@article {2265, title = {The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program{\textquoteright}s Impact on Graduates{\textquoteright} Quality of Life}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {51}, year = {2019}, month = {2019/02/01/}, pages = {217 - 223}, abstract = {

ObjectiveTo determine how the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) affects the quality of life (QoL) of its low-income adult participants.MethodsA cross-sectional exploratory study using focus groups (n = 15) in 8 states with EFNEP participants (n = 111) 2\–4 months after graduation. Focus groups were conducted with non-Hispanic white (4 groups), black (4), English-speaking Hispanic (4), and Spanish-speaking Hispanic (3) respondents. A priori template analysis based on constructs from the University of Toronto\&$\#$39;s Quality of Life Profile for Adults and constant comparative procedures were used to generate results.ResultsParticipants reported following healthier dietary and physical activity behaviors and having increased motivation to improve themselves and greater satisfaction with life. All groups noted being a more positive influence on their families and a having willingness to learn and try new things.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe EFNEP enhances the QoL of its participants, which suggests that the program\&$\#$39;s benefits go beyond participants\’ documented nutrition and health-related behavior changes. In the future, EFNEP might examine whether improved QoL is also a predictor of sustained behavior change and a means for differentiating program impacts owing to variations in dose (number of contacts) or delivery methods (face-to-face vs online).

}, keywords = {EFNEP, low income, nutrition education, quality of life}, isbn = {1499-4046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2018.07.021}, author = {Garry Auld and Susan S Baker and Hernandez-Garbanzo, Yenory and Infante, Natalia and Inglis-Widrick, Ruth and Procter, Sandra B. and Kathryn Yerxa} } @article {2317, title = {Choose Health: Food, Fun, and Fitness Youth Curriculum Promotes Positive Behaviors}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {50}, year = {2018}, month = {2018/10/01/}, pages = {924 - 930}, abstract = {

ObjectiveEvaluate whether participation in Choose Health: Food, Fun, and Fitness (CHFFF), a hands-on, experiential curriculum aimed at third- to sixth-graders, resulted in improvements in the targeted obesity and chronic disease prevention behaviors.MethodsThe researchers evaluated CHFFF in low-income youth participating in 2 federal programs in New York State during 2013\–2015. Food and activity behaviors were assessed using the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program third- through fifth- and sixth- through eighth-grade pre-post surveys, along with 2 sets of added CHFFF-specific items completed by subsamples. Educators trained in CHFFF had youth complete the surveys as they delivered the curriculum, primarily in schools and after-school programs.ResultsPaired t tests showed significant (P\ \<\ .01) positive changes before to after CHFFF education for consumption of vegetables, fruits, sweetened drinks, nutrition label reading, and other food and activity behaviors.Conclusions and ImplicationsResults provide practice-based evidence that CHFFF promotes positive behavior change in participating youth.

}, keywords = {child nutrition education, evaluation, food assistance programs, fruit, sugar-sweetened beverage, vegetable}, isbn = {1499-4046}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneb.2017.09.008}, author = {Wolfe, Wendy S. and Scott-Pierce, Michelle and Dollahite, Jamie} } @article {2263, title = {Communicating and Assessing Physical Activity: Outcomes From Cognitive Interviews With Low-Income Adults}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {50}, year = {2018}, month = {2018/11/01/}, pages = {984 - 992}, abstract = {

ObjectiveThis investigation sought to identify the physical activity (PA) terms and concepts that are best understood by low-income adults.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study using semistructured cognitive interviews that employed retrospective verbal probing techniques.SettingInterviews were conducted in Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) sites in New Jersey, Tennessee, and Washington.ParticipantsA convenience sample of 57 adults participating in or eligible for participation in EFNEP.Phenomenon of InterestParticipants\’ interpretations and conceptualizations of PA concepts and terms.AnalysisTemplate and constant comparative analysis.ResultsParticipants interpreted many PA terms and concepts in unintended ways. Exercise was the term that came closest to conveying moderate to vigorous PA. Terms used to describe muscle-strengthening activities were mostly understood. Intentional engagement in extra activities was difficult for participants to conceptualize despite multiple tested wordings; making small changes to be active came closest to conveying this concept. Participants\’ comprehension of the PA terms differed by their PA and literacy levels.Conclusions and ImplicationsNutrition educators should be mindful of the terminologies they used in communicating messages and assessing PA behaviors to EFNEP participants or similar populations.

}, keywords = {exercise, health communication, health education, physical activity, public health}, isbn = {1499-4046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2018.07.008}, author = {Li, Cheng and Garry Auld and D{\textquoteright}Alonzo, Karen and Palmer-Keenan, Debra} } @article {2260, title = {Incorporating farmers{\textquoteright} market tours into the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program: Best Practices and Lessons Learned}, journal = {Journal of Human Sciences and Extension}, volume = {6}, year = {2018}, pages = {113-124}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

}, keywords = {farmers{\textquoteright} markets, local foods, nutrition education}, issn = {2325-5226}, url = {https://www.jhseonline.com/article/view/783}, author = {Hardison-Moody, Annie and Bloom, J. Dara and Jones, Lorelei and Benavente, Tony} } @article {2254, title = {Nutrition Recommendations from the US Dietary Guidelines Critical to Teach Low-Income Adults: Expert Panel Opinion}, journal = {Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics}, volume = {118}, year = {2018}, month = {2018}, pages = {201-203, 205-210}, keywords = {dietary guidelines, low income, nutrition recommendations}, doi = {10.1016/j.jand.2016.11.007}, author = {Erin K Murray and Susan S Baker and Garry Auld} } @article {2266, title = {Confirming the Reliability and Validity of Others{\textquoteright} Evaluation Tools Before Adopting for Your Programs}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {49}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/05/01/}, pages = {441 - 450.e1}, abstract = {

ObjectiveTo confirm the reliability and validity of a previously validated evaluation instrument in a new context.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, the processes and results of testing Cooking Matters\&$\#$39; (CM) use of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program\&$\#$39;s Behavior Checklist as a retrospective pretest/posttest were described. The researchers determined reliability, face and content validity, and response-shift bias with 95 CM participants.ResultsMost items had acceptable face validity and moderate reliability; other items lacked reliability, or face or content validity (were unrelated to the CM curriculum).Conclusions and ImplicationsProper match between evaluation tools and curricula is needed for appropriate program assessment without which outcome data can be misleading or potentially invalid. Confirmation of validity is essential when adopting others\&$\#$39; evaluation tools in new contexts, particularly for programs with widespread use such as federally funded programs and national nonprofit organizations.

}, keywords = {low income, nutrition behavior checklist, Share Our Strength, validity}, isbn = {1499-4046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2017.02.006}, author = {Garry Auld and Susan S Baker and Kathryn McGirr and Osborn, Kristen Suzanna and Skaff, Philip} } @mastersthesis {2320, title = {Development of cooking skills questionnaire for EFNEP participants in Kansas}, year = {2017}, month = {2017///}, school = {Kansas State University}, abstract = {

There have been major shifts in the dietary patterns of people in the United States in the last four decades. People eat fast food more frequently, eating more convenience food products, and highly processed food. On the other hand, the practice of cooking from raw ingredients or cooking from scratch has been declining. The lack of cooking skills is one of the barriers of cooking from raw ingredients. Cooking skills are one of the important determinants of food choice. People who have higher cooking skills tend to choose healthier food options. There are many programs that aim to increase cooking skills and nutrition knowledge. One of them is done by EFNEP. Over the years, EFNEP has been helping the low socioeconomic population to reach nutritional well-being. Evaluation is an important component of EFNEP. There are evaluation tools in EFNEP including behavioral checklist and dietary recall that are administered pre and post program. However, these tools do not specifically measure participants\’ cooking skills. A proposed short self-reported questionnaire is designed to measure cooking skills of EFNEP participants in Kansas. The questionnaire comprises of seven questions and has been tested to a representative group.

}, url = {https://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/handle/2097/35449}, author = {Frans, Nike} } @mastersthesis {2261, title = {Development of cooking skills questionnaire for EFNEP participants in Kansas}, volume = {M.P.H.}, year = {2017}, month = {2017}, school = {Kansas State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {

Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the learning of EFNEP participants.\  Yet, these instruments did not specifically measure participants\’ cooking skills.\  A self-reported questionnaire was designed to measure cooking skills in EFNEP participants in Kansas.\  Seven questions were asked.

}, keywords = {cooking skills}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/991618911}, author = {Frans, Nike} } @article {2262, title = {An Economic Evaluation of Food Safety Education Interventions: Estimates and Critical Data Gaps}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {80}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/07/19/}, pages = {1355 - 1363}, abstract = {

The economic evaluation of food safety interventions is an important tool that practitioners and policy makers use to assess the efficacy of their efforts. These evaluations are built on models that are dependent on accurate estimation of numerous input variables. In many cases, however, there is no data available to determine input values and expert opinion is used to generate estimates. This study uses a benefit-cost analysis of the food safety component of the adult Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) in Ohio as a vehicle for demonstrating how results based on variable values that are not objectively determined may be sensitive to alternative assumptions. In particular, the focus here is on how reported behavioral change is translated into economic benefits. Current gaps in the literature make it impossible to know with certainty how many people are protected by the education (what are the spillover effects?), the length of time education remains effective, and the level of risk reduction from change in behavior. Based on EFNEP survey data, food safety education led 37.4\% of participants to improve their food safety behaviors. Under reasonable default assumptions, benefits from this improvement significantly outweigh costs, yielding a benefit-cost ratio of between 6.2 and 10.0. Incorporation of a sensitivity analysis using alternative estimates yields a greater range of estimates (0.2 to 56.3), which highlights the importance of future research aimed at filling these research gaps. Nevertheless, most reasonable assumptions lead to estimates of benefits that justify their costs.

}, isbn = {0362-028X}, url = {https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-16-510}, author = {Zan, Hua and Lambea, Maria and McDowell, Joyce and Scharff, Robert L.} } @article {2270, title = {Evaluating a Nutrition Education Program in an Era of Food Insecurity}, journal = {Journal of Hunger \& Environmental Nutrition}, volume = {12}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/01/02/}, pages = {101 - 111}, abstract = {

The link between food insecurity and chronic disease has been examined. However, the broader question of whether national policy addressing food insecurity improves chronic disease remains unexplored. This research examines how Americans with limited food resources learn how to maximize nutritional value and food resources through evaluation of the federal program, EFNEP, the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program. Using self-reported survey responses, dependent t-tests confirmed an improvement in health behaviors postintervention. Due to the inherent bias of self-reported survey results, this research further examines the association between food insecurity and chronic disease of EFNEP participants through regression analysis.

}, keywords = {chronic disease, food resource management, food security, nutrition}, isbn = {1932-0248}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19320248.2016.1227748}, author = {Crouch, Elizabeth L. and Dickes, Lori A.} } @article {2310, title = {Family and Consumer Sciences Focus on the Human Dimension: The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program Example}, journal = {Journal of Family \& Consumer Sciences}, volume = {109}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/08/01/}, pages = {10 - 17}, abstract = {

The history of family and consumer sciences (FCS) and the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) is discussed with an emphasis on the critical importance of the human dimension. EFNEP\&$\#$39;s focus on people, education for change, accountability, strategic partnerships, andpublic value are highlighted as an example and model for Extension and FCS programs in general. Future FCS success and sustainability depends on ensuring continued attention to the human dimension, while also addressing workforce, societal, and technological developments.

}, author = {Katherine L Cason and Chipman, Helen and Forstadt, Leslie A. and Rasco, Mattie R. and Sellers, Debra M. and Stephenson, Laura and York, De{\textquoteright}Shoin A.} } @article {2311, title = {Food Safety Instruction Improves Knowledge and Behavior Risk and Protection Factors for Foodborne Illnesses in Pregnant Populations}, journal = {Maternal and Child Health Journal}, volume = {21}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/08/01/}, pages = {1686 - 1698}, abstract = {

Objective This study compared knowledge and food-handling behavior after pathogen-specific (experimental treatment) versus basic food safety instruction (active control) presented during nutrition education classes for low-income English- and Spanish-language pregnant women. Methods Subjects (n = 550) were randomly assigned to treatment groups in two different locations in the United States. Food safety instruction was part of an 8-lesson curriculum. Food safety knowledge and behavior were measured pre/post intervention. Descriptive data were analyzed by Chi-Square or ANOVA; changes after intervention were analyzed by regression analysis. Results Knowledge improved after intervention in the pathogen-specific treatment group compared to active control, especially among Spanish-language women. Behavior change after intervention for the pathogen-specific treatment group improved for thermometer usage, refrigeration and consumption of foods at high risk for safety; however, all other improvements in behavior were accounted for by intervention regardless of treatment group. As expected, higher pre-instruction behavioral competency limited potential gain in behavior post-instruction due to a ceiling effect. This effect was more dominant among English-language women. Improvements were also linked to formal education completed, a partner at home, and other children in the home. Conclusions for Practice This study demonstrated that pathogen-specific food safety instruction leads to enhance knowledge and food handling behaviors that may improve the public health of pregnant women and their unborn children, especially among Spanish-language women. More importantly, food safety instruction, even at the most basic level, benefited pregnant women\’s food safety knowledge and food-handling behavior after intervention.

