TY - Generic T1 - Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992 Y1 - 1993 A1 - International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) KW - agricultural innovations KW - aquaculture KW - congresses KW - ecology KW - fish culture KW - Java KW - Kasepuhan KW - rice KW - rice-fish culture KW - sustainable development AB -

Contains the following papers:

PB - Regional Program for the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia, International Institute of Rural Reconstruction CY - Silang, Cavite, Philippines UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820560133 U5 - 520 pp. JO - Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effects of trees on paddy bund on soil fertility and rice growth in Northeast Thailand JF - Agroforestry Systems Y1 - 1992 A1 - S. Sae-Lee A1 - P. Vityakon A1 - B. Prachaiyo KW - minerals KW - northeast Thailand KW - paddy KW - rice KW - soil fertility KW - trees AB -

A study was conducted in Northeast Thailand on six rice paddy fields on a farm with similar soil (Aquic Quartzipsamments) and with a single tree on the paddy bund. There were 4 tree species: Parinarium anamense, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, D. intricatus, and Samanea saman. Samples of soil (0-10 cm depth) and rice were collected at 3 positions (1, 5-7, and 9-11 m) away from the tree base in 3 replicated tree-soil trasects in each paddy field. Significantly higher pH, organic matter, and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) were found in paddy fields with S. saman (a legume tree) but grain yield and biomass of rice were significantly lower. Higher soil fertility was found in the positions closer to tree base while grain yields, biomass, and number of tillers were lower, and rice was taller and had more unfilled grain. Shading was deduced to be the key factor responsible for the depressed rice yields and growth at positions closer to tree base especially in the highly shading S. saman.

VL - 18 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00123318 IS - 3 U1 - Agroforest Syst ER - TY - CONF T1 - Rice and fish: Dual function of rice fields among the Kasepuhan people in West Java T2 - Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992 Y1 - 1992 A1 - Kusnaka Adimihardja KW - aquaculture KW - ecology KW - fish culture KW - Java KW - Kasepuhan KW - rice KW - rice-fish culture AB -

In West Java there is a group of people whose social world is considered to be almost completely based on traditional manners and custom. This particular community is the Kasepuhan people. They live on the slope of Mt. Halimun in the southern part of West Java. The Kasepuhan people still practice swidden agriculture, as well as wet rice agriculture. Until now they have refused the government proposal to change the planting and harvesting of rice from one to two times a year. This proposal is in conflict with their traditional belief. However, the government looks at this refusal as a protest to their agriculture development policy.

During the period of rest in the rice paddy field, fish are raised. This process brings economic as well as ecological benefits for the Kasepuhan people.

