TY - RPRT T1 - The Cree view of land and resources: Indigenous ecological knowledge Y1 - 1990 A1 - Fikret Berkes A1 - P. George A1 - Richard Preston A1 - J. Turner KW - American Indians KW - common property KW - ethics KW - Native Americans KW - natural resource management KW - worldview AB - This document looks at the traditional ecological knowledge (indigenous knowledge) and its relationship with modern society. Specifically, it details the knowledge held by the Cree Indians of Canada's north and gives examples and makes suggestions on how indigenous knowledge and development programs can be linked. JF - TASO Research Program for Technology Assessment in Subarctic Ontario, Second Series PB - Hamilton, Ontario, Canada CY - McMaster University U5 - 28 pp. JO - The Cree view of land and resources ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Ownership of traditional information: Moral and legal obligation to compensate for taking JF - Northeast Indian Quarterly Y1 - 1989 A1 - Richard J. McNeil A1 - Michael J. McNeil KW - biodiversity KW - ethics KW - ethnobotany KW - intellectual property rights KW - medicinal plants KW - rainforests AB - Technically developed societies have benefited greatly by the knowledge which they have extracted from indigenous, tribal societies, especially those living in the tropical rainforests. Tropical plants, and occasionally animals, have been used to produce many valuable pharmaceutical products; genetic variants of domestic crops have been used to produce increased yields, resistance to disease, and other valuable characteristics. Knowledge of these values of tropical plants has been created and discovered, sometimes at great hazard, over generations of people. The intellectual property so created and cared for is owned and has value. The knowledge has sometimes been extracted from rainforest people by ethnobotanists, anthropologists, and others, in transactions which may be characterized as unjust and illegal. From both moral and legal standpoints we may have obligations to compensate people of these tribal societies for the immensely valuable intellectual property which we have obtained from them. Various methods are available for compensation for past injustices and to produce fair transactions in the future. (author) VL - 6 IS - 3 JO - Ownership of traditional information ER - TY - Generic T1 - Agriculture and Human Values Y1 - 1988 KW - development assistance KW - ecology KW - economics KW - ethics KW - famine KW - fisheries KW - food KW - gender KW - history KW - international development AB - articles; book reviews VL - 5 UR - https://www.springer.com/journal/10460 IS - 1-2 N1 - Articles from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) also listed independently. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Great planting disasters: Pitfalls in technical assistance in forestry JF - Agriculture and Human Values Y1 - 1988 A1 - Louise Fortmann KW - agricultural economics KW - equity goals KW - ethics KW - evolutionary biology KW - history KW - project design KW - social forestry KW - technical assistance KW - veterinary medicine AB - Social forestry, in contrast to traditional forestry, is intended to meet biological/environmental, procedural and equity goals. Social forestry projects may not fulfill this multiplicity of goals either because priority is given to a single goal or because various factors including the structure and norms of implementing institutions and the distribution of local power overwhelm procedural and distributive intentions. Thus, despite participatory and equitable project designs, social forestry projects may result in the distribution of benefits to the rich and costs to the poor and products that either have little local value or lose their value over time. Factors leading to these outcomes are explored and countervailing measures considered. VL - 5 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217176 IS - 1-2 N1 - This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently. U1 - Agric Hum Values JO - Great planting disasters ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Historical forces in world agriculture and the changing role of international development assistance JF - Agriculture and Human Values Y1 - 1988 A1 - G. Edward Schuh KW - development assistance KW - ecology KW - economic integration KW - economic policies KW - economics KW - education institution KW - ethics KW - famine KW - fisheries KW - food agricultural economics KW - gender KW - history KW - international development KW - production technology KW - rural development AB -

The first part of this paper discusses five sets of forces that have had a major influence on world agriculture in the post-World War II period. These include:

  1. high rates of population growth in the developing countries
  2. a steady increase in economic integration world-wide, driven by technological breakthroughs in the communication and transportation sectors
  3. major realignments in the values of national currencies
  4. growing distortions in economic policies in both the industrialized and developing countries
  5. growing diffusion of new production technology from the industrialized to the developing countries.

The second part reviews the changing role of international development assistance in support of agriculture in light of these historical forces. Such assistance successively stressed the development of extension services, food aid, institutional development of higher level education institutions, the development of research capacity, and rural development.

A look to the future is the subject of the third part of the paper. This includes a discussion of the difficulties in sustaining U.S. foreign assistance, especially when that nation is letting its own economic house fall into such disarray.

VL - 5 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217179 IS - 1-2 N1 - This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently. U1 - Agric Hum Values ER - TY - Generic T1 - The human ecology of agricultural development: The ethics and rationale of international technical cooperation in agriculture and rural life Y1 - 1988 KW - development assistance KW - ecology KW - economics KW - ethics KW - famine KW - fisheries KW - food KW - gender KW - history KW - international development JF - Agriculture and Human Values VL - 5 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/0889-048x/5/1-2/ IS - 1-2 N1 - Articles also listed independently. U1 - Agric Hum Values U5 - 168 JO - The human ecology of agricultural development ER - TY - JOUR T1 - International technical interventions in agriculture and rural development: Some basic trends, issues, and questions JF - Agriculture and Human Values Y1 - 1988 A1 - George H. Axinn KW - ethics KW - international development KW - rural development KW - small proportion KW - unintended consequence KW - veterinary medicine AB - This paper presents some of the basic trends, issues, and questions regarding the last four decades of international development cooperation in agriculture. The impact of technical cooperation tends to account for only a small proportion of change; the bulk of the variance being caused by internal, rather than external, forces and events. The paper reviews both multilateral and bilateral technical cooperation, and then illustrates with the case of U.S. universities in international technical cooperation. It goes on to question the difference between "development" and "merely change," and asks who are the real beneficiaries? Finally, the paper suggests the following factors affecting continuity and change as forces to be analysed with respect to any attempt at technical cooperation: biological, physical, cultural, social, economic, administrative, political, and diplomatic. The world experience of the past four decades confirms that without consideration of such a human ecology of continuity and change, well-meaning interventions in international technical cooperation are likely to have unintended consequences for both "donors" and "recipients." VL - 5 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217172 IS - 1-2 N1 - This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently. U1 - Agric Hum Values JO - International technical interventions in agriculture and rural development ER -