}, isbn = {1573-6628}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-017-2291-2}, author = {Kendall, Patricia and Scharff, Robert and Susan S Baker and LeJeune, Jeffrey and Sofos, John and Medeiros, Lydia} } @article {2275, title = {Methodology for Developing a New EFNEP Food and Physical Activity Behaviors Questionnaire}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {49}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/10/01/}, pages = {777 - 783.e1}, abstract = {

ObjectiveResearch methods are described for developing a food and physical activity behaviors questionnaire for the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), a US Department of Agriculture nutrition education program serving low-income families.DesignMixed-methods observational study. The questionnaire will include 5 domains: (1) diet quality, (2) physical activity, (3) food safety, (4) food security, and (5) food resource management. A 5-stage process will be used to assess the questionnaire\&$\#$39;s test-retest reliability and content, face, and construct validity.SettingResearch teams across the US will coordinate questionnaire development and testing nationally.ParticipantsConvenience samples of low-income EFNEP, or EFNEP-eligible, adult participants across the US.InterventionsA 5-stage process: (1) prioritize domain concepts to evaluate (2) question generation and content analysis panel, (3) question pretesting using cognitive interviews, (4) test-retest reliability assessment, and (5) construct validity testing.Main Outcome MeasureA nationally tested valid and reliable food and physical activity behaviors questionnaire for low-income adults to evaluate EFNEP\&$\#$39;s effectiveness.AnalysisCognitive interviews will be summarized to identify themes and dominant trends. Paired t tests (P\ \≤\ .05) and Spearman and intra-class correlation coefficients (r\ \>\ .5) will be conducted to assess reliability. Construct validity will be assessed using Wilcoxon t test (P\ \≤\ .05), Spearman correlations, and Bland-Altman plots.

}, keywords = {EFNEP, evaluation, food and physical activity questionnaire, protocol, reliability, validity}, isbn = {1499-4046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2017.05.341}, author = {Erin K Murray and Garry Auld and Susan S Baker and Barale, Karen and Franck, Karen and Khan, Tarana and Palmer-Keenan, Debra and Walsh, Jennifer} } @article {2255, title = {Collection Methods for the 24-Hour Dietary Recall as Used in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, year = {2016}, note = {

In press, corrected proof

}, month = {11/2016}, keywords = {24-hour dietary recall, 5-pass dietary recall, dietary intake, survey}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneb.2016.10.009}, author = {Susan M H Gills and Susan S Baker and Garry Auld} } @article {2256, title = {EFNEP{\textquoteright}s Impact on Exemplary Educators{\textquoteright} Quality of Life}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {48}, year = {2016}, month = {10/2016}, pages = {647-654}, chapter = {647}, keywords = {paraprofessional educator, quality of life, teacher}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneb.2016.07.004}, author = {Garry Auld and Susan S Baker and Infante, Natalia and Ruth Inglis-Widrick and Sandra B Proctor and Michael F Steger and Kathryn Yerxa} } @mastersthesis {2253, title = {An evaluation of the long-term knowledge and behavior change of participants in UMaine Extension{\textquoteright}s Expanded Food and Nutrition Program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2016}, month = {05/2016}, school = {University of Maine}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, keywords = {low income, Maine, nutrition education}, url = {http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2425/}, author = {Rebecca L Bonnett} } @mastersthesis {2319, title = {Food Availability and Behavior of Youth EFNEP Participants in Virginia}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/06/03/}, school = {Virginia Tech}, abstract = {

Low-income and minority youth are disproportionately affected by low food access, low dietary quality, and high levels of obesity. The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) is designed specifically to assist limited resource youth and adult audiences to acquire the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and changed behavior necessary for nutritionally sound diets, and to contribute to their personal development and improvement of the overall family diet and nutritional well-being by using a peer-education model (USDA, 2012). To date, little published research exists on dietary patterns and food access among youth who participated in EFNEP. The specific research goals of this study were to: 1) explore baseline dietary and physical activity self-efficacy and behaviors of youth EFNEP participants and compare to national trends, 2) examine differences in self-efficacy and behaviors based on socio-demographic factors and food availability, and 3) determine the association between food availability and dietary behavior. This study consisted of conducting surveys with 1,864 low-income youth, ages 7 to 14 years old, across Virginia prior to participation in an obesity-prevention program. The survey consisted of a 55-item written pre, post-test instrument that had been previously tested for validity and reliability. Most participants reported availability across all food groups, with the exception of meat and beans (41.4\%) and dessert (48.3\%). Significantly less than half of participants reported not meeting dietary behavior thresholds for the following food groups: grains (27.0\%); whole grain (19.7\%); low-fat milk (31.5\%); vegetables (18.2\%); colored vegetables (15.3\%); and baked foods (31.7\%). Availability of meats and beans and fruits were higher among Latinos than non-Latinos. Younger participants reported a higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and screen time; however, the children had participated in physical activity. Participants who reported a higher availability of fruits and vegetables at home also participated in physical activities at least once a day. This study provided insight into the availability of food, as well as food consumption among low-income audiences across Virginia, based on youth EFNEP reporting. The results highlighted the importance of strategic interventions to improve the availability of nutritious foods and obesity prevention strategies to enhance self-efficacy and intake of nutritious foods among low-income youth.

}, url = {https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/80487}, author = {Almohanna, Amal Sami} } @article {2314, title = {Optimizing Nutrition Education in WIC: Findings From Focus Groups With Arizona Clients and Staff}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {48}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/04/01/}, pages = {289 - 294.e1}, abstract = {

ObjectiveTo understand staff and clients\&$\#$39; experiences with delivering and receiving nutrition education in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC).MethodsFocus groups involving WIC staff, clients, and former clients in Arizona. Client and staff perceptions of WIC nutrition education, preferences, and suggestions for improvement were examined. Transcripts were analyzed using a deductive thematic approach to identify emerging themes.ResultsFindings from 10 focus groups with 25 WIC staff and 29 clients suggested that existing materials were time-consuming and unresponsive to client needs, and additional resources were needed to engage children while parents were in session; new delivery formats for nutrition education, including videos and interactive demonstrations focused on child-friendly preparations of WIC foods, were preferred.Conclusions and ImplicationsCollaboration among existing nutrition education programs, including Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program\–Education, Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, community gardens, and Head Start, can complement and enhance WIC nutrition educations in this region.

}, keywords = {focus group, food assistance, nutrition education, WIC}, isbn = {1499-4046}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneb.2016.01.002}, author = {Greenblatt, Yael and Gomez, Sofia and Alleman, Gayle and Rico, Karen and McDonald, Daniel A. and Hingle, Melanie} } @article {2245, title = {Participant and Household Characteristics Associated With Graduation From the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {48}, year = {2016}, month = {07/2016}, pages = {453-460}, chapter = {453}, abstract = {

Participant and Household Characteristics Associated with Graduation from the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program.

}, keywords = {community health education, demographic factors, retention}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneb.2016.04.004}, author = {Brittany Rhoades Cooper and Barale, Karen and Funaiole, Angie and Thomas G Power and Combe, Angela} } @mastersthesis {2302, title = {Developing supplemental social media-based nutrition education for use in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program: EFNEP participants{\textquoteright} and paraprofessionals{\textquoteright} perspectives}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, school = {University of Georgia}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

Social media is a popular form of communication among adults of all income levels in the United States. The purpose of this study was two-fold: to determine what UGA EFNEP participants and paraprofessionals view as an ideal social media presence for UGA EFNEP, and to compare what they want to current recommendations from EFNEPs Southern Region Social Media Committee (SRSMC). Focus groups were conducted with 39 EFNEP participants and 33 paraprofessionals. Participants and paraprofessionals were most interested in seeing UGA EFNEP use Facebook and YouTube and wanted to see bright, colorful content containing pictures, recipes, videos, and tips delivered several times a week. The SRSMCs recommendations can be tailored to UGA EFNEP by including more recipes and videos. These results suggest social media, an inexpensive means of communication, can be a useful tool for supplementing direct nutrition education in low-income adults with tailored nutrition messages that can be accessed anytime.

}, keywords = {EFNEP, Facebook, Focus groups, low-income, nutrition education, social media}, url = {https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/esploro/outputs/9949334631002959}, author = {Elmer, Sarah} } @mastersthesis {2122, title = {Eat Georgia grown: Cooking demonstrations and recipe sampling with Georgia EFNEP program assistants}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2015}, month = {05/2015}, school = {University of Georgia}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s }, abstract = {

Cooking demonstrations and samplings featuring recipes prepared with Georgia grown fruits and vegetables were conducted with Georgia EFNEP program assistants to evaluate recipe acceptability, change in fruit and vegetable intake, as well as self-efficacy

}, url = {https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/esploro/outputs/9949334041102959}, author = {Sara Jordan Pritschet} } @article {1932, title = {Formative evaluation of EFNEP curriculum: Ensuring the Eating Smart-Being Active curriculum is theory-based}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {53}, year = {2015}, note = {

Multiple States and Federal Level

}, abstract = {

The Eat Smart-Being Active curriculum\&$\#$39;s adherence to Adult Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Theory tenets was determined. Five reviewers assessed initial and revised versions of the curriculum using an assessment tool designed for this purpose. T-tests for differences in mean responses from initial review to follow up and Cronbach\&$\#$39;s alpha for internal consistency of each tenet were conducted. This curriculum was found to successfully incorporate the tenets of both theories and the content remained true to the dietary guidelines.

}, keywords = {Adult Learning Theory, nutrition education, Social Cognitive Theory}, issn = {1077-5315}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2015february/rb1.php}, author = {Elana Natker and Susan S Baker and Garry Auld and Kathryn McGirr and Barbara Sutherland and Katherine L Cason} } @article {1741, title = {Improved overall quality of diets reported by Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program participants in the Mountain Region}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, v47 n5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5903932184}, author = {P M Guenther and B R Luick} } @article {2316, title = {Nativity, Not Acculturation, Predicts SNAP Usage Among Low-income Hispanics With Food Insecurity}, journal = {Journal of Hunger \& Environmental Nutrition}, volume = {10}, year = {2015}, month = {2015/04/03/}, pages = {202 - 213}, abstract = {

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the largest federal nutrition assistance program. Undocumented noncitizens are ineligible to receive SNAP benefits, but their children under age 18 or other qualified noncitizen family members may be eligible. Due to the recent economic recession as well as anti-immigrant legislation and sentiment in Arizona, it is possible that eligible low-income Hispanics are not participating in programs like SNAP that would alleviate hunger and food security. A self-administered survey on nutrition assistance program participation, demographics, food security, and acculturation was completed by a convenience sample of 352 women aged 18\–65 years in metro Phoenix, Arizona. Fifty-one percent of participants were food secure. Significant differences in degree of food insecurity by acculturation status existed with 8\% of Hispanic dominant women having \“very low food security\” in contrast to 19\% of English dominant women (P = .003). Fifty percent received SNAP benefits, but more U.S.-born (54\%) than non-U.S.-born (41\%; P = .002) women participated. Greater efforts are needed to increase awareness of SNAP options among food insecure Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) participants, and especially non-native-born Latinas.