JF - Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992 PB - International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) CY - Silang, Cavite, Philippines U5 - 12 pp. JO - Rice and fish ER - TY - CONF T1 - Indigenous knowledge and development (revised version) Y1 - 1991 A1 - D. Michael Warren KW - agroforestry KW - aquatic resources KW - ethnoveterinary medicine KW - fisheries KW - forest gardens KW - mixed cropping KW - pest management KW - rice KW - traditional medicine KW - trees AB - There are now hundreds of studies which have recorded indigenous knowledge in many countries. A review of these documents reveals useful insights in how indigenous knowledge and scientific research can benefit from one another. Despite improvements in crop and livestock production technologies, many farmers do not adopt these innovations. Research indicates that the farmers' decisions to reject an innovation are often rational when viewed through the indigenous system. Many farming systems are based on intimate knowledge of soils, vegetation, climate, and pests. They also reflect strategies that allow the farmer to avoid perceived input, output and marketing risks or uncertainties. Understanding these perceived risks and ways of avoiding them can be an important first step towards fruitful partnerships between development professionals and farmers. Several examples of types of indigenous knowledge useful for development are outlined in this paper. CY - Washington, DC N1 - Background paper for seminar series on "Sociology and Natural Resource Management", Agriculture Department, The World Bank, December 3, 1990 U3 - Seminar series on Sociology and Natural Resource Management, Agriculture Department, The World Bank U5 - 36 pp. ER - TY - BOOK T1 - NGO-government interaction in rice-fish farming and other aspects of sustainable agricultural development in Thailand T2 - Network paper ODI, Agricultural Administration (Research and Extension) Network no. 28 Y1 - 1991 A1 - John Sollows A1 - Lanthom Jonjuabsong A1 - Aroon Hwai-Kham KW - agricultural development projects KW - aquatic resources KW - fish culture KW - rice KW - sustainable agriculture KW - Thailand AB - John Sollow's paper reports that whilst formerly widespread in Central Thailand, the populartity of rice-fish culture began to be replaced by more profitable agricultural technologies from the early 1970's. These technologies are of limited applicability in Northeast Thailand, where rice-fish culture began to spread in the early 1980s, following rapid declines in traditional wild fish sources. NGOs were among the first to notice its increasing popularity and to bring it to the attention of several government agencies. Subsequently, on-farm, farmer managed trials by the Department of Agriculture helped to confirm the viability of the practice, and to bring it to the attention of policy-makers. Considering these results and their own experiences, the Department of Fisheries has assigned a high priority to the extension of rice-fish culture in Northeast Thailand. The Department of Agriculture Extension is also involved in extending the practice there and elsewhere. Research efforts continue to address factors limiting the adoption and productivity of the technology. Major extension efforts are expected to continue. The relationship between government and non-government agencies is largely informal. Some examples of contacts which have been mutually beneficial are given, and possible ways of strengthening institutional linkages are discussed. Most are open to debate, but all relate to improved communications, be it in style, content or frequency. JF - Network paper ODI, Agricultural Administration (Research and Extension) Network no. 28 PB - Agricultural Administration Unit, Overseas Development Institute CY - London UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25907615 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Los agricultores de Yurimaguas: Uso de la tierra y estrategias de cultivo en la selva peruana Y1 - 1989 A1 - Pedro Bidegaray A1 - Robert E. Rhoades KW - Amazon KW - bananas KW - beans KW - corn KW - crops KW - ethnoecology KW - farmer participatory research KW - peanuts KW - peasants KW - pineapple KW - plantains KW - rice KW - sugar cane KW - sweet potatoes KW - technology KW - work force KW - yucca KW - Yurimaguas AB -

(trans.) The Farmers of Yurimaguas: Land Use and Cultivation Strategies in the Peruvian Jungle

This book is the result of a study conducted by the Center for Amazonian Promotion and Investigation. The book contains nine chapters examining traditional agricultural practices and rural domestic farms. The study is based on a perspective recently developed by agriculturists which is farmer-oriented instead of the traditional western development model. The principal objectives in the book are understanding the complex system of subsistence agriculture and the cultivation of commercial products in the Yurimaguas area. The book consists of an in-depth look at the results of the study conducted in the Yurimaguas. Some important areas of the study are the work force, ethnoecology, crops (such as rice, yucca, plantain and bananas, corn, beans, peanuts, sugar cane, pineapple, and sweet potatoes). The authors stress the importance of indigenous technology and emphasize the methods in which the peasants of Yurimaguas have regained their traditional techniques.

JF - Centro de investigación y promoción Amazónica documento PB - Lima, Peru CY - Centro de Investigación y Promoción Amazónica N1 - includes photographs, diagrams, maps, bibliography U5 - 136 pp. JO - Los agricultores de Yurimaguas ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The need to build upon farmer practice and knowledge: Reminders from selected upland conservation projects and policies JF - Agroforestry Systems Y1 - 1989 A1 - S. Fujisaka KW - adoption KW - agriculture KW - conservation KW - diagnosis and design KW - farmer knowledge KW - farmer participation KW - farmer practice KW - forestry KW - labor KW - participatory research KW - resource management KW - rice KW - slash and burn KW - soil erosion KW - sustainability KW - swiddens KW - upland farming AB -

On-farm research and development projects in SE Asia's uplands have addressed problems of ecosystems degradation. Farmer adoption, however, of land conservation technologies has generally not resulted or has not been sustainable. This paper examines four agroforestry projects and two policy approaches meant to protect upland resources. Promoted innovations and farmer adoption are described. Six lessons are reemphasized:

Overall, variable scale diagnosis and design that is unbiased towards pre-selected technologies is needed. Lessons learned contributed to farmer-participatory agroforestry research being conducted in an upland rice-based system in the Philippines. (author)

