioned towards fruits. Implications of the results have been discussed in context with the growing problems of fuel, fodder, and packaging material in the western Himalaya.

VL - 9 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120155 IS - 1 U1 - Agroforest Syst ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Structure and function of traditional agroforestry systems in the western Himalaya. II. Nutrient cycling JF - Agroforestry Systems Y1 - 1989 A1 - Om Parkash Toky A1 - Pradeep Kumar A1 - Prem Kumar Khosla KW - agroforestry systems KW - allocation pattern KW - nutrient budget KW - nutrient cycling KW - soil fertility KW - Western Himalaya AB - Budget of nutrient in plant and soil, and their rates of recycling in three types of traditional agroforestry systems in mid elevations of the western Himalaya were studied. Concentration of nitrogen and potassium was significantly higher in fruits and leaves than in branches, boles, and litter. Grewia optiva, an important fodder tree, was found to be rich in potassium, vegetable crops in nitrogen, and weeds in phosphorus. Maximum store of nutrients was estimated in aboveground biomass of agrihortisilvicultural system: nitrogen 532, phosphorus 40, potassium 461, calcium 400, and magnesium 298 kg/ha; it was closely followed by that in agrihorticultural system, and both these had about 2-fold higher nutrient stock as compared to agrisilvicultural system. In the case of the former two systems, considerable quantity of nutrients up to nitrogen 169, phosphorus 14, potassium 165, calcium 97, and magnesium 65 kg/ha, for example in agrihortisilvicultural system, was recycled through debris of crops and weeds, and tree leaf litter, while the recycling rate was almost half in agrisilvicultural system. Through 'harvest' potassium was depleted in the largest quantity from the system, followed by nitrogen, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus; much higher loss occurred through agricultural and/or horticultural edible parts as compared to fuel and fodder biomass. For example, the loss through agricultural crops and horticultural fruits for nitrogen in agrihortisilvicultural system was up to 75 percent and 38 percent respectively of the total annual uptake. This heavy loss makes the system unstable from a nutrient point of view particularly for nitrogen and potassium until external inputs are added through organic and inorganic fertilizers. Agrihortisilvicultural system is remarkably efficient in view of biomass productivity for fuel, fodder and fruits, and also from nutrient point of view provided losses through harvest are compensated externally. VL - 9 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120156 IS - 1 U1 - Agroforest Syst ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Agroforestry T2 - Jessenia and Oenocarpus: Neotropical oil palms worthy of domestication Y1 - 1988 A1 - Michael J. Balick A1 - Steven R. King A1 - Luis E. Forero Pinto ED - Michael J Balick KW - agroforestry KW - ethnobotany KW - Oenocarpus KW - palm oil AB - The study focuses on the uses of oil palms in Colombia. It outlines the systems of land use employing palms. It also gives an analysis of how other plants and livestock fared in these systems. Several tables and illustrations are included. The paper goes on to suggest future research lines that would be helpful to study. JF - Jessenia and Oenocarpus: Neotropical oil palms worthy of domestication T3 - FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper no. 88 PB - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) CY - Rome SN - 92-5-102676-9 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19059118 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Consequences of deforestation for women's time allocation, agricultural production, and nutrition in hill areas of Nepal T2 - Research report (International Food Policy Research Institute) no. 69 Y1 - 1988 A1 - Shubh K. Kumar A1 - David Hotchkiss KW - agricultural productivity KW - deforestation KW - economic aspects KW - food supply KW - Nepal KW - time management KW - women agricultural laborers KW - women fuelwood gatherers AB - In this report, the cost in time spent collecting fuel is used as a measure of the consequences of deforestation; its effects on time allocation, agricultural output, food consumption, and nutrition are examined. In particular, the allocation of women's time is influenced because women are engaged not only in the collection of fuelwood and other essential forest products affected by deforestation - such as leaf fodder