TY - JOUR T1 - The tragedy of the commons: Twenty-two years later JF - Human Ecology Y1 - 1990 A1 - David Feeny A1 - Fikret Berkes A1 - Bonnie J. McCay A1 - James M. Acheson KW - co-management KW - common property KW - fisheries KW - forestry KW - grazing lands KW - sustainable development KW - water resources KW - wildlife AB - Hardin's Tragedy of the Commons model predicts the eventual overexploitation or degradation of all resources used in common. Given this unambiguous prediction, a surprising number of cases exist in which users have been able to restrict access to the resource and establish rules among themselves for its sustainable use. To assess the evidence, we first define common-property resources and present a taxonomy of property-rights regimes in which such resources may be held. Evidence accumulated over the last twenty-two years indicates that private, state, andcommunal property are all potentially viable resource management options. A more complete theory than Hardin's should incorporate institutional arrangements and cultural factors to provide for better analysis and prediction. (author) VL - 18 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889070 IS - 1 JO - The Tragedy of the Commons ER -