VL - 9 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00168259 IS - 2 U1 - Agroforest Syst JO - The need to build upon farmer practice and knowledge ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Useful farming practices: New edition Y1 - 1988 A1 - Japan Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture & Forestry (AICAF) KW - agricultural engineering KW - agroforestry KW - animal husbandry KW - appropriate technology and intermediate technology KW - aquatic resources KW - ecology KW - ethnobotany KW - fisheries KW - forestry KW - horticulture KW - rice KW - sericulture KW - upland farming AB - This book is a general overview of farming techniques for diverse ecological systems and technological capabilities. Major areas of discussion are horticulture, animal husbandry, agricultural engineering, farming machines and tools, sericulture, forestry, and fisheries. There is also an emphasis on rice cultivation. PB - Japan Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture & Forestry CY - Tokyo UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22662784 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - IITA: Sustainable systems JF - African Farming Y1 - 1987 A1 - Anonymous KW - agricultural extension KW - agroforestry KW - alley cropping KW - barley KW - cassava KW - cereal food imports KW - cereals KW - cowpeas KW - farming systems research KW - food aid KW - green revolution KW - indigenous crops KW - maize KW - millet KW - plantains KW - rice KW - seed yam KW - seeds KW - soils KW - sorghum KW - strategic planning study KW - sustainable agriculture KW - wheat KW - yams AB - Bede Nwoye Okigbo, Deputy Director General of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) for the last ten years, is one of those rare human beings who has a rich professional life perfectly integrated with his own personality. Several societies and academies have enrolled his talents. His field of specialization is crop ecology and production, but it is hard to find any area of agriculture or botany where Okigbo's profound insight or experience in not equally valid. In this interview, Dr. Okigbo explains how research being carried out at IITA is helping Africa to feed itself. JO - IITA ER - TY - CONF T1 - Notes and reflections on the workshop on farmers and agricultural research: Complementary methods T2 - Paper presented at IDS Workshop on Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, July 26-31, 1987, University of Sussex Y1 - 1987 A1 - Robert Chambers KW - agricultural research KW - agricultural science KW - agroforestry KW - agronomy KW - Bangladesh KW - bio-economic KW - Botswana KW - Brazil KW - Bungoma KW - Colombia KW - cropping systems KW - cropping systems research KW - crops KW - development KW - dry farming KW - dryland agriculture KW - East India KW - farmer experimentation KW - farmers KW - Farming Systems Development Project-Eastern Visayas (FSDP-EV) KW - food KW - India KW - indigenous genetic resources KW - indigenous technical knowledge KW - Indore KW - Kenya KW - land classification KW - livestock KW - Luapula KW - Luapula Province KW - Nepal KW - on-farm varietal KW - Peru KW - Pokot KW - regular research field hearings (RRFH) KW - research and development KW - resource-poor KW - rice KW - scientized packages KW - soil classification KW - Sub-Saharan Africa KW - topsoil KW - tree planting KW - trees KW - Turkana KW - watersheds KW - Zambia AB - The workshop, Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, was held at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, from 26 to 31 July 1987. The objective was to take stock of new methods and approaches that scientists have been developing, to share experience, to assess potential, and to identify what steps should be taken next. The 42 notes and papers and the five days of the discussion at the workshop were designed for the exchange and exploration rather than to generate an agreed statement. What follows are therefore personal notes and reflections, and responsibility for the views expressed is mine and not of anyone else. All the same, I am trying to present views expressed, and there was a degree of consensus which suggests that few participants would probably wish to dissent substantially from much of what follows. (author) JF - Paper presented at IDS Workshop on Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, July 26-31, 1987, University of Sussex PB - Brighton, UK CY - University of Sussex N1 - IDS (Institute of Development Studies) U5 - 18 pp. JO - Notes and reflections on the workshop on farmers and agricultural research ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Mountain people in the Philippines: Ethnographic contributions to upland development T2 - Man, agriculture and the tropical forest: Change and development in the Philippine uplands Y1 - 1986 A1 - Susan D. Russell ED - Sam Fujisaka ED - Percy E. Sajise ED - Romulo del Castillo KW - agroforestry KW - animal feed KW - community forestry KW - fallow KW - fuelwood KW - medicine KW - rice KW - swiddens AB - A crisis of deforestation and consequent soil erosion looms in many southeast Asian upland ecosystems. Blame for this problem has been attributed to both slash and burn agriculturalists or timber extraction industries. To the extent that the actions of uplanders rather than legal and illegal logging are seen as being responsible for diminishing forest reserves, a growing demand exists among policy-makers and foresters for a more holistic, interdisciplinary approach to appropriate intervention strategies. Anthropologists are now frequently incorporated into technical programs and are given a growing recognition that economic change cannot be understood adequately in isolation from the social institutional framework. Recent efforts in social forestry, for example, suggest that anthropological perspectives have direct practical applicability to development programs. JF - Man, agriculture and the tropical forest: Change and development in the Philippine uplands PB - Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development CY - Bangkok, Thailand SN - 0933595123; 9780933595125 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18193024 N1 - Chapter 3 JO - Mountain people in the Philippines ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Seventeenth century organic agriculture in China: II. Energy flows through an agroecosystem in Jiaxing region JF - Human Ecology Y1 - 1986 A1 - Wen Dazhong A1 - David Pimentel KW - agroecology KW - China KW - energy flow KW - fodder KW - labor KW - organic farming KW - rice KW - silkworm KW - wheat AB - An examination of traditional agriculture of the Jiaxing region of eastern China in the seventeenth century. Use of statistical evidence on energy inputs and outputs to show the sustainable incorporation of silk, mulberry, livestock, fishing, and cereal crop production with little or no fossil fuel use. VL - 14 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602798 IS - 1 JO - Seventeenth century organic agriculture in China ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Traditional agroforestry in West Java: The pekarangan (homegarden) and kebun-talun (annual-perennial rotation) cropping systems T2 - Traditional agriculture in southeast Asia: A human ecology perspective Y1 - 1986 A1 - Linda Christanty A1 - Oekan S. Abdoellah A1 - Gerald G. Marten A1 - Johan Iskandar ED - Gerald G. Marten KW - agriculture KW - agroforestry KW - animals KW - crop rotation KW - ecology KW - farming KW - home gardens KW - Indonesia KW - intercropping KW - Java KW - Javanese KW - kebun-talun KW - pekarangan KW - rice KW - tree crops KW - trees KW - upland farming AB - This chapter looks at the role of kebun-talun and pekarangan in the Javanese landscape. Kebun-talun (rotation system between mixed garden and tree plantation) is a traditional system that increases overall production and serves multiple functions by sequentially combining agricultural crops with tree crops. Pekarangan (homegarden intercropping system) is a traditional system located in the villages that provides both subsistence and commercial products and serves multiple functions by simultaneously combining agricultural crops with tree crops and animals. JF - Traditional agriculture in southeast Asia: A human ecology perspective PB - Westview Press CY - Boulder, CO SN - 0-8133-7026-4 UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12975293 JO - Traditional agroforestry in West Java ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Change and indigenous agroforestry in East Kalimantan [Part II] JF - Borneo Research Bulletin Y1 - 1983 A1 - Carol J. Pierce Colfer KW - Apo Kayan KW - cash cropping KW - commercialism KW - gardening KW - lumber KW - marketing KW - primary forest KW - rainforests KW - rice KW - secondary forest KW - shopkeeping KW - tropical forests AB -