and grass for livestock feed - but also in agricultural production. According to the study's hypothesis, deforestation reduces agricultural output from existing cultivated land by increasing time spent in collecting essential forest products, which shifts time away from agriculture. As a result, household income from agriculture is reduced. Unless alternative sources of income increase, food consumption and eventually the nutritional status of the population will be adversely affected. Because livestock production is also an important part of household enterprise in these areas, the destruction of forests also influences this sector. A reduction in the availability of fodder used for stall feeding increases the pressure for grazing, which increases soil erosion on lands that are currently not under cultivation. Also, children who are involved in collection and livestock grazing activities may experience adverse effects on health and education, which would ultimately influence the region's prospects for raising the productivity of labor. JF - Research report (International Food Policy Research Institute) no. 69 PB - International Food Policy Research Institute CY - Washington, DC SN - 0-89629-071-9 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18628702 N1 - General Note: October 1988 Bibliography note: pp. 70-72 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Agroforestry in the arid zones of India JF - Agroforestry Systems Y1 - 1987 A1 - K. A. Shankarnarayan A1 - L. N. Harsh A1 - S. Kathju KW - agroforestry KW - arid lands KW - forestry KW - Khejri (Prosopis cineraria) KW - sand dune stabilization KW - shelterbelts KW - silvopastoral systems KW - Zizyphus Mauritiana ('Ber') AB - The arid regions of India cover over 300,000 km2 and are spread over six States, mostly in the northwestern parts of the country. In spite of the hostile environmental conditions, several indigenous agroforestry practices are being practised in this region. The Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI) has made considerable progress in improving these indigenous practices and also developing new land use technologies some of which involve agroforestry approaches. Notable among these include sand-dune stabilization, shelterbelt plantations, tree planting techniques in difficult land forms, silvopastoral and agrisilvicultural systems, introduction and improvement of fruit trees and other indigenous trees, etc. Some of these technologies are adopted on a large scale by farmers in the arid zone of India, and have attracted international attention in other arid parts of the world. This paper is a summary of the results of these agroforestry initiatives of CAZRI. VL - 5 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046414 IS - 1 U1 - Agroforest Syst ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Clearcutting Brazilian Caatinga: Assessment of a traditional forest grazing management practice JF - Agroforestry Systems Y1 - 1987 A1 - R. D. Kirmse A1 - F. D. Provenza A1 - J. C. Malechek KW - agriculture KW - clearcutting KW - coppice KW - forestry KW - goat and sheep nutrition KW - herbage chemical composition KW - herbage production KW - leaf litter production KW - semiarid woodlands AB - Clearcutting is a common practice for removing woody vegetation in the semiarid tropics of northeast Brazil. The prevalent belief is that clearing increases carrying capacity for livestock by increasing herbaceous vegetation, yet little empirical evidence exists to support or refute the contention. We investigated the implications to small ruminant nutrition of clearcutting in the semiarid tropics of northeast Brazil. We found that biomass of herbaceous species increased sixfold following cutting of trees, but much of this increase was in the form of poorly palatable stem. The large supply of leaf litter from woody species that was typical of uncleared areas during the dry season was replaced by persistent green foliage on coppicing trees the year following clearing. This green foliage may enhance the nutritional quality of the diets of sheep and goats foraging on cleared areas during the dry season. VL - 5 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047177 IS - 4 U1 - Agroforest Syst JO - Clearcutting Brazilian caatinga ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Homestead agroforestry in Bangladesh JF - Agroforestry Systems Y1 - 1987 A1 - William A. Leuschner A1 - Kibriaul Khaleque KW - agriculture KW - Bangladesh KW - farmer opinion KW - forestry KW - fruit trees KW - homestead agroforestry AB -