}, keywords = {acculturation, EFNEP, food security, Hispanics, immigration, Latino, low income, nutrition assistance programs, SNAP, TANF, WIC, women}, isbn = {1932-0248}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19320248.2014.962779}, author = {Winham, Donna M. and Armstrong Florian, Traci L.} } @article {2257, title = {Nutrition Content in a National Nutrition Education Program for Low-Income Adults: Content Analysis and Comparison With the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {47}, year = {2015}, month = {11/2015}, pages = {566-573}, chapter = {566}, keywords = {curriculum, dietary guidelines, low-income population, nutrition education}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneb.2015.09.002}, author = {Erin K Murray and Garry Auld and Ruth Inglis-Widrick and Susan S Baker} } @article {1832, title = {Outcome effectiveness of a widely adopted EFNEP curriculum}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {47}, year = {2015}, note = {

Multiple states and federal level

}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {19-27}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the EFNEP Eating Smart-Being Active (ESBA) curriculum. A quantitative, multi-state, nonequivalent comparison group pretest post-test design was used to compare nutrition-related behavior changes in participants. ESBA was compared to previously used curricula for three different time periods in 5 states using the EFNEP evaluation tool. Adults enrolled in EFNEP completed their entry and exit paper work during one of three time points. The intervention was the eight-lesson adult curriculum. Analysis of variance and co-variance with pretest scores and demographic variables as co-variance) were used to analyze data with significance at or below .06. ESBA was found to be effective at eliciting positive nutrition-related behavior change.

}, keywords = {adult behavior change, nutrition education, outcome assessment}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneb.2014.07.001}, author = {Garry Auld and Susan S Baker and Conway, Lisa and Jamie S. Dollahite and Maria Carmen Lambea and Kathryn McGirr} } @mastersthesis {2309, title = {Sustainable Diets: Understanding Nutrition Educators{\textquoteright} Perceptions}, year = {2015}, month = {2015///}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

Background As the world population grows to 9.1 billion people, there is a need to feed all of these people. Agriculture will need to produce more food to feed the world. Agriculture is pressured by climate change with droughts and changes in seasonal patterns and needs to adapt to these changes. For nutritionists, there is a need to address non-communicable chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. These diseases are highly problematic in the developed parts of the world. Additionally, addressing food security is also an issue as part of the world, a large portion of developing countries, experience hunger and diseases related to not having adequate nutritious foods. Sustainable diets are working to address the issues mentioned above. This idea of having a sustainable diet is not new and dates back to a 1986 commentary by Gussow and Clancy. However, it was later in 2010, that a definition was developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). This general definition has provided research with a focus on what a sustainable diet is and which food groups are parts of a sustainable diet. Purpose The purpose of this study was to learn about the current knowledge of sustainable diets through conducting a search of peer-reviewed literature about what sustainable diets are and what foods are included. Finally, this study assessed what nutrition educators know about and what their perceptions are of sustainable diets. Methods A literature search was conducted using several databases, including PubMed and EBSCO Host, yielding a few thousand results. After reviewing the literature, questions were developed for a focus group (n=8 participants), interviews (n=9 participants), and a short survey (n=54 participants). The project participants were from the University of Arizona\’s Department of Nutritional Sciences, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Education Program (SNAP-Ed) and the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). Participants were asked to participate in one of the session: focus group, interview, or short survey. Results Participants from the focus group and interviews indicated that there was potential for people to be healthy by participating in sustainable diet activities. There also was concern about cost of sustainable diets. Sustainable diets need to be culturally acceptable to get consumers to practice them. Finally, eating seasonally was important component of a sustainable diet. If nutrition educators were asked to teach sustainable diets to others many felt they need more information or resources on sustainable diets or need to research the topic. Participants in the short surveys indicated concerns about costs, nutritional adequacy and showed mixed results when asked about what foods would be part of a sustainable diet. Educators who took the survey also showed great interest in having more education to learn about sustainable diets. Conclusions Nutrition educators have concerns about sustainable diets, such as being nutritionally adequate and affordable to all people. Educators in the focus group and interviews showed that there is potential for people to be healthy by following sustainable dietary practices, like gardening. However, there seemed to be a need for more education on sustainable diets. Nutrition educators have limited knowledge of sustainable diets. Some have an idea of what sustainable diets are, while others have stated that they have not heard of sustainable diets. Nutrition educators surveyed show a great interest in attending a seminar, if offered, on this topic. In summary, sustainable diets are gaining attention of nutrition educators, especially if sustainability and food become part of the new dietary guidelines. A need for providing sustainable diet education to nutrition educators will be part of the future. Further research on knowledge of nutrition educators on different components of sustainable diets and development of an educational curriculum is necessary.

}, url = {https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/560838}, author = {Wyatt, Melissa Ann} } @mastersthesis {2070, title = {Targeting obesogenic behaviors: Pilot testing a modified Rhode Island EFNEP curriculum}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, pages = {134 p.}, school = {University of Rhode Island}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/530}, author = {Sarah La Roque Harper} } @article {2312, title = {Aligning and Elevating University-Based Low-Income Nutrition Education}, year = {2014}, month = {2014///}, institution = {National Institute of Food and Agriculture}, url = {https://nifa.usda.gov/resource/aligning-and-elevating-university-based-low-income-nutrition-education}, author = {Schneider, Connie} } @article {2274, title = {EFNEP Graduates{\textquoteright} Perspectives on Social Media to Supplement Nutrition Education: Focus Group Findings From Active Users}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {46}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/05/01/}, pages = {203 - 208}, abstract = {

ObjectiveTo identify ways to effectively use social media to communicate nutrition-related information to low-income populations.MethodsThe authors conducted 4 focus groups with female Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program graduates who used social media at least twice a week (n = 26 total). Transcripts were analyzed using the constant comparative method to identify key themes.ResultsFor participants, page content, page maintenance, and networking opportunities with others were important aspects of a nutrition education social media page. Trust emerged as a central theme, because participants expressed a need for reliable information from known, credible sources and safe places to share ideas.Conclusions and ImplicationsUsing social media to provide nutrition-related messages may be an effective way to encourage sustained positive behavior changes resulting from educational programming and to engage participants beyond class time. Establishing the trustworthiness of the social media site is essential to its use among low-income participants.

}, keywords = {EFNEP, nutrition education, social media}, isbn = {1499-4046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2014.01.006}, author = {Leak, Tashara M. and Lisa M Benavente and Goodell, L. Suzanne and Lassiter, Annie and Jones, Lorelei and Bowen, Sarah} } @booklet {1692, title = {Farmers Market Access by SNAP-eligible mothers of young children: Barriers and impact on nutrition education programming for Cooperative Extension}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Virginia Tech}, abstract = {

The study was designed to assess the perceived barriers to farmers market access and strategies for overcoming those barriers for low-income individuals and families participating in Cooperative Extension nutrition programming. Data collection included a survey of SNAP-Ed and EFNEP program assistants, focus group discussion and a photo elicitation study with mothers of young children. Results from these studies provide insight on how to structure program assistant trainings to encourage the inclusion of an optional farmers market orientation lesson in SNAP-Ed and EFNEP curricula; low-income individuals perception of healthy food, access to and perception of local foods, benefits and barriers to shopping at farmer\&$\#$39;s markets, and the impact of local foods on diet quality. Working with farmers markets is an opportunity to form greater synergy between Extension programs while forming collaborative relationships with local farmers markets and community members.

}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54587}, author = {Elena L. Serrano and Mary M McFerren and Kimberly Niewolny and Katheryn Hosig} } @article {1834, title = {Healthy Baby, Healthy Me Food Safety Curriculum}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {46}, year = {2014}, note = {

Multiple states and the federal level

}, month = {11/2014}, pages = {629-631}, chapter = {629}, keywords = {foodborne illness, nutrition education, pregnancy}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneb.2014.05.011}, author = {Susan S Baker and Patricia A Kendall and Frey, Kristen and Kathryn McGirr and Mary Schroeder and Buffer-Pealer, Janet and Lydia C Medeiros} } @article {2278, title = {Improving the Quality of Data From EFNEP Participants With Low Literacy Skills: A Participant-driven Model}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {46}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/07/01/}, pages = {309 - 314}, abstract = {

Low literacy skills and poor evaluation tool readability combined with the stresses of the classroom environment create a high cognitive load for Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) participants, resulting in lower quality data. The authors advocate for 9 strategies for improving the participant cognitive load for the evaluation process using the EFNEP Family Record as an example.

}, keywords = {cognitive load, EFNEP, enrollment form, evaluation, low literacy, low-income}, isbn = {1499-4046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2013.10.004}, author = {Marilyn S Townsend and Ganthavorn, Chutima and Neelon, Marisa and Donohue, Susan and Johns, Margaret C.} } @mastersthesis {2088, title = {A nutrition education intervention on achieving healthy weights among adolescents for nutrition educators for low-income families}, year = {2014}, month = {08/2014}, pages = {94 leaves}, school = {University of Georgia, Athens}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

With the high prevalence of obesity in low-income Georgia adolescents, a study was developed, implemented to test a nutrition education intervention about adolescent knowledge on obesity and the confidence of nutrition educators for low-income families.

}, url = {https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/kaus_melissa_k_201408_ms.pdf}, author = {Melissa Kristine Kaus} } @mastersthesis {2157, title = {Parental perceptions of the Rhode Island Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, pages = {109 leaves}, school = {University of Rhode Island}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/324}, author = {Patrick Cooper Van Asch} } @article {1913, title = {Positive quality of life factors identified from EFNEP participant stories}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {52}, year = {2014}, note = {

Multiple states and the federal level

}, month = {08/2014}, abstract = {

The objective of the study was to qualitatively analyze the stories from participants and educators regarding the program\&$\#$39;s impacts in the context of quality of life. Researchers analyzed 1,057 stories by identifying key words and developing codes to best describe the information. After analysis, codes were grouped into themes. The research demonstrated that EFNEP is perceived to have positively affected the quality of life of participants. These results not only confirm broader EFNEP benefits, but suggest an additional variable (quality of life) to consider as a measurable outcome.

}, keywords = {qualitative research, quality of life}, issn = {1077-5315.}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2014august/a7.php}, author = {Wanda Koszewski and Megan Hlavacek and Kathryn Yerxa and Sandra B .Proctor and Garry Auld and Susan S Baker and Scottie Misner} } @article {2271, title = {Practice-Based Evidence of Effectiveness in an Integrated Nutrition and Parenting Education Intervention for Low-Income Parents}, journal = {Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics}, volume = {114}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/06/01/}, pages = {945 - 950}, abstract = {

Research identifying associations between parental behaviors and children\&$\#$39;s food and activity choices and weight suggests that the integration of parenting and nutrition education holds promise for promoting healthful eating and activity in families. However, translational research leading to sustainable interventions lags behind. Development and testing of interventions within actual program contexts is needed to facilitate translation to full-scale implementation. Therefore, the goal of this pilot study was to develop and test an integrated nutrition and parenting education intervention for low-income families within the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in New York State. During a 21-month period, low-income parents of 3- to 11-year-olds were recruited through usual programmatic channels by nutrition program staff to participate in a series of eight workshops delivered to small groups. A validated self-administered questionnaire was used to assess behavior change outcomes among 210 parents who completed the program. Mean scores improved significantly for most behaviors, including adult fruit and vegetable intake; adult and child low-fat dairy and soda intake; and child fast-food intake, activity, and screen time (P\<0.001). Many parents reported eating together with children at program entry, leaving little room to improve, but about 20\% reported at least a 1-point improvement (on a 5-point scale). The most frequent change was reducing how often children ate fast food and was reported by \>50\% of parents. Design and testing through practice-based research can facilitate development of interventions that are both feasible and likely to improve eating and activity behaviors among low-income families.

}, keywords = {Childhood-obesity prevention, Low-income families, nutrition education, Parenting education, Pilot intervention}, isbn = {2212-2672}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.09.029}, author = {Katherine L Dickin and Hill, Tisa F. and Jamie S. Dollahite} } @article {2273, title = {A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Community-Based Nutrition Education Program for Low-Income Parents}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {46}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/03/01/}, pages = {102 - 109}, abstract = {

ObjectiveAssess effectiveness of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program on nutrition behaviors post-education and longitudinally.DesignSwitching replications randomized experimental design. Participants randomly assigned to immediate education (IE) or delayed education (DE). Participants in IE received intervention the first 8 weeks, and those in DE the second 8 weeks, with no intervention during alternate periods. Data were collected in 3 repeated measures.ParticipantsParents (n = 168 randomized; n = 134 completed) of children in 2 Head Start and 6 low-income schools.InterventionEight weekly workshops, based on Eating Right is Basic-Enhanced adapted to incorporate dialogue approach with experiential learning.Main Outcome MeasuresTen-item self-reported behavior checklist on nutrition, food resource management, food safety, and food security; responses on a 5-point scale reporting frequency of behavior.AnalysisChi-square, analysis of variance, and multiple regression.ResultsGroups were demographically similar. Both groups reported improved behaviors pre- to post-education (P \< .05). There was no significant difference between groups at Time 1 (T1) or DE control period (T1 vs T2). Changed IE behavior was retained T2 to T3. A multiple regression model of overall change, controlling for T1 score and educator, showed significant improvement (n = 134, β = 5.72, P\ \< .001).Conclusions and ImplicationsPositive outcomes were supported by this experimental study in a usual program context, with reported behavior changes retained at least 2 months.