This section is essentially an account of the differences that result when the third element, commerce, is introduced. To understand the changes and their impacts, we must first examine the system by which goods and food are produced and aquired in Long Ampung, in the virtual absence of commerce. The crux or core of the economic system is a form of agroforestry composed of at least two important components:

  1. a ricefield and its gradual transition back to (and including) primary forest, and
  2. a number of special purpose plots that for one reason or another do not appear to be involved in the "normal" forest succession process. (author)
VL - 15 UR - http://www.borneoresearchcouncil.org/BRB%20PDF%20scans/BRB_1983_15_02.pdf IS - 2 N1 - Part I in Borneo Research Bulletin, 1983 15(1)
CIKARD 91-01903 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Karen agro-forestry: Processes, functions, and implications for socio-economic, demographic, and environmental change in northern Thailand JF - Mountain Research and Development Y1 - 1983 A1 - Peter Kunstadter KW - agroforestry KW - land tenure KW - rice KW - shifting cultivation AB -

Agro-forestry uses trees in combination with non-tree crops to intensify land use in forested areas. Optimal use of agro-forestry in a development programme requires a thorough knowledge of traditional land ownership and use if the area's inhabitants are to be integrated successfully into the plan.

The Karen people, the largest highland minority group in Thailand, have traditionally used a conservative short cultivation-long fallow swidden system. Land resources are loosely held by the community, which depends heavily on reciprocal exchange labour to cultivate family farms, and volunteer labour for the communal tasks necessary to protect village lands from fire and other hazards. The swidden system resembles agro-forestry in that the farmers encourage forest regeneration by allowing regrowth from stumps and coppiced trees in cultivated fields, and by controlling fire in fallow swiddens. Trees are used for construction and domestic fuel, and to bring nutrients where they can be used (as ash) to fertilize rice and a wide variety of non-tree crops. Swiddens are cultivated with minimal disturbance to the soil. With low population density the system sustained a subsistence economy for hundreds of years without major environmental deterioration.

In recent years the system has been destabilized. Most development projects have not been integrated into existing land-use systems.

Agro-forestry techniques have not generally been applied to increase swidden productivity. Extensive reforestation projects in swidden land areas have reduced the amount of land available to Karens at the same time as population has grown due to decline in mortality and migration into the hills. Commercialization of the subsistence economy has led to a decline in the availability of reciprocal exchange labour. Increased demand for forest resources has led to decrease in security of tenure for swiddens and other communally held land. Karens are now placing greater emphasis on irrigated fields, while the swidden system has tended to deteriorate, with more frequent cultivation and shorter fallow, and less adequate control of fire.

L'agro-foresterie considère les arbres comme une ressource au même titre que d'autres plantes cultivées, pour permettre d'intensifier l'exploitation du sol dans les régions forestières. L'utilisation optimale de l'agro-foresteire dans le cadre d'un programme de développement nécéssite une connaissance profonde des modes traditionnels affectant la propriété et l'utilisation des terres, si l'on veut intégrer avec succès les habitants de la région dans le plan général. Les Karens constituent le groupement minoritaire le plus important dans les régions montagneuses de la Thaïlande. Par tradition, ils utilisent un système conservatif de culture sur brûlis caracterisé par de courtes périodes de culture et de longues périodes en friche. Les ressources agraires appartiennent plus ou moins à la collectivité qui compte beaucoup sur l'échange réciproque de la main-d'oeuvre pour cultiver les terres familiales, et sur la main-d'oeuvre volontaire pour effectuer les tâches nécessaires à la protection du village et des terres avoisinantes contre le feu et autres dangers. Le système de culture sur brûlis ressemble à l'agro-foresterie du fait que les fermiers encouragent la régénération de la forêt, en permettant aux souches et aux taillis de repousser dans les champs cultivés, et en utilisant judicieusement le feu dans les brûlis en friche. Les arbres sont utilisés pour la construction et pour le chauffage domestique, et sous forme de cendres pour fertilizer les champs de riz et d'autres plantes cultivées. Les brûlis sont cultivés de manière à minimiser les perturbations du sols. Combiné à une faible densité démographique, ce système a pu supporter un régime d'auto-consommation pendant des centaines d'années, sans détérioration majeure de l'environnement. Ce système s'est déstabilisé au cours des dernières années, du fait que la plupart des projets de développement ne se sont pas integrés dans les systèmes existants d'utilisation des terres. En général, les techniques agro-forestières n'ont pas été appliquées pour augmenter la productivité des brûlis. Des projets intensifs de reboisement dans les zones de brûlis ont réduit la superficie des terres disponibles aux Karens, alors que leur population s'est accrue du fait d'un moindre taux de mortalité et d'une migration vers les régions montagneuses. La commercialisation de leur régime d'autoconsommation a mené à un declin de la main-d'oeuvre disponible pour les échanges réciproques. Une demande plus importante pour les produits forestiers a diminué la stabilité de la structure agraire en ce qui concerne les brûllis et autres terres régies par la collectivité. Les Karens accordent maintenant plus d'importance aux terres irriguées, alors que la culture sur brûllis tend à se dégrader (périodes de culture plus longues comparées aux périodes en friche, et utilisation moins judicieuse du feu).