The Homestead agroforestry system is very important in the economy of Bangladesh. The many woody species grown in the homesteads are a significant source of fuelwood; they also provide fodder, building materials and other forms of wood. In the context of the prevailing shortage of fuelwood and excessive deforestation in Bangladesh, this homestead agroforestry system needs to be strengthened. A field survey was undertaken to assess the prospects and feasibility of initiating a programme for the improvement of homestead agroforestry systems. It showed that the prospects for improving homestead agroforestry systems are good because most respondents own their homesteads and believe there is room for more trees on them. Although they know that raising trees is relatively difficult and requires special practices, they are familiar with the government nurseries and local agricultural extension officers, and are confident about the success of the programme. Results also indicate that multipurpose trees and specific modules for involving women in the farm operations are likely to enhance success of the programme.

VL - 5 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047518 IS - 2 U1 - Agroforest Syst ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Deforestation: Interdependency of fuelwood and agriculture JF - OIKOS Y1 - 1986 A1 - David Pimentel A1 - Wen Dazhong A1 - Sanford Eigenbrode A1 - Helen Lang A1 - David Emerson A1 - Myra Karasik KW - agroforestry KW - deforestation KW - soil erosion AB -

Forests, vital to maintaining environmental stability and the fuelwood and other wood needs of society, are disappearing at an alarming rate throughout the world. Agricultural expansion into about 10 million hectares of new land accounts for most of the 11.6 million hectares of forest land being lost each year. The most promising policy to reduce deforestation and increase food supplies is to double crop yields over the next 2 to 3 decades on the most productive agricultural lands. This would require successful control of soil erosion plus the increased use of fertilizers and other agricultural inputs that help increase crop yield.

Леса, способные поддерживать стабильность окружающей среды, потребности в древесине и другие потребности общества в том, что дает лес, исчезают во всем мире с тревожащей быстротой. Сепьскохозайственная экспансия почти на 10 млн га вновь освоенных земель шла за счет большей части лесной террито-рии в 11,6 млн га, ежегодно уничтожавшихся. Наиболее перспективная полити-ка замедления сведения лесов и увеличения лесных заласов - удвоение урожай-ности наиболее высокопродуктивных сельскохозаяственных земель в ближайшие 2-3 десятилетия. Это потребует эффективной борьбы с эрозией почв и увели-чения внесения удобрений и использования других сельскожозайственных ме-роприятий по повышению урожайности.

VL - 46 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/3565841 IS - 3 N1 - Note that this bibliography record may have characters in non-English languages that are not displayed correctly. U1 - OIKOS JO - Deforestation ER - TY - BOOK T1 - The agroforestry survey in Kakamega District: Final report T2 - Kenya Woodfuel Development Program Working Paper 6 Y1 - 1985 A1 - Berry Van Gelder A1 - Paul Kerkhof A1 - Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme KW - Africa KW - fuelwood AB - This document includes the summary and conclusions of the survey mentioned above. It discusses activities of The Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme, and the main subjects of interest in the survey, which were: the present woody biomass situation on the farm, the activities undertaken by farmers to try to maintain present woody biomass and the present fuelwood supply situation within the households. JF - Kenya Woodfuel Development Program Working Paper 6 PB - [Beijer Institute] CY - Nairobi, Kenya UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16875028 JO - The agroforestry survey in Kakamega District ER - TY - Generic T1 - Fuelwood, agro-forestry, and natural resource management: The development significance of land tenure and other resource management/utilization systems Y1 - 1984 A1 - David Brokensha A1 - Alfonso H. Peter Castro A1 - Manasendu Kundu A1 - Barry Hewlett KW - Africa KW - agroforestry KW - ethnobotany KW - forestry KW - fuelwood KW - land administration KW - land tenure KW - natural resources KW - Tanzania KW - trees AB -

Traditions of tree planting vary. Some societies saw no need to plant any trees, others planted a few for fruit, shade or poles, a few others had elaborate agro-forestry systems, making effective use of many species. In nearly all societies, people knew a great deal about trees and their properties, as demonstrated by the many detailed ethnobotanical studies. (author)

Looked at in this paper are the topics of tree planting - who plants and why, factors in tree planting, seed supply, soil, rainfall, pests, etc., along with a list of trees planted in different parts of Africa.
This paper contains part (G)-Tree Planting-of the manuscript Fuelwood, Agro-Forestry, and Natural Resource Management: The Development Significance of Land Tenure and Other Resource Management/Utilization Systems. This paper also contains a working bibliography for the manuscript; however, one page is missing.

PB - Institute for Development Anthropology CY - Binghamton, New York UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4433438576 N1 - Prepared for U.S. AID/PPC/PDPR under Purchase Order OTR-0000-0-00-3441-00, April 1984 U5 - 64 JO - Fuelwood, agro-forestry, and natural resource management ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Karen agro-forestry: Processes, functions, and implications for socio-economic, demographic, and environmental change in northern Thailand JF - Mountain Research and Development Y1 - 1983 A1 - Peter Kunstadter KW - agroforestry KW - land tenure KW - rice KW - shifting cultivation AB -

Agro-forestry uses trees in combination with non-tree crops to intensify land use in forested areas. Optimal use of agro-forestry in a development programme requires a thorough knowledge of traditional land ownership and use if the area's inhabitants are to be integrated successfully into the plan.