}, keywords = {EFNEP, head start, longitudinal behavior change, low income, parents, randomized controlled trial}, isbn = {1499-4046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2013.09.004}, author = {Jamie S. Dollahite and Pijai, Erika I. and Scott-Pierce, Michelle and Parker, Carol and Trochim, William} } @article {1893, title = {A content analysis of nutrition education curricula used with low-income audiences: Implications for questionnaire development}, journal = {Health Promotion Practice}, volume = {14}, year = {2013}, month = {07/2013}, pages = {534-542}, chapter = {534}, keywords = {behavior change theory, curriculum, health education, nutrition, school health}, issn = {1524-8399}, doi = {10.1177/1524839912461355 }, author = {Yenory Hernandez-Garbanzo and Katherine L Cason and Griffin, Sarah and Loberger, Ginger and Joel Williams and Susan S Baker and Coffee, Subrey and Linton, Brittney and Hall, Trisha and Hayden, Victoria} } @mastersthesis {2163, title = {Coping strategies, food preferences, and their potential effects on dietary quality intake in a Massachusetts EFNEP population}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2013}, school = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

Food security is the ability to obtain enough nutritionally adequate food at all times. In 2011, 14.9\% of U.S. households were food insecure. Food insecure populations have increased risk of chronic diseases and micronutrient deficiencies. Cyclical resour

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881444668}, author = {Amy Wasson} } @article {1719, title = {The effectiveness of distance education, using blended method of delivery for limited-resource audiences in the Nutrition Education Program}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {51}, year = {2013}, month = {08/2013}, abstract = {

The study sought to determine if the use of distance education lessons for teaching limited resource participants in a nutrition education program (NEP) is as effective as face-to-face methodology. One hundred and six participants were in the experimental group. Data was gathered at entry and examined behavior change, nutrient intake change, and self-efficacy. Results demonstrated that the participants made positive behavior changes, improved nutrient intake, and increased in self-efficacy as a result of the distance lessons. It was found that the use of distance education is an acceptable option when common barriers to face-to-face learning exists.

}, keywords = {distance education, nutrition education, Nutrition Education Program (NEP), Supplemental nutrition assistance program, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program {\textendash} Education (SNAP-Ed)}, issn = {1077-5315}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2013august/a4.php}, author = {Campbell, Casey and Wanda Koszewski and Donnia Behrends} } @article {1830, title = {EFNEP{\textquoteright}s impact on the quality of life of its participants and educators}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {45}, year = {2013}, note = {

Multiple States and the federal level

}, month = {00/2013}, pages = {482-489}, chapter = {482}, abstract = {

The objective was to determine whether EFNEP affects the quality of life of its participants and educators. Quality of life was reassured 3 times for participants and educators before 6 months and after 12 months of training. Participants and educators were from Colorado, Kansas, Missouri and Nebraska. Additional educators were from Georgia and Texas. Additional participants were from Minnesota and Virginia. All spoke English. Chi-square and t-tests compared group demographics and repeated-measures ANOVA detected changes over time. ANCOVA examined the influence of demographic variables. Participants improved from pre to post in the Being domains, including Overall Being and in Social Belonging. Most improvements were sustained 3 months. Educators improved in the belonging domains and a number of scores continued to improve at 1 year after training, for example in Social Belonging and Community belonging. Implications projected that the quality of life profile has the potential to broadened the assessment of EFNEP impacts.

}, keywords = {low income, nutrition education, quality of life}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2013.06.008}, author = {Garry Auld and Laura M Bauer and Susan S Baker and Wanda Koszewski and Sandra B Proctor and Michael F Steger} } @mastersthesis {2058, title = {The impact of nutrition education on food security status and food-related behaviors}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2013}, school = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

Food insecure individuals do not always have access to adequate food for a healthy lifestyle and are at high risk of detrimental health outcomes. Researchers hypothesize that food insecurity leads to changes in dietary practices, including greater overall

}, url = {http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/1036/}, author = {Jamie A Farrell} } @mastersthesis {2115, title = {The risk level associated with food acquisition and management practices of low-income individuals}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2013}, month = {10/2013}, pages = {146 leaves}, school = {Rutgers University, New Brunswick}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

The study recognized that limited resource populations engaging in practices determined to be moderate to high risk have an increased likelihood of acquiring a foodborne illness caused by the five most potentially dangerous pathogens. Findings also sugge

}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.7282/T3DV1GW8}, author = {Elizabeth Nossier} } @article {2264, title = {Using National Data to Estimate Average Cost Effectiveness of EFNEP Outcomes by State/Territory}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {45}, year = {2013}, month = {2013/03/01/}, pages = {183 - 187}, abstract = {

This report demonstrates how existing national data can be used to first calculate upper limits on the average cost per participant and per outcome per state/territory for the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). These upper limits can then be used by state EFNEP administrators to obtain more precise estimates for their states, based on their state-specific knowledge. Across all states, EFNEP appears most cost effective in nutrition practices, followed by food resource management practices, and then food safety practices. All but 3 states have cost per quality adjusted life years that are considered cost effective.

}, keywords = {average cost, cost effectiveness, Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, isbn = {1499-4046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2012.04.015}, author = {Baral, Ranju and George C Davis and Stephanie Blake and Wen You and Elena L. Serrano} } @mastersthesis {2075, title = {Analysis of 24-hour recalls completed by Expanded Food and Nutrition Education paraprofessionals in Rhode Island}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2012}, school = {University of Rhode Island}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI1508373/}, author = {Heon, Christina} } @article {2272, title = {Developing a Measure of Behavior Change in a Program to Help Low-Income Parents Prevent Unhealthful Weight Gain in Children}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {44}, year = {2012}, month = {2012/01/01/}, pages = {12 - 21}, abstract = {

ObjectiveTo develop and test a brief measure of changes in eating, active play, and parenting practices after an intervention to help parents shape children\’s choices and home environments.DesignSequential phases of development and testing: expert panel review, cognitive testing interviews, field testing, test-retest study, and assessment of convergence with detailed previously validated instruments.Setting and ParticipantsExpanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), New York State. Low-income parents of 3- to 11-year-old children; Cooperative Extension nutrition and parenting educators.Main Outcome MeasuresQuestionnaire reliability, validity, respondent comprehension, and feasibility of use in program contexts.AnalysisQualitative analysis of item comprehension. Correlational analysis of test-retest reliability and convergent validity.ResultsA behavior checklist was developed to assess change in parent-reported family eating, physical activity, and parenting practices addressed by an intervention. The checklist was feasible for use in EFNEP and questions were understood as intended. Test-retest reliability was good (r = 0.83) and scores correlated significantly (range, 0.25 to \–0.60; P \< .05) with detailed measures of dietary habits, parental modeling, physical activity, and home environment.Conclusions and ImplicationsDevelopment and testing in a program context produced a tool community nutritionists can use to evaluate educational interventions aimed at helping parents promote healthful eating and activity.

}, keywords = {child overweight, low-income~population, nutrition education, parenting practices, Program Evaluation}, isbn = {1499-4046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2011.02.015}, author = {Katherine L Dickin and Lent, Megan and Lu, Angela H. and Sequeira, Joran and Jamie S. Dollahite} } @article {2269, title = {Developing an Online Certification Program for Nutrition Education Assistants}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {44}, year = {2012}, month = {2012/09/01/}, pages = {407 - 414}, abstract = {

ObjectiveTo develop an online certification program for nutrition education paraprofessionals to increase knowledge and confidence and to overcome training barriers of programming time and travel expenses.DesignAn online interactive certification course based on Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education and Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program core competencies was delivered to employees of both programs. Traditional vs online training was compared. Course content validity was determined through expert review by registered dietitians. Parameters studied included increase of nutrition knowledge and teaching technique/ability, educator satisfaction, and programming costs related to training.SettingUtah State University Extension.ParticipantsTwenty-two Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education and Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program educators in Utah.Main Outcome MeasuresKnowledge and skills were measured using pre/posttest statistics. Participant satisfaction was measured with a survey.AnalysisPaired t test; satisfaction survey.ResultsThe change in paraprofessional knowledge score was statistically significant (P \< .001). Forty percent of paraprofessionals strongly agreed and 60\% agreed they were better prepared as nutrition educators because of the training. An estimated $16,000 was saved by providing the training online as compared to a face-to-face training.Conclusions and ImplicationsThis interactive online program is a cost-effective way to increase paraprofessional knowledge and job satisfaction.

}, keywords = {certification, core competencies, nutrition education, paraprofessional, training}, isbn = {1499-4046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2011.11.007}, author = {Christofferson, Debra and Christensen, Nedra and LeBlanc, Heidi and Bunch, Megan} } @mastersthesis {2025, title = {The effects of program attributes on behavior change for healthy weight for healthy kids program in Virginia}, year = {2012}, month = {09/2012}, school = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of youth EFNEP programs in Virginia as evaluated by the participant, instructional and curriculum attributes for youth enrolled in Healthy Weight for Healthy Kids (HWHK). An ordered probit model

}, keywords = {behavior change, nutrition education, Virginia}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34721}, author = {Keeletlhoko Faith Badirwang} } @article {1848, title = {EFNEP and SNAP-ED Initial Paraprofessional Training Materials and Methods}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {50}, year = {2012}, month = {04/2012}, abstract = {

Western Region EFNEP coordinators were frustrated by the apparent lack of materials available for training newly hired paraprofessional nutrition educators. An on-line survey was distributed to all EFNEP and SNAP-Ed state coordinators seeking details about initial training and available materials and requesting copies of materials for review. Results indicated diversity in training methodologies reflecting individual states\&$\#$39; needs. Using a comprehensive document developed by the Western Region, eight states\&$\#$39; initial training materials have been reviewed. Three reviews are posted on the EFNEP Coordinator\&$\#$39;s website hosted by Purdue University and provide a new training resource for EFNEP and SNAP-Ed program coordinators.

}, keywords = {initial training, nutrition education, paraprofessional, SNAP-Ed}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2012april/tt6.php}, author = {Charlene Byington and Susan S Baker} } @article {2318, title = {EFNEP Reaches Refugee Youth Using a Mobile Van}, journal = {The Journal of Extension (JOE)}, volume = {50}, year = {2012}, month = {2012///}, abstract = {

New groups of refugees settled in apartments far from city services. Their children lacked access to organized after-school activities and the op

}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2012february/iw2.php}, author = {Gossett, Linda S.} } @article {1976, title = {Long-term evaluation of EFNEP and SNAP-Ed}, journal = {Forum for Family and Consumer Issues}, volume = {17}, year = {2012}, note = {

University of Wyoming and Colorado State University

}, month = {Summer-Fall 2012}, abstract = {

A mixed method research project using quantitative and qualitative techniques assessed the long-term impacts of the EFENP and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed)in Wyoming. Adults who participated in the Wyoming program at least one and up to four years previous to the research, completed an 18 item behavior checklist. They filled out the checklist when they enrolled in classes, when they graduated, and at follow-up. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to learn more about changes related to food and nutrition behaviors, as well as other life changes attributable to their involvement in the program.

}, author = {M P Wardlaw and Susan S Baker} } @article {2276, title = {Nutrition Program Quality Assurance through a Formalized Process of On-site Program Review}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {44}, year = {2012}, month = {2012/03/01/}, pages = {183 - 188}, abstract = {

A protocol for a systematic onsite review of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program\–Education was developed to support quality programming and ensure compliance with state guidelines and federal regulations. Onsite review of local nutrition program operations is one strategy to meet this goal. Observation and interaction with staff allow a comprehensive understanding of strengths, weaknesses, and emerging issues. This information provides managers with timely feedback to strengthen and improve all aspects of nutrition programming.

