TY - JOUR T1 - Gender, ecology, and the science of survival: Stories and lessons from Kenya JF - Agriculture and Human Values Y1 - 1991 A1 - Dianne E. Rocheleau KW - agroforestry KW - alley cropping KW - biodiversity KW - community forestry KW - cultural ecology KW - drought KW - East Africa KW - ecofeminist KW - ethnobotany KW - ethnoscience KW - famine KW - fodder trees KW - gendered knowledge KW - knowledge system KW - land rights KW - land tenure KW - on-farm trials KW - pastoralism KW - rural people KW - simple extraction KW - survival skills KW - sustainable development AB -

Sustainable development and biodiversity initiatives increasingly include ethnoscience, yet the gendered nature of rural people's knowledge goes largely unrecognized. This paper notes the current resurgence of ethnoscience research and states the case for including gendered knowledge and skills, supported by a brief review of relevant cultural ecology and ecofeminist field studies. The author argues the case from the point of view of better, more complete science as well as from the ethical imperative to serve women's interests as the "daily managers of the living environment." In the interests of both objectives the paper advocates an ethnoscience research approach based on empowerment of rural people, rather than simple extraction of their knowledge. The Kenyan case study of women's agroforestry work follows their response to the drought and famine of 1985 and chronicles the unfolding discovery of women's ecological, political and social science as gendered survival skills. The case is re-counted as a story, in keeping with an explicit choice to learn through participation and to report through storytelling. The experience of rural women and researchers during the drought provides several lessons for both groups about their respective knowledge systems, their agroforestry work and the relationship of both to local and national political economy. (author)

The author states her concern over loss of culture and genetic diversity, realizing the importance of this diversity to the livelihoods of the poor people. If this knowledge is to survive, women must be included in literature pertaining to sustainability and indigenous knowledge. By including women in research it may provide an opportunity for them to redefine their roles in their households, communities and nations, as well as providing important information pertaining to diversity.

VL - 8 UR - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01579669 IS - 1-2 N1 - Paper initially presented at Association of Women in Development Conference: The Global Empowerment of Women, 17-19 November 1989, Washington, DC (18 pp.) U5 - 18 pp. JO - Gender, ecology, and the science of survival ER - TY - Generic T1 - Agriculture and Human Values Y1 - 1988 KW - development assistance KW - ecology KW - economics KW - ethics KW - famine KW - fisheries KW - food KW - gender KW - history KW - international development AB - articles; book reviews VL - 5 UR - https://www.springer.com/journal/10460 IS - 1-2 N1 - Articles from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) also listed independently. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Historical forces in world agriculture and the changing role of international development assistance JF - Agriculture and Human Values Y1 - 1988 A1 - G. Edward Schuh KW - development assistance KW - ecology KW - economic integration KW - economic policies KW - economics KW - education institution KW - ethics KW - famine KW - fisheries KW - food agricultural economics KW - gender KW - history KW - international development KW - production technology KW - rural development AB -

The first part of this paper discusses five sets of forces that have had a major influence on world agriculture in the post-World War II period. These include:

  1. high rates of population growth in the developing countries
  2. a steady increase in economic integration world-wide, driven by technological breakthroughs in the communication and transportation sectors
  3. major realignments in the values of national currencies
  4. growing distortions in economic policies in both the industrialized and developing countries
  5. growing diffusion of new production technology from the industrialized to the developing countries.

The second part reviews the changing role of international development assistance in support of agriculture in light of these historical forces. Such assistance successively stressed the development of extension services, food aid, institutional development of higher level education institutions, the development of research capacity, and rural development.

A look to the future is the subject of the third part of the paper. This includes a discussion of the difficulties in sustaining U.S. foreign assistance, especially when that nation is letting its own economic house fall into such disarray.

VL - 5 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217179 IS - 1-2 N1 - This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently. U1 - Agric Hum Values ER - TY - Generic T1 - The human ecology of agricultural development: The ethics and rationale of international technical cooperation in agriculture and rural life Y1 - 1988 KW - development assistance KW - ecology KW - economics KW - ethics KW - famine KW - fisheries KW - food KW - gender KW - history KW - international development JF - Agriculture and Human Values VL - 5 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/0889-048x/5/1-2/ IS - 1-2 N1 - Articles also listed independently. U1 - Agric Hum Values U5 - 168 JO - The human ecology of agricultural development ER -