The Karen people, the largest highland minority group in Thailand, have traditionally used a conservative short cultivation-long fallow swidden system. Land resources are loosely held by the community, which depends heavily on reciprocal exchange labour to cultivate family farms, and volunteer labour for the communal tasks necessary to protect village lands from fire and other hazards. The swidden system resembles agro-forestry in that the farmers encourage forest regeneration by allowing regrowth from stumps and coppiced trees in cultivated fields, and by controlling fire in fallow swiddens. Trees are used for construction and domestic fuel, and to bring nutrients where they can be used (as ash) to fertilize rice and a wide variety of non-tree crops. Swiddens are cultivated with minimal disturbance to the soil. With low population density the system sustained a subsistence economy for hundreds of years without major environmental deterioration.

In recent years the system has been destabilized. Most development projects have not been integrated into existing land-use systems.

Agro-forestry techniques have not generally been applied to increase swidden productivity. Extensive reforestation projects in swidden land areas have reduced the amount of land available to Karens at the same time as population has grown due to decline in mortality and migration into the hills. Commercialization of the subsistence economy has led to a decline in the availability of reciprocal exchange labour. Increased demand for forest resources has led to decrease in security of tenure for swiddens and other communally held land. Karens are now placing greater emphasis on irrigated fields, while the swidden system has tended to deteriorate, with more frequent cultivation and shorter fallow, and less adequate control of fire.

L'agro-foresterie considère les arbres comme une ressource au même titre que d'autres plantes cultivées, pour permettre d'intensifier l'exploitation du sol dans les régions forestières. L'utilisation optimale de l'agro-foresteire dans le cadre d'un programme de développement nécéssite une connaissance profonde des modes traditionnels affectant la propriété et l'utilisation des terres, si l'on veut intégrer avec succès les habitants de la région dans le plan général. Les Karens constituent le groupement minoritaire le plus important dans les régions montagneuses de la Thaïlande. Par tradition, ils utilisent un système conservatif de culture sur brûlis caracterisé par de courtes périodes de culture et de longues périodes en friche. Les ressources agraires appartiennent plus ou moins à la collectivité qui compte beaucoup sur l'échange réciproque de la main-d'oeuvre pour cultiver les terres familiales, et sur la main-d'oeuvre volontaire pour effectuer les tâches nécessaires à la protection du village et des terres avoisinantes contre le feu et autres dangers. Le système de culture sur brûlis ressemble à l'agro-foresterie du fait que les fermiers encouragent la régénération de la forêt, en permettant aux souches et aux taillis de repousser dans les champs cultivés, et en utilisant judicieusement le feu dans les brûlis en friche. Les arbres sont utilisés pour la construction et pour le chauffage domestique, et sous forme de cendres pour fertilizer les champs de riz et d'autres plantes cultivées. Les brûlis sont cultivés de manière à minimiser les perturbations du sols. Combiné à une faible densité démographique, ce système a pu supporter un régime d'auto-consommation pendant des centaines d'années, sans détérioration majeure de l'environnement. Ce système s'est déstabilisé au cours des dernières années, du fait que la plupart des projets de développement ne se sont pas integrés dans les systèmes existants d'utilisation des terres. En général, les techniques agro-forestières n'ont pas été appliquées pour augmenter la productivité des brûlis. Des projets intensifs de reboisement dans les zones de brûlis ont réduit la superficie des terres disponibles aux Karens, alors que leur population s'est accrue du fait d'un moindre taux de mortalité et d'une migration vers les régions montagneuses. La commercialisation de leur régime d'autoconsommation a mené à un declin de la main-d'oeuvre disponible pour les échanges réciproques. Une demande plus importante pour les produits forestiers a diminué la stabilité de la structure agraire en ce qui concerne les brûllis et autres terres régies par la collectivité. Les Karens accordent maintenant plus d'importance aux terres irriguées, alors que la culture sur brûllis tend à se dégrader (périodes de culture plus longues comparées aux périodes en friche, et utilisation moins judicieuse du feu).