}, keywords = {evaluation, Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, program management, quality assurance, Supplemental Nutrition Education Program{\textendash}Education}, isbn = {1499-4046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2011.03.006}, author = {Paddock, Joan Doyle and Jamie S. Dollahite} } @article {1927, title = {Participant perceptions of lay health workers in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {44}, year = {2012}, month = {July-August 2012}, pages = {S67}, abstract = {

The source is a copy of a report. This study aimed to answer the following questions: 1/As perceived by EFNEP participants, do lay health workers who teach the program have the qualities, characteristics and processes that were deemed important as outlined in the literature. 2/Do the EFNEP participants perceive these qualities and characteristics as important when receiving nutrition education, 3) How does the presence or absence of these items relate to the behavioral outcomes measured in EFNEP. Data were collected by a cross-sectional sample of 202 participants. Results show that the participants highly rated the health workers in areas of informational and emotional support, social learning theory constructs, and personal characteristics of friendliness, compassion, respect, credibility and trust. Perceived the same characteristics and qualities to be important when receiving nutrition education.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneb.2012.03.155}, author = {Jennifer McCaffrey} } @mastersthesis {2186, title = {The preliminary examination of the integration of an indoor-walking DVD in NJ Snap-ED and EFNEP nutrition education classes}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {2012}, month = {05/2012}, pages = {190 leaves}, school = {Rutgers University}, type = {Doctoral }, abstract = {

The purpose of this study was to assess the viability of using an indoor walking DVD in NJ SNAP-Ed\  and EFNEP classes, which serve limited resources audiences. A randomized, repeated measures design was used. As a result of the exposure to the DVD, participants\’ barriers to physical activity decreased and exercise habits were maintained without detriment to the primary purpose of nutrition education.\ 

}, url = {https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/37525/}, author = {Kirsten White Corda} } @article {1706, title = {Using national data to estimate average cost effectiveness of EFNEP outcomes by state/territory}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {45}, year = {2012}, month = {03/2013}, pages = {183-187}, publisher = {Elsevier for the Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior}, chapter = {183}, keywords = {average cost, cost effectiveness}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneb.2012.04.015}, author = {Baral, Ranju and George C Davis and Stephanie Blake and Wen You and Elena L. Serrano} } @article {2277, title = {Cost-Effectiveness Model for Youth EFNEP Programs: What Do We Measure and How Do We Do It?}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {43}, year = {2011}, month = {2011/07/01/}, pages = {295 - 302}, abstract = {

The Youth Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) is one of the United States Department of Agriculture\&$\#$39;s hallmark nutrition education programs for limited-resource youth. The objective of this study was to gather opinions from experts in EFNEP and related content areas to identify costs, effects (impacts), and related instruments to develop a cost-effectiveness model (instrument) for youth EFNEP, which does not exist. A cost-effectiveness model determines the economic or financial cost of producing an impact. The findings highlight several challenges in identifying inputs through consensus and provide a roadmap for the creation of a model that can be adopted by state EFNEP coordinators.

}, keywords = {cost effectiveness, EFNEP, limited resource, nutrition, program, youth}, isbn = {1499-4046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2010.03.164}, author = {Elena L. Serrano and Mary M McFerren and Lambur, Michael and Ellerbock, Michael and Hosig, Kathy and Franz, Nancy and Marilyn S Townsend and Susan S Baker and Muennig, Peter and George C Davis} } @article {1972, title = {Designing nutrition education programs for Somali audiences: The role of cultural and religious practices}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {49}, year = {2011}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2011june/a5.php}, author = {Sara Van Offelen and Shelley Sherman and Jill May and Felisha Rhodes} } @article {1910, title = {An evaluation of nutrition education program for low-income youth}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {49}, year = {2011}, note = {

Penn State University

}, url = {http://www.joe.org/joe/2011june/4b5.php}, author = {Olive M.K. Kemirembe and Rama B. Radhakrishna and Elise Gurgevich and Edgar P. Yoder and Patreese D. Ingram} } @mastersthesis {2134, title = {The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program intervention conducted in the Hispanic population of Georgia}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2011}, month = {08/2011}, school = {University of Georgia}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {

The objective of this community-based, statewide intervention was to improve eating behaviors in the Hispanic population of Georgia using a curriculum that was primarily developed for African Americans. The study design was a one-group repeated measure t

}, url = {https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/esploro/outputs/9949334187302959}, author = {Britt Rotberg Johnson} } @article {1861, title = {Functional foods programs serve as a vehicle to provide nutrition education to groups}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {49}, year = {2011}, abstract = {

An increase in consumer interest in functional foods provides an opportunity for FCS educators to use this topic in Extension programming to promote current nutrition recommendations. The Functional Foods for Life Educational Programs (FFL) are a curriculum of six evidence-based mini-seminars that highlight specific functional foods that have the potential to benefit health. Program participants are introduced to a variety of facts about each food, including research findings and consumption recommendations. FFL has reached a large and varied audience and ha generated preliminary positive outcomes. This article explores the FFL model as an option for providing nutrition education to groups.

}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2011april/iw3.php}, author = {Sherri M. Cirignano} } @article {1914, title = {The Impact of SNAP-ED and EFNEP on Program Graduates 6 Months After Graduation}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {49}, year = {2011}, month = {01-/2011}, keywords = {follow-up evaluation, nutrition education, supplemental nutrition assistance program education}, issn = {1077-5315.}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2011october/rb6.php}, author = {Wanda Koszewski and Natalie Sehi and Donnia Behrends and Elizabeth Tuttle} } @article {1897, title = {Improving measurement of the EFNEP outcomes using factor analysis of the behavior checklist}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {49}, year = {2011}, note = {

Michigan State University, East Lansing and Bay City

}, month = {August 2011}, abstract = {

This article advances the literature on assessment of EFNEP\&$\#$39;s effectiveness. Factor analysis of the Behavior Checklist items produced constructs used to assess the effects of program attributes on participants\&$\#$39; behavior change. The greatest behavior change were with participants taught by program assistants with fewer than 1, 2-5, and more than 15 years of experience. Hispanics reported higher levels of behavior change, as did participants who received EFNEP curriculum in a one-on-one setting.

}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2011august/a5.php}, author = {Sharon L. Hoerr and Abdullahi O. Abdulkadri and Steven Miller and Christine Waltersdorf and Margaret LaShore and Karen Martin and Cathy Newkirk} } @article {2252, title = {Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs About Nutrition and Childhood Overweight Among WIC Participants }, journal = {Family \& Community Health }, volume = {34}, year = {2011}, month = {10/2011}, pages = {301-310}, chapter = {301}, abstract = {

\"This study assessed knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about nutrition, physical activity, and health risks related to childhood overweight among Women, Infants, and Children participants. Most (n = 165) were knowledgeable about causes/health risks of overweight (90\%). The belief that \“some people are born big or thin . . . \” varied by education level (P \< 0.05). Concerning activity, many (white non-Hispanic, 53\%; African-American 69\%) reported their children spending 2 to 3 hours per day watching television and playing video games, with 10\% white non-Hispanic and 21\% of African-American reporting 4 hours or more (P \< 0.05). Beliefs related to the risk of overweight and activity level of the children differed among ethnic group\"

}, keywords = {attitude, belief, knowledge, nutrition, overweight}, issn = {0160-6379}, doi = {10.1097/FCH.0b013e31822b53dd}, author = {Adedze, Pascasie and Karen Chapman-Novakofski and Klaus Witz and Robin Orr and Donovan, Sharon} } @mastersthesis {2246, title = {Measuring the Impact of Youth EFNEP: Questionnaire Development and Validation}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {2011}, month = {08/2011}, pages = {299 leaves}, school = {Clemson University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, abstract = {

Content analysis, expert reviews and cognitive interviews were used to develop and confirm the content and age appropriateness of the questionnaire for low-income, ethnically diverse youth in third, fourth, and fifth grade. Factor analysis revealed interpretable factors for each of the cognitive domains and served as a strategy for item reduction. Item difficulty ranged between 6-92\%. Preliminary results of this study suggest that EFNEP Youth Quest could be used for evaluating Youth EFNEP programs.

}, keywords = {evaluation tool, low-income, Youth Quest questionnaire}, url = {https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/773/}, author = {Yenory Hernandez} } @article {1896, title = {Psychosocial impact of training and work experience on EFNEP paraprofessionals}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {49}, year = {2011}, note = {

University of Georgia, Athens affiliated

}, month = {06/2011}, abstract = {

Although considerable data has been gathered documenting the impact of local EFNEP programs on enrolled participants, little documentation exists concerning the effect of EFNEP on paraprofessionals conducting these programs. The qualitative study reported here identifies types of psychosocial change in paraprofessionals resulting from EFNEP training and work experience. Identified areas of change include skill development, community status, relationships with family/community, was of viewing others, increased caring for others, and increased self-esteem. Factors contributing to change include paraprofessionals\&$\#$39; indigenous status, personal identification with work, training, support, and work experiences. These findings have implications for the hiring, training, and support of paraprofessionals.

}, keywords = {nutrition education, paraprofessional impact, psychosocial change}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2011june/a4.php}, author = {Hibbs, Judy and Lorilee Sandmann} } @article {2267, title = {Development and Testing of a Nutrition, Food Safety, and Physical Activity Checklist for EFNEP and FSNE Adult Programs}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {42}, year = {2010}, month = {2010/03/01/}, pages = {123 - 130}, abstract = {

ObjectiveTo develop and assess reliability and validity of the Nutrition, Food Safety, and Physical Activity Checklist to measure nutrition, food safety, and physical activity practices among adult Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) and Food Stamp Nutrition Education program (FSNE) participants.MethodsTest-retest reliability (Cronbach α), internal consistency (Pearson Correlation), criterion-related validity (Spearman Correlation Coefficients), and sensitivity-to-change, were calculated for dietary quality, food safety, and physical activity, based on data collected from 73 EFNEP and FSNE participants.ResultsNutrition and physical activity domains achieved reliability coefficients of 0.70. The instrument scored Spearman correlation coefficients of 0.20 for nutrition, 0.34 for food safety, and 0.28 for physical activity.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe instrument consistently measured dietary and physical activity practices, but not food safety. All domains obtained low correlation coefficients, although consistent with other studies\&$\#$39; validity results.

}, keywords = {assessment, food assistance, food safety, nutrition, physical activity}, isbn = {1499-4046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2008.11.005}, author = {Traliece Bradford and Elena L. Serrano and Cox, Ruby H. and Lambur, Michael} } @article {2268, title = {An Evaluation of the Validity and Reliability of a Food Behavior Checklist Modified for Children}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {42}, year = {2010}, month = {2010/09/01/}, pages = {349 - 352}, abstract = {

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to report the construct validity and internal consistency reliability of the Food Behavior Checklist modified for children (FBC-MC), with low-income, Youth Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)-eligible children.MethodsUsing a cross-sectional research design, construct validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (weighted least squares method), and internal consistency reliability for 3 subscales was assessed using Cronbach α.ResultsNinety-seven children from low-income families completed the FBC-MC. Indicator tests suggest adequate model fit (comparative fit index = 0.962; root mean square error of approximation = 0.064) and item factor loadings were significant for all subscales (P \< .05). The instrument appeared to have adequate reliability for 1 subscale (fruit and vegetable consumption, α = 0.67), but not for the other 2 (milk consumption, α = 0.43; healthful eating behaviors, α = 0.56).Conclusions and ImplicationsThe FBC-MC may be a suitable instrument for evaluating dietary behaviors among Youth EFNEP-eligible children; however, more work is needed to establish internal reliability and criterion validity.

}, keywords = {adolescent, dietary assessment, reliability, validity}, isbn = {1499-4046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2009.12.005}, author = {Branscum, Paul and Sharma, Manoj and Kaye, Gail and Succop, Paul} } @article {1863, title = {A formative evaluation of the cooking with a chef program}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {48}, year = {2010}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2010april/a1.php}, author = {Margaret D. Condrasky and Sara G. Griffin and Patricia Michaud Catalano and Christine Clark} } @article {1983, title = {Hispanic women in EFNEP have low adherence with dietary guidelines regardless of acculturation level}, journal = {Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition}, volume = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {498-509}, chapter = {498}, abstract = {

This study evaluated the acculturation level and dietary patterns of 171 Hispanic women aged 18 to 60 years in the EFNEP program to determine whether dietary guideline recommendations were met.\  The study used three assessment instrument, an acculturation scale, and a bean purchasing questionnaire.\  Less than 30\% of the Hispanic-dominant and only 7 percent of bicultural and English dominant women met the guidelines for fruits, vegetables, or legumes.\  The study indicated that dietary quality declines with acculturation, and the diet of less acculturated Hispanic women may have been inadequate before acculturation.\  Even for a traditional foods, such as beans.

