Aquaculture in ancient Hawaii: Integrated farming systems included massive freshwater and seawater fish ponds

A combination of food-producing technologies is required to support a large human population where there is a limited amount of arable land. Today integrated farming systems--combining agriculture, aquaculture, animal husbandry, and waste treatment technologies--are in use in South and Southern Asia and China, as well as in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. (author)

This paper includes a brief history of aquaculture as it developed throughout the world. It includes sections on: socio-cultural systems of ancient Hawaii in regard to the development of the expansive aquaculture-agriculture networks; integration of ancient fishponds and "traps" into taro agriculture; and the historical relevance of ancient Hawaiian aquaculture to aquaculture in other parts of the world.