Agro-Forstwirtschaft verwendet um die Landnutzung bewaldeter Flächen zu intensivieren, Bäume zusammen mit Feldfrüchten. Durch ein Entwicklungsprogramm optimierte Agro-Forstwirtschaft erfordert genaue Kenntnis der herkömmlichen Landnutzung und Besitzverhältnisse, will man die Einwohner erfolgreich in die Planung einbeziehen. Die Karen Bevölkerung, die grösste Minderheit der Hochlandbewohner Thailands, hat seit jeher ein System benutzt, bei dem nach einer kurzen Anbauzeit eine lange Brachperiode mit Roden und Brennen folgt. Landressourcen werden mehr oder weniger von der Gemeinde verwaltet, die, um Familienbesitzungen zu bestellen, stark von gegenseitigem Arbeitskräfteaustausch abhängt. Daneben ist freiwillige Arbeit für Gemeindeaufgaben notwendig, um das kommunale Land vor Feuer und anderen Gefahren zu schützen. Das System des Rodens und Brennens ähnelt der Agro-Forstwirtschaft darin, dass die Bauern auf bebauten Feldern neuen Baumwuchs aus Stümpfen und Unterholz zulassen, und das Feuer auf das Brachland beschränken. Bäume werden als Baumaterial und Brennholz benutzt, ausserdem liefern sie (in Form von Asche) Nährstoffe, die Felder mit Reis und anderen Feldfrüchten düngen. Roden- und Brennflächen werden mit geringer Bodenbeeinträchtigung bestellt. Bei niedriger Bevölkerungsdichte konnte das System über Jahrhunderte ohne grosse Umweltverschlechterung eine gleichbleibende Selbstversorgerökonomie aufrechterhalten. Unlängst jedoch wurde das System instabil. Die meisten Entwicklungsprojekte wurden nicht in bestehende Landnutzungssysteme integriert. Allgemein wurden agro-forstwirtschaftliche Techniken zur Ertragssteigerung beim Roden- und Brennsystem nicht angewendet. Der Landanteil, der den Karen zur Verfügung steht, ist durch umfangreiche Aufforstungsprojekte zurückgegangen, während gleichzeitig die Bevölkerungszahl durch Zurückgehen der Sterblichkeit und Umsiedelung in die Berge gestiegen ist. Kommerzialisierung der Selbstversorgerökonomie führte zu einem Rückgang in der Verfügbarkeit von Austauscharbeitskräften. Zunehmender Bedarf an Waldressourcen hat ausserdem zur Verunsicherung der Besitzverhältnisse des Roden- und Brennlandes und anderer kommunaler Ländereien geführt. Die Karen legen jetzt mehr Wert darauf, ihre Felder zu bewässern; dadurch werden sie häufiger bestellt, die Zeit der Brache ist kürzer, aber die Feuergefahr ist höher, während sich das System des Rodens und Brennens verschlechtert hat.

VL - 3 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/3673036 IS - 4 U1 - Mountain Research and Development JO - Karen Agro-Forestry ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Exploitation in southeast Asia T2 - Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Biogeographical and ecological studies Y1 - 1982 A1 - K. Kartawinata A1 - T. C. Jessup A1 - Andrew P. Vayda ED - H. Leith ED - M. J. A. Werger KW - rainforests KW - southeast Asia AB -

The area we cover is insular Southeast Asia, or Melanesia, comprising the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. The countries of mainland Southeast Asia are excluded, as they contain little tropical rain forest. Our own research experience leads us to focus mainly on Indonesia.