Educational messages should focus on selecting beans and healthier alternative foods as part of the acculturation process.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19320248.2010.527280}, author = {Donna Winham} } @article {1923, title = {Promoting Dairy Intake in Rural Wisconsin by Empowering Youth}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {45}, year = {2010}, pages = {5IAW4}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2010october/iw4.php}, author = {Margertha McLean and Kristina Penniston and Sherry Tanumihardjo} } @mastersthesis {2028, title = {Assessment of the quality of life (QOL) profile as an EFNEP evaluation tool}, year = {2009}, pages = {134 leaves}, school = {Colorado State University, Fort Collins}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, keywords = {food security, nutrition, quality of life}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/593295725}, author = {Laura M Bauer} } @article {1836, title = {Challenges, alternatives and educational strategies in reaching limited income audiences}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {47}, year = {2009}, month = {12/2009}, keywords = {challenges in reaching limited income audiences, effective Extension strategies}, issn = {1077-5315}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2009december/rb2.php}, author = {Lisa M Benavente and K. S. U. Jayaratne and Jones, Lorelei} } @article {1873, title = {Creating healthful home food environments: Results of a study with participants in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {41}, year = {2009}, month = {11/2009}, pages = {380-388}, chapter = {380}, abstract = {

Existing EFNEP programs in local communities could have a significant impact on family dietary behaviors for populations at risk of obesity. Significant improvements over time were found for both groups\&$\#$39; consumption of most food items and nutrients, and nearly all psycho-social variables, regardless of study group. Only the intervention group had a significant BM increase at post. Fidelity to the intervention class session structure was high, and comments from intervention staff and clients were positive.

}, doi = {doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2008.12.007}, author = {Cullen, Karen and Smalling, Agued lara and Debbe Thompson and Kathleen Watson and Debra Reed and Konzelmann, Karen} } @mastersthesis {2258, title = {Development and evaluation of a tool to assess the frequency of family meals, characteristics of the mealtime environment, and fruit and vegetable consumption among families receiving services from WIC, EFNEP, and FNP}, year = {2009}, month = {05/2009}, school = {Purdue University}, type = {Honors Program Undergraduate }, abstract = {

The project aimed to develop and evaluate an assessment of frequency of family meals, characteristics of mealtime environment, and fruit and vegetable consumption in families serviced by WIC, EFNEP, NEP, and Indiana SNAP programs.\  For the most part, the test-retest reliability of the findings were less than .05.\  Questions for the final SNAP FAMILY MEAL ASSESSMENT TOOL were based on response failure rates, the test-retest reliability and fruit and vegetable intake.\ 

}, url = {https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cfstheses/3/}, author = {Kingston, Chelsea} } @article {1833, title = {Development of core competencies for paraprofessional nutrition educators who deliver food stamp nutrition education}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {41}, year = {2009}, month = {03/2009}, pages = {138-143}, chapter = {138}, abstract = {

The purpose of this project was to describe the process used for the development of core competencies for paraprofessional nutrition educators in the Food Stamp Nutrition Education (FSNE). Discussion of the second project, with EFNEP paraprofessionals was also discussed.

}, keywords = {cooperative extension, core competencies, Food Stamp Nutrition Education, job tasks, nutrition education, paraprofessionals}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneb.2008.05.004}, author = {Susan S Baker and Chipman, Helen and Meredith Pearson} } @mastersthesis {2196, title = {Evaluation of a community nutrition intervention to decrease hypertension risk}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {2009}, pages = {117}, school = {University of Georgia}, type = {Doctoral }, url = {https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/hanula_gail_m_200905_phd.pdf}, author = {Hanula, Gail M} } @article {1898, title = {Evaluation of a new nutrition education curriculum and factors influencing its implementation}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {47}, year = {2009}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2009february/a4.php}, author = {Justine R Hoover and Peggy A. Martin and Ruth E. Litchfield} } @mastersthesis {2063, title = {Impacto del uso de la computadora en la ensenanza de la leccion sobre "La Importancia de una Buena Nutricion"; ofrecida por el Programa Educativo en alimento y nutricion (PEAN) de la oficina de Mayaguez}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2009}, school = {University of Puerto Rico}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

This experimental design investigation tries to determine the impact of the use of computers to teach the lesson \“The importance of a good nutrition\”; offered by the Mayag{\"u}ez office of the Expanded Food Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). With this purpose in mind, a survey was designed and distributed to the participants (N=30) of the EFNEP program in a number of sectors in Mayag{\"u}ez. The survey data of the investigation was analyzed through a T - Test analysis to determine whether any difference between the results of the paper lesson and the computer lesson. The data shows there was a significant difference between the results of the Pre - Test and the Post - Test for the computer lesson. There was also a significant difference between the results of the Pre - Test and the Post - Test for the paper lesson.

}, url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11801/1460}, author = {Carolle M Garcia Medina} } @article {1899, title = {Qualitative tools to examine EFNEP curriculum delivery}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {47}, year = {2009}, note = {

Mid-Iowa Community Action and Iowa State University affiliated

}, month = {June 2009}, pages = {3FEA3}, abstract = {

Structured observations, focus groups, and qualitative research methods were used to examine theory-based learning strategies and participant experiences in a nutrition education program. Theory based learning strategies included use of open-ended questions, visual aids, and experiential learning activities. Open-ended questioning and some experiential activities were used less often than desired. Language of lesson delivery and instructional setting appear to influence the use of learning strategies. Lesson delivery and instructional setting may be relevant for preferred learning styles of different cultures.

}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2009june/a3.php}, author = {Justine R. Hoover and Peggy A. Martin and Ruth E. Litchfield} } @article {1907, title = {Take care of your health! An extension program to prevent diabetes}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {47}, year = {2009}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2009august/a5.php}, author = {Lucia L Kaiser and Anna C. Martin and Mary L. Blackburn and Diane L. Metz and Dorothy Smith and Susan S. Donohue and Connie Lexion and Francene M. Steinberg} } @mastersthesis {2259, title = {Understanding long-term effects of nutrition education on low-income adults in Wyoming}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {2009}, note = {

Access to online version limited to University of Wyoming-affiliated patrons.

}, pages = {160}, school = {University of Wyoming}, type = {Doctoral }, abstract = {

A mixed method study, including a quantitative examination of the maintenance of food and nutrition related behaviors at least one year and up to four years after participation in a low-income nutrition program and an interpretive qualitative evaluation of perceptions of how their involvement influenced nutritional and non-nutritional aspects of their lives.\  The study included 493 past graduates of the Wyoming Cent$ible Nutrition Education program.\  It was learned that past graduates maintained significant positive behavior changes over time, which were consistent for age, years since participation, and residence.\  Telephone interviews conducted with 19 respondents confirmed the qualitative findings and eight significant life effects were shown.\  The study indicated that solution-oriented education will help adults meet basic human needs for competence, autonomy, and connectedness.

}, url = {http://uwcatalog.uwyo.edu/record=b3315263~S1}, author = {M P Wardlaw} } @article {1879, title = {An economic evaluation of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {40}, year = {2008}, pages = {134-143}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the New York State Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program using economic methodology.

DESIGN:

Data were collected by nutrition educators in a pretest, posttest design with an epidemiological modeling approach to assess costs and estimate potential health benefits of the state program.

SETTING:

Cooperative Extension, 35 counties.

PARTICIPANTS:

5730 low-income participants.

INTERVENTION:

Series of 6 or more food and nutrition lessons.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

Cost (program and participant); health benefits in quality adjusted life years (QALYs); and monetized benefits: society\&$\#$39;s willingness to pay for QALYs, and benefits of avoiding or delaying health care costs and loss of productivity.

ANALYSIS:

Cost-effectiveness estimated from behavior change and QALY weights. Cost-benefit ratios estimated from costs and monetized benefits. Sensitivity analyses provided ranges where lack of agreement exists around parameters\&$\#$39; values.

RESULTS:

Cost was $892/graduate. Cost-effectiveness was 245 QALYs saved, at $20863/QALY (sensitivity 42-935 QALYs, $5467-$130311 per QALY). Societal willingness to pay benefit-to-cost ratio was $9.58:$1.00 (sensitivity $1.44-$41.92:$1:00); narrow governmental benefit-to-cost ratio was $0.82:$1.00 (sensitivity $0.08-$4.33:$1:00).

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS:

Outcome data indicate that food and nutrition behavior changes resulting from the Program are likely to improve future health and reduce health care costs. Cost-effectiveness is estimated to be as great as for many current health interventions.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4933940237}, author = {Jamie S. Dollahite and Kenkel, D and Thompson, C S} } @mastersthesis {2247, title = {Evaluating behavior change among participants of the Hawai'i Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2008}, month = {2008}, pages = {105 leaves}, school = {University of Hawaii at Manoa}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

The goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of the Hawaii EFNEP and the EFNEP paraprofessionals to facilitate behavior change among program participants. The objectives of this research were to: (1) learn which ethnic groups, if any, differed significantly in behavior change after completing the Hawai\&$\#$39;i EFNEP series, and (2) determine if paraprofessional instruction had any significant effect on participant behavior change, based on the pre- and post- EFNEP behavior checklist questions. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of the Hawaii EFNEP and the EFNEP paraprofessionals to facilitate behavior change among program participants. The objectives of this research were to: (1) learn which ethnic groups, if any, differed significantly in behavior change after completing the HHawai\&$\#$39;i EFNEP series, and (2) determine if paraprofessional instruction had any significant effect on participant behavior change, based on the pre- and post- EFNEP behavior checklist questions.

}, keywords = {behavior change, dietary guidelines}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20770}, author = {Margaret J Pulver} } @article {1905, title = {Evaluation of the effects of training, coaching, and personal accountability of EFNEP paraprofessionals on program outcomes}, journal = {Journal of the National Extension Association of Family and Consumer Sciences (NEAFCS)}, volume = {3}, year = {2008}, note = {

University of Arizona \& North Carolina State University

}, month = {2008}, pages = {25-28}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Testimonies from EFNEP Educators as to the benefits of the training, coaching, and accountability system in terms of their increased preparedness, confidence in teaching and productivity were analyzed. Trend analysis over a four-year period, spanning one year before the system, the year the system was implemented, and two subsequent years reveal sizeable increases in several indicators of effective program outreach, enrollment, and productivity outcomes. Noticeable improvements in behavioral outcomes among the EFNEP program participants over that same four year period were found.

}, url = {http://www.neafcs.org/assets/documents/journal/neafcs-2008-journal.pdf}, author = {Jackson, Ruth and Guion, Lisa A.} } @article {1924, title = {Improving readability of an evaluation tool for low-income clients using visual information processing theories}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

Literacy is an issue for many low-income audiences. Using visual information processing theories, the goal was improving readability of a food behavior checklist and ultimately improving its ability to accurately capture existing changes in dietary behaviors. Using group interviews, low-income clients (n = 18) evaluated 4 visual styles. The text plus color photographs style was preferred over the other 3 visual styles: text only, text plus black and white line drawings, and text plus gray-scale photographs. Employing cognitive interviewing in an iterative process, clients (n = 25) recommended simplifying text for 10 items, modifying content for 15 of 16 visuals, and replacing text with visual content for 7 of 16 items. Professional staff (n = 7) and educators (n = 10) verified that visuals and revised text accurately reflected the content of each item. Clients reported that the revised checklist captured their attention, added pleasure to the evaluation process, improved their understanding of the behaviors in question, and facilitated comprehension of text. Readability scores improved by more than 2 grades. This process can be duplicated by others interested in enhancing the quality of existing evaluation tools.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.06.011}, author = {Marilyn S Townsend and Anna Martin and Anna Martin and Diane Metz and Patti Wooten-Swanson} } @article {2282, title = {Increasing EFNEP Program Outreach and Enhancing Program Content Through Local Partnerships}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {46}, year = {2008}, month = {2008///}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2008april/iw6.php}, author = {Ohri-Vachaspati, Punam} } @mastersthesis {2043, title = {The number of lessons needed to maximize behavior change among community nutrition education program (CNEP) participants}, volume = {M.S. }, year = {2008}, month = {05/2008}, pages = {37 leaves}, school = {Oklahoma State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {https://hdl.handle.net/11244/9216}, author = {Elizabeth Colette Cragun} } @article {1917, title = {Pots, pans, and kitchen equipment: Do low-income clients have adequate tools for cooking?}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {46}, year = {2008}, pages = {1RIB4}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2008february/rb4.php}, author = {Patti Landers and Cheryl Shults} } @article {1701, title = {Research studies of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program: 1989-2008}, year = {2008}, month = {08/2008}, publisher = {U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service}, keywords = {research studies}, url = {https://nifa.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource/EFNEP-Research-Studies-1989-2008_0.pdf}, author = {Wells Willis and Sylvia Montgomery and S Blake} } @mastersthesis {2021, title = {Traditional diets and the implications of acculturation among limited income Hispanics in Maricopa County EFNEP}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2008}, month = {2008}, pages = {94 leaves}, school = {Arizona State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/276856731}, author = {Traci Leigh Armstrong Florian} } @article {1963, title = {Brief psychosocial fruit and vegetable tool is sensitive for United States Department of Agriculture{\textquoteright}s nutrition education programs.}, journal = {Journal American Dietetic Association}, volume = {107}, year = {2007}, pages = {2120-2124}, abstract = {