Agro-Forstwirtschaft verwendet um die Landnutzung bewaldeter Flächen zu intensivieren, Bäume zusammen mit Feldfrüchten. Durch ein Entwicklungsprogramm optimierte Agro-Forstwirtschaft erfordert genaue Kenntnis der herkömmlichen Landnutzung und Besitzverhältnisse, will man die Einwohner erfolgreich in die Planung einbeziehen. Die Karen Bevölkerung, die grösste Minderheit der Hochlandbewohner Thailands, hat seit jeher ein System benutzt, bei dem nach einer kurzen Anbauzeit eine lange Brachperiode mit Roden und Brennen folgt. Landressourcen werden mehr oder weniger von der Gemeinde verwaltet, die, um Familienbesitzungen zu bestellen, stark von gegenseitigem Arbeitskräfteaustausch abhängt. Daneben ist freiwillige Arbeit für Gemeindeaufgaben notwendig, um das kommunale Land vor Feuer und anderen Gefahren zu schützen. Das System des Rodens und Brennens ähnelt der Agro-Forstwirtschaft darin, dass die Bauern auf bebauten Feldern neuen Baumwuchs aus Stümpfen und Unterholz zulassen, und das Feuer auf das Brachland beschränken. Bäume werden als Baumaterial und Brennholz benutzt, ausserdem liefern sie (in Form von Asche) Nährstoffe, die Felder mit Reis und anderen Feldfrüchten düngen. Roden- und Brennflächen werden mit geringer Bodenbeeinträchtigung bestellt. Bei niedriger Bevölkerungsdichte konnte das System über Jahrhunderte ohne grosse Umweltverschlechterung eine gleichbleibende Selbstversorgerökonomie aufrechterhalten. Unlängst jedoch wurde das System instabil. Die meisten Entwicklungsprojekte wurden nicht in bestehende Landnutzungssysteme integriert. Allgemein wurden agro-forstwirtschaftliche Techniken zur Ertragssteigerung beim Roden- und Brennsystem nicht angewendet. Der Landanteil, der den Karen zur Verfügung steht, ist durch umfangreiche Aufforstungsprojekte zurückgegangen, während gleichzeitig die Bevölkerungszahl durch Zurückgehen der Sterblichkeit und Umsiedelung in die Berge gestiegen ist. Kommerzialisierung der Selbstversorgerökonomie führte zu einem Rückgang in der Verfügbarkeit von Austauscharbeitskräften. Zunehmender Bedarf an Waldressourcen hat ausserdem zur Verunsicherung der Besitzverhältnisse des Roden- und Brennlandes und anderer kommunaler Ländereien geführt. Die Karen legen jetzt mehr Wert darauf, ihre Felder zu bewässern; dadurch werden sie häufiger bestellt, die Zeit der Brache ist kürzer, aber die Feuergefahr ist höher, während sich das System des Rodens und Brennens verschlechtert hat.

VL - 3 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/3673036 IS - 4 U1 - Mountain Research and Development JO - Karen Agro-Forestry ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Why do Apo Kayan shifting cultivators move? JF - Borneo Research Bulletin Y1 - 1981 A1 - Timothy C. Jessup KW - Indonesia KW - rainforests KW - rice KW - trade AB - This paper examines shifting cultivation patterns in Apo Kayan on the island of Borner (East Kalimantan). Includes reasons for moving from fields not related to food productions and discards the idea that shifting cultivators cannot adjust to a cash economy. Another "myth" this is discarded is that shifting cultivators are destroyers of primary forests. Also includes suggestions for resettlement program planning as well as expediting economic growth. VL - 13 UR - http://www.borneoresearchcouncil.org/BRB%20PDF%20scans/BRB_1981_13_01.pdf IS - 1 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Shifting cultivation in Africa: The Zande system of agriculture Y1 - 1956 A1 - Pierre de Schlippe KW - cowpeas KW - crop rotation KW - ecology KW - green gram KW - maize KW - millet KW - overcultivation KW - rice KW - rock formations KW - slash and burn KW - sorghum KW - swiddens KW - taxonomy KW - Zande AB - The excerpts from this book talk about the Zande ecological conceptions concerning swidden farming, rock and stone formations. The second part of this excerpt looks at Zande Crops: millet, Maize, sorghum, rice, cowpeas, green gram. The excerpt finishes with a discussion of overcultivation. PB - Routledge & Kegan Paul CY - London, England UR - https://ehrafworldcultures-beta.its.yale.edu/cultures/fo07/documents/060 ER -