We consider three categories of exploitation: logging, rattan collection, and shifting cultivation. All are economically important in Southeast Asia and all have had increasingly widespread and deleterious effects in the last few decades. We first describe an example of "traditional" (that is, non-mechanized) logging, from the remote Apo Kayan region of the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. Timber cutting in the Apo Kayan is still largely for local use, and employs means that must have been more widespread in Borneo in pre-industrial times. It is far less environmentally destructive than modern commercial logging in lowland dipterocarp forests, which is a subject we also consider. We then turn to rattan collection, drawing especially on the work of Dransfield, who has considered the relation of rattan biology to methods of management and conservation. The last section is a discussion of some aspects of shifting cultivation. (author)

JF - Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Biogeographical and ecological studies T3 - Ecosystems of the world no. 14B PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21303776 N1 - Chapter 34 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Wild fruits of the sub-Himalayan region Y1 - 1982 A1 - Chiranjit Parmar A1 - Mitlesh Kumar Kaushal KW - agroforestry KW - ethnobotany KW - fruit KW - Himalayan region KW - horticulture KW - India KW - taxonomy KW - tree crops AB - In the present work, the authors have endeavoured to bring out detailed information on various characteristics of morphological, taxonomical, economical and horticultural importance. This information was collected during the course of investigation carried out by them on 26 plants found growing wild in the sub-Himalayan tract yielding edible fruits in an attempt to evaluate these wild fruits from economic and commercial standpoints. To make the work more comprehensive and useful, the authors also consult various other sources including the translations of ancient Sanskrit texts on Ayurveda for compiling all the available information on the medicinal properties and other uses of these plants. The treatise, therefore, carries a detailed information on the phenology, flowering and fruiting seasons, chemical composition, medicinal properties, yield, utilization, scope, etc., in respect of each fruit. PB - Kalyani Publishers [PARMAR] CY - New Delhi UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9422206 ER - TY - CONF T1 - Management of agroforestry systems in Kenya T2 - Proceedings from Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 12-22 November 1980 Y1 - 1981 A1 - D. M. Kamweti ED - Louise Buck KW - Africa KW - agroforestry KW - East Africa KW - Kenya AB -

The key factor in forest management and agricultural practice is suitable land. That is what Kenya is short of; about two thirds of the country being semi-arid or arid. Forests in some areas of Kenya occupy prime land. Although Kenya has relatively little forest, the future may see some of this converted to agroforestry, a land use system that combines production of food and forest products, preferably on the same unit of land and on a sustainable yield basis. (author)

This document, on agroforestry management in Kenya, looks at aspects of agroforestry in terms of: soil fertility, animal feed, human needs, microclimate amelioration, the provision of nitrogen in soil, soil structure improvements, a domestic energy supply, and as a potential supply which can be maintained on a sustained yield basis. It also looks at: management concepts in agroforestry; land tenure and agroforestry; and the selection of appropriate species for agroforestry projects in regard to altitude and soil type.

JF - Proceedings from Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 12-22 November 1980 PB - University of Nairobi and International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) CY - Nairobi, Kenya UR - http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=2013/US/US2013014353410006998.xml;US201301435398 N1 - Organized jointly by the University of Nairobi and ICRAF U5 - 11 pages ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Oceania T2 - World systems of traditional resource management Y1 - 1980 A1 - Gary A. Klee ED - Gary A. Klee KW - Australia KW - Melanesia KW - Micronesia KW - New Guinea KW - New Zealand KW - Polynesia AB - Many South Pacific islanders possessed and continue to possess a wealth of environmental knowledge, including traditional systems of resource management. Taboos, bans, seasons, wildlife preserves, marine preserves, land and lagoon tenure systems, systems of time reckoning, social stratification, religion, and population control (overseas voyaging, suicidal voyages, celibacy, prevention of conception, abortion, and infanticide) undoubtedly function in conserving island resources. Several of these inadvertent or recognized conservation practices were distinctly effective in terms of conserving resources, and, if those appropriate were supported or adapted to modern conditions, they could continue to be so. Yet, little time remains to identify, record, and possibly preserve some of these traditional systems of conservation management. (author) JF - World systems of traditional resource management PB - John Wiley & Sons CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Shifting cultivation, fire, and pine forest in the Cordillera Central, Luzon, Philippines JF - Ecological Monographs Y1 - 1966 A1 - Norman Edward Kowal KW - agroforestry KW - Philippines KW - swiddens AB - This paper looks at the importance of montane forest on soil erosion where the Kaingin peoples of the Philippines practice swidden agriculture. Also details floral succession from primary montane to secondary pine forests. Includes the effects of modernization of Kaingin agriculture on soil erosion. VL - 36 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/1942374 IS - 4 N1 - See also: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2307/1942374 U1 - Ecological Monographs ER -