The usefulness of an evaluation instrument is dependent on its reliability, validity, and ability to capture change. The latter psychometric characteristic is particularly important, yet is often neglected. The purpose of this study was to assess the sensitivity of a psychosocial fruit and vegetable evaluation tool for use by two US Department of Agriculture community-based programs. As part of a prospective randomized controlled trial, a sample of limited-resource women (n=93), recruited from eight counties, provided dietary recalls, behavioral assessments, and psychosocial assessments. A randomly selected subsample was used for venipuncture (n=55). Sensitivity of the tool was estimated using serum carotenoids, selected micronutrients, fruit/vegetable servings, and fruit/vegetable behaviors. Controlling for energy intake at baseline and change in energy intake, the change scores for the tool were correlated with reported changes in fruit and vegetable behaviors (r=0.28, P=0.01), vitamin C (r=0.25, P=0.02), and the biomarker serum carotenoids (r=0.31, P=0.02). This systematic process yielded a moderately sensitive evaluation tool useful with a limited-resource audience participating in two US Department of Agriculture programs. This is the first study to estimate sensitivity of a psychosocial tool for a fruit and vegetable intervention.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2007.09.015}, author = {Marilyn S Townsend and Lucia L Kaiser} } @article {1691, title = {Can food stamps do more to improve food choices? An economic perspective}, year = {2007}, publisher = {U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service}, address = {Washington, DC}, url = {http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/catalog/35110}, author = {Joanne F. Guthrie and Lin, Biing-Hwan and Ver Ploeg, Michele and Frazão, Elizabeth} } @article {1695, title = {Characteristics of low-income households with very low food security: An analysis of the USDA GPRA food security indicator}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

This bulletin describes characteristics of low-income households that had very low food security in 2005. The U.S. Department of Agriculture monitors the food security of low-income households to assess how effectively the Government\&$\#$39;s domestic nutrition assistance programs meet the needs of their target populations. In 2005, 12.6 percent of low-income households -- those with annual incomes less than 130 percent of the Federal poverty line -- had very low food security. USDA seeks to reduce that prevalence rate as one of its strategic planning goals established under the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA). To achieve the USDA food security target, the food security of households with incomes that are less than 130 percent of the poverty line (less than $26,000 annual income for a family of two adults and two children) will need to surpass the current level of food security of households with incomes in the range of 130 to 150 percent of the poverty line ($26,000 to $30,000).

}, url = {http://handle.nal.usda.gov/10113/35112}, author = {M Nord} } @mastersthesis {2128, title = {Development, evaluation and efficacy of a heart healthy curriculum in two different educational settings, emphasizing food portioning and cooking skills, increased fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, and exercise}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2007}, school = {Utah State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213388582}, author = {Rachel Richins} } @mastersthesis {2007, title = {EFNEP assessing the evaluation tools and impact of the program amongst participants of Ohio}, year = {2007}, note = {

An undergraduate honors thesis

}, school = {Ohio State University}, type = {Honors thesis}, abstract = {

Two questionnaires used in the study were the EFNEP Behavior Checklist and the 24 hour recall. Eleven counties in Ohio participated in the study during 2005 and 2006. The objective was to determine which questions on the behavior checklist are sensitive

}, keywords = {behavior checklist, nutrition education, Ohio}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1811/25200}, author = {Jane C Allen} } @mastersthesis {2077, title = {EFNEP training and work experience: The psychosocial impact on the EFNEP paraprofessional}, volume = {D.Ed.}, year = {2007}, month = {12/2007}, pages = {143 leaves}, school = {University of Georgia}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, abstract = {

This study was based on a model that paraprofessionals may exhibit changes including skills development, heightened community status, and changes in personal and community relationships when exposed to training, working with clientele and in their only pa

}, url = {https://athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/handle/10724/24413}, author = {Hibbs, Judy} } @article {1951, title = {Evaluation of a group administered 24-hour recall method for dietary assessment}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {45}, year = {2007}, month = {February}, url = {Scott D. Scheer}, author = {Amanda R. Scott and Debra B. Reed and Karen S. Kubena and William A. McIntosh} } @article {1648, title = {Evaluation of the Healthy Moves for Healthy Children Program: Focus groups with Head Start teachers}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {39}, year = {2007}, note = {

SNE 2007 Annual Conference Proceedings Exploring Nutritional Bio-Optimism (conference paper abstract)

}, month = {07/2007}, chapter = {S117}, abstract = {

Childcare providers are key partners in prevention of childhood overweight. The Healthy Moves for Healthy Children (HMHC) curriculum was adapted from Iowa State Extension \"Pick a Better Snack\" program by University of Illinois Extension. In 2005, Head Start teachers received HMHC in-service training and were provided with a set of 4x6-inch cards, with thematic suggestions for healthy snacks, physical activities and children\&$\#$39;s books, to implement throughout the year.

}, keywords = {head start, HMHC}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneb.2007.04.321}, author = {Adedze, Pascasie and Karen Witz and Robin Orr and Donovan, Sharon} } @article {1900, title = {Evaluation of the Iowa Expanded Food and Nutrition Education program and food stamp nutrition program}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {47}, year = {2007}, note = {

Iowa State University

}, month = {February 2009}, abstract = {

Feature Article: This study evaluated a nutrition education curriculum by examining participant behavior change. A previously used curricula was compared to a new one. Participant, educator, and program variables were explored relative to behavior change. Finding indicated that both curricula influenced behavior change in participant, educator, race and educator experience. Participant and educator variables should be considered in future program/curriculum implication.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/224000100}, author = {Justine R Hoover and Ruth Litchfield and Ruth Litchfield} } @article {1826, title = {Excellence in extension: Two products for definition and measurement}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {45}, year = {2007}, keywords = {extension}, issn = {1077-5315}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2007february/tt1.php}, author = {Thomas M. Archer and Paul D. Warner and William Miller and Charles D. Clark and James, Susan and Scott R. Cummings and Adamu, Usman} } @mastersthesis {2001, title = {Incentives and barriers to participation in community nutrition education programs for recipients of food stamps and temporary assistance to needy families}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {2007}, school = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, abstract = {

The purpose of the study was to explore the incentives and barriers perceived by low-income women of child bearing age in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education and the Food Stamp Nutrition Education program. Findings of this study suggest that isolat

}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27013}, author = {Mary M McFerren} } @mastersthesis {2174, title = {Online nutrition education: Perceived understanding, acceptance, and usability of food and nutrition bytes curriculum for the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, volume = {M.P.H.}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {65 leaves}, school = {Kansas State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

Nutrition education programs strive to help low-income people make optimal food choices while living on a limited budget. This study addressed perceived understanding, acceptance, and usability of Food and Nutrition Bytes, a set of 12 eight- to eleven-minute online Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) lessons. Clients in EFNEP during 2005-2006 were surveyed on internet usage and interest in online nutrition lessons. Lessons were developed and assessed for reading levels using two formulas. Clients and professionals in six Kansas counties completed a Likert scale survey and gave comments after they viewed one online lesson. Fifty-five percent of 75 EFNEP clients who had internet access indicated they were interested in taking nutrition lessons online. The new lessons averaged a 6.64 grade reading level. Two lessons had content that was rated too general to be useful. For the remaining lessons, both groups ranked their perceived understanding, helpfulness of graphics and audio, and usefulness of information at the first or second most-desirable rating. They rated length and amount of information as \"Just Right.\" The only difference found between the groups was when clients rated one lesson as having a little too much information and professionals rated it as having not quite enough (Mann-Whitney U = 35.0, p = 0.039). Within-sample associations were measured for two lessons. Clients older than 30 years of age found the Grains lesson\&$\#$39;s pictures and graphics to be more helpful than did younger clients (Kendall tau-b = 0.593, p = 0.002). White clients evaluated the Cooking lesson as being easier to understand than did non-white clients (Kendall tau-b = -0.477, p = 0.020). The most frequent comments pertained to the importance of portion sizes and appropriate pictures and graphics. Overall, Food and Nutrition Bytes lessons were easy to read, and perceived by both clients and professionals to be easy to understand, helpful and useful, and also optimal in length and amount of information. Despite low numbers of EFNEP clients who had internet access, over half were interested in taking lessons online. Limitations of this study include small samples, convenience samples, subjects\&$\#$39; time constraints, and interviewer bias.

}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/2097/370}, author = {Lisa J Martin} } @article {1930, title = {The rising cost of low-energy-density foods}, journal = {Journal of American Dietetic Association}, volume = {107}, year = {2007}, pages = {2017-2076}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Consuming lower-energy-density foods is one recommended strategy for management of body weight. This cross-sectional study used retail food prices to test the hypothesis that low-energy-density foods are not only more costly per kilocalorie, but have increased disproportionately in price as compared to high-energy-density foods. DESIGN: For a list of 372 foods and beverages belonging to a food frequency questionnaire database, retail prices were obtained from major supermarket chains in the Seattle, WA, metropolitan area in 2004 and 2006. Energy density of all items was calculated and prices were expressed as $/100 g edible portion and as $/1,000 kcal. Foods were stratified by quintiles of energy density and the differences in energy cost and in percent price change were tested using analyses of variance. RESULTS: High-energy-density foods provided the most dietary energy at least cost. Energy cost of foods in the bottom quintile of energy density, beverages excluded, was $18.16/1,000 kcal as compared to only $1.76/1,000 kcal for foods in the top quintile. The 2-year price change for the least energy-dense foods was +19.5\%, whereas the price change for the most energy-dense foods was -1.8\%. CONCLUSION: The finding that energy-dense foods are not only the least expensive, but also most resistant to inflation, may help explain why the highest rates of obesity continue to be observed among groups of limited economic means. The sharp price increase for the low-energy-density foods suggests that economic factors may pose a barrier to the adoption of more healthful diets and so limit the impact of dietary guidance.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.jada.2007.09.009}, author = {P Monsivais} } @article {1840, title = {Cost-benefit analysis conducted for nutrition education in California}, journal = {California Agriculture}, volume = {60}, year = {2006}, note = {

University of California

}, pages = {185}, abstract = {

Documenting the cost-effectiveness of nutrition education programs is important to justify and determine expenditures and ensure continued funding. A cost-benefit analysis was conducted using the program demographics and food-related dietary behavior of participants enrolled in California\&$\#$39;s Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), based on methodology developed by Virginia Cooperative Extension. The initial benefit-cost ratio for nutrition education in California was 14.67 to 1.00. Several sensitivity analyses were done to estimate the effect of changes in key variables. The resulting benefit-cost ratios ranged from 3.67 to 1.00, to 8.34 to 1.00, meaning that for every $1.00 spent on nutrition education in California, between $3.67 and $8.34 is saved in health care costs. These results bolster the argument that nutrition education programs are a good investment and funding them is sound public policy.

}, url = {http://repositories.cdlib.org/anrcs/californiaagriculture/v60/n4/p185}, author = {Amy Block Joy and Vijay Pradhan} } @article {1813, title = {Development and formative evaluation of a bilingual interactive multimedia dietary assessment tool}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {44}, year = {2006}, note = {

University of Southern Mississippi and Colorado State University

}, month = {02/2006}, abstract = {

\"A bilingual multimedia dietary recall was developed for use in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program. This recall was evaluated by nutrition professionals to determine its effectiveness. This recall was found to provide potential for stimulating food recall with audio and visual cues, promoting more honest reports of food intake and saving staff time.\"

}, keywords = {bilingual}, issn = {1077-5315}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2006february/a8.php}, author = {Jamie Marie Zoellner and Jennifer E. L. Anderson and Susan Martin Gould} } @mastersthesis {2031, title = {Development and testing of Food and Nutrition Practice Checklist (FNPC) for use with basic nutrition and disease prevention education programs}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2006}, school = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

Each year, the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) and Food Stamp Nutrition Education (FSNE) receive around 60 million dollars in federal funding. In order to document impacts, it is critical that these programs utilize valid and reliabl

}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33816}, author = {Traliece Bradford} } @article {1916, title = {Development of a tool to assess past food insecurity of immigrant Latino mothers}, journal = {Journal of Nutritional Education \& Behavior}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, note = {

This article is available from Science Direct, a subscription database. Check with your local library.

}, pages = {378-382}, abstract = {

Objective : The purpose is to describe the development and validation of a tool to measure the degree of past food insecurity in an immigrant US population. Design: Focus group discussions and a structured interview. As a first step, focus group discussions were conducted among immigrant Latino mothers. Based on these discussions, an 8-item tool was developed and pilot-tested in a convenience sample of mothers. Setting: California. Participants: Twenty-two low-income Latino mothers with children, ages 4 to 5 years, in the focus groups and 85 low-income Latino and white mothers of young children in the structured interviews. Analyses: Constant comparative analysis, Cronbach α, Spearman correlations, Chi-square, and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Internal consistency of the remaining 7 items was good (Cronbach α = 0.84). Evidence of convergent validity included significant correlations between past food insecurity and maternal education (r = -0.45, p\&@_3C.0001), crowding in the mother\&$\#$39;s childhood household (r = +0.30, p\&@_3C.006), and past food insufficiency (r = +0.74, p\&@_3C.0001). Foreign-born Latino mothers reported significantly greater levels of past food insecurity than US-born mothers, demonstrating discriminant validity (p\&@_3C.01). Conclusions and Implications: This tool may be useful to determine how past deprivation influences current food choices and other nutrition-related behaviors in low-income Latino immigrants.

}, keywords = {food insecurity, Latino, life course perspective}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2006.05.019}, author = {Edith M. Kuyper and Gloria Espinosa-Hall and Catherine L. Lamp and Anna C. Martin and Diane L. Metz and Dorothy Smith and Marilyn S. Townsend and Lucia L. Kaiser} } @article {1855, title = {Educational intervention improves fourth-grade schoolchildren{\textquoteright}s nutrition and physical activity knowledge and behaviors}, journal = {Topics in Clinical Nutrition}, volume = {21}, year = {2006}, note = {

Clemson University

}, pages = {234-240}, abstract = {

Many obesity interventions have taken place in clinical settings; however, schools are ideal places to develop and implement innovative interventions designed to prevent childhood obesity. The findings of this study indicate that the nutrition and physical activity intervention was significantly related to change in knowledge, food consumption, food-related behaviors, and physical activity behaviors. Scores of students in the intervention classrooms were significantly higher than those of students in the control classrooms. These improvements were maintained at the 5-month follow-up.

}, doi = {10.1097/00008486-200607000-00010}, author = {Katherine L Cason and Logan, Barbara N.} } @article {1906, title = {The effectiveness of a public nutrition education and wellness system program}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {44}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Enrollment of limited resource clientele in public nutrition education and wellness system programs is expected to produce positive changes in food preparation, food purchase, and health status. The study described here evaluated the effectiveness of the Families First: Nutrition Education and Wellness System (FF NEWS) Program, a nutrition education program in selected 1890 institutions, in achieving positive changes. Program participation influenced participants to make positive changes in food-preparation and food-purchasing practices and resulted in a positive \"trend,\" though not statistically significant, in health status. The culturally sensitive curriculum was an important factor in individual participation and positive behavior changes.

}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2006june/rb5.php}, author = {W A Jones and Larke, A and Larke, A} } @article {1961, title = {Evaluating food stamp nutrition education: A view from the field of program evaluation}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, note = {

This article is available through Science Direct, a subscription database. Check with your local library.

Colorado State University

}, pages = {12-17}, abstract = {

The purpose of this paper is to review current approaches and issues in the field of program evaluation that apply to the effort of improving the evaluation of Food Stamp Nutrition Education (FSNE). As nutrition educators respond to increasing demands for accountability and measuring results, there are challenges to consider, as well as opportunities to capture. This paper includes a focus on the internal and external functions of evaluation, with attention given to evaluation\&$\#$39;s internal use and value in improving practice. A list of 10 building blocks is offered as essential for planning useful and credible evaluation of FSNE.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2005.11.007}, author = {E Taylor-Powell} } @article {1888, title = {Evaluating Food Stamp Nutrition Education: Issues and opportunities}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, pages = {6-11}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneb.2005.11.001}, author = {Joanne F Guthrie and Jane Voichick and Jane Voichick} } @article {1968, title = {Evaluating Food Stamp Nutrition Education: process for development and validation of evaluation measures}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, pages = {18-24}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneb.2005.11.008}, author = {Marilyn S Townsend} } @article {1969, title = {Evaluation of an USDA Nutrition Education Program for low-income youth}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, pages = {30-41}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneb.2005.11.014}, author = {Marilyn S Townsend and Mical Kay Shilts and Mical Kay Shilts and Farfan-Ramirez, Lucrecia} } @mastersthesis {2003, title = {Evaluation of two nutrition education programs The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) and Out for Lunch (OFL)}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {2006}, note = {

Available through ProQuest, a subscription database.

}, school = {North Carolina State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, abstract = {

The purpose of this study was to examine the behavior changes, barriers to preparing healthy meals, quality of life and internal locus of control with two nutrition education programs EFNEP and OFL. Data for this study were collected by surveying participants in the EFNEP and OFL Program before and after participation in the programs. The research was guided by the following questions. (1) Do participants change behavior after participating in EFNEP or OFL?; (2) Are participants able to overcome barriers that prevent them from preparing healthy meals after participating in EFNEP or OFL?; (3) Do participants demonstrate an increase in their quality of life after participating in EFNEP or OFL?; (4) Do participants experience changes in their perceived control of their environment after participating in EFNEP or OFL?, and (5). What effect, if any, does the method of program delivery have on change in behaviors, overcoming barriers to healthy meals, a change in locus of control and quality of life after participating in EFNEP or OFL?

Among the 268 respondents, there were 141 respondents from the OFL Program and 127 from EFNEP. The majority of the participants were female, African-American, between the ages of 21-30 and had a high school education or less.Data analysis revealed participation in EFNEP and OFL nutrition education programs influences behavior change with low-income clients and perceived quality of life improved for respondents after participating in the two programs. Participation in PREVIEW
EFNEP and OFL did not impact clients in overcoming barriers in preparing healthy meals, and participation in the programs did not seem to have an influence on the perceived control of one\’s life. Changes in behavior were not dependent on the method of delivery for the two programs EFNEP and OFL.

}, author = {Doris E Sargent} } @article {1768, title = {Fiscal year 2005 impact and review of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, year = {2006}, author = {Sylvia Montgomery and Wells Willis} } @article {1839, title = {Food behavior checklist effectively evaluates nutrition education}, journal = {California Agriculture}, volume = {60}, year = {2006}, note = {

California

}, pages = {20-24}, abstract = {

We developed a short food behavior checklist (FBC) to evaluate the impact of nutrition education on fruit and vegetable intake among ethnically diverse women in the Food Stamp Nutrition Education Program (FSNEP) and the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). To validate the FBC, interviewers collected three 24-hour dietary recalls as well as responses to 11 FBC behavioral questions about fruits and vegetables from 100 English-speaking, low-income women at baseline. A randomly selected subgroup (n = 59) provided a blood sample for analysis of total serum carotenoids at baseline and follow-up. After 6 hours of nutrition education, the treatment group reported significant improvements in three of the seven FBC questions related to fruit and vegetable intake, while no significant changes occurred in the control group. All seven FBC questions were significantly correlated with total serum carotenoids. This short, culturally neutral FBC is a valid and reliable indicator of fruit and vegetable consumption. Compared with the 24-hour dietary recall, it is also less time-consuming to administer, code and analyze, with a reduced respondent burden.

}, url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/17j8w3nv}, author = {Mary L. Blackburn and Marilyn S Townsend and Lucia L Kaiser and Anna C. Martin} } @article {1953, title = {The impact of using a behavior checklist to followup with Food Stamp Nutrition Education and Expanded Food and Nutrition Program graduates at six months post-graduation}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, pages = {45}, abstract = {

Research was conducted to determine if graduates from either Food Stamp Nutrition Education (FSNE) Project or Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) maintained behavioral changes six months after completing the series of 6 nutrition lessons. To maintain contact with clients postgraduation, staff members were instructed to send graduates three bimonthly newsletters discussing timely nutrition and food budgeting topics. At 6 months post graduation, staff asked graduates to complete a 10-question behavior checklist survey that was identical to the survey completed by clients at entry and exit. All answers were on a 5-point scale. One-hundred sixty-eight post-graduate follow-up surveys were collected from October 1, 2004 to September 30, 2005. Pre, post and follow-up responses were compared using chi-Square analysis. Behaviors that clients had maintained or improved significantly (P \< .05) from pre to post graduation and pre to follow-up were: planning meals ahead of time, running out of foods less often before the end of the month, not thawing food at room temperature, using the \“Nutrition Facts\” Label to make food choices, and feeding their children in the morning within two hours of waking up. In addition, using the \“Nutrition Facts\” on the food label significantly improved from post to follow-up (P \< .05). Results of this study support that clients who participate in nutrition education programs can retain their behavior change at least 6 months post graduation. This project was funded by the Nebraska EFNEP program and by USDA/FNS Food Stamp Program.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2006.04.082}, author = {N Sehi and Wanda Koszewski and Goshorn, J and J Sather} } @article {1682, title = {Impacts of the Cent$ible Nutrition Program on past graduates}, year = {2006}, institution = {University of Wyoming}, author = {M P Wardlaw} } @article {2125, title = {The influence of the youth Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program on nutrition knowledge and self-reported behaviors of elementary school children}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {44}, year = {2006}, month = {June 2006}, publisher = {Ohio State University}, address = {M.S. Thesis}, abstract = {

A quasi-experimental study was conducted to assess the impact of the Youth Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program on 3rd and 4th grade children attending Cleveland Municipal schools in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Pre- and post-test surveys were used to

}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2006june/rb6.php}, author = {Marilyn Rabe and Punam Ohri-Vachaspati and Scott D. Scheer} } @article {1876, title = {It just really clicked: Participant-perceived outcomes of community nutrition education programs}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, pages = {42-49}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To understand participant-perceived outcomes of community nutrition education programs by low income adults. DESIGN: A grounded theory approach using qualitative interviews. SETTING: Rural and urban communities in New York State and Pennsylvania. PARTICIPANTS: 18 current and past participants in nutrition education programs for low income adults. PHENOMENA OF INTEREST: Participants{\textquoteright} perceived outcomes of community nutrition education programs. ANALYSIS: Qualitative analysis derived from the constant comparative method. RESULTS: Participants described program experiences in three linked thematic areas: (1) a range of motives for program enrollment; (2) current roles, challenges and resources as program contexts; and (3) participant-perceived outcomes experienced throughout the program that were linked to their motives for enrolling. Short- and medium-term outcomes, especially social outcomes, were important to participants; positive experiences were linked to later behavior change by participants, even among those who did not initially report change. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Participant-perceived outcomes and program satisfaction were linked to enrollment motives and modified by whether participants{\textquoteright} current worlds provided resources to put learning into practice. Participant inputs such as enrollment motives and resources should be included in planning models, assessed at multiple points, matched to expected program outcomes, and used to guide teaching.}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16595277}, author = {Devine, C} } @article {1649, title = {Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about nutrition and childhood overweight among WIC participants}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, note = {

Conference paper abstract from the Society for Nutrition Education, 39th Annual Conference, July 15 - 18, 2006. Later published.

Full article was published in 2011 in Family and Community Health 34(4) 301-310

}, month = {07/2006}, chapter = {S61}, abstract = {

Overweight has become the most prevalent public health concern among children and adolescents in the United States. Approximately 10 percent of preschoolers aged 2-5 are overweight and low-income, minority children are at higher risk

}, keywords = {nutrition, WIC}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneb.2006.04.124}, author = {Adedze, Pascasie and Karen Chapman-Novakofski and Klaus Witz and Robin Orr and Donovan, Sharon} } @article {1970, title = {Obesity in low-income communities: Prevalence, effects, a place to begin}, journal = {Journal American Dietetic Association}, volume = {106}, year = {2006}, pages = {34-37}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16390664}, author = {Marilyn S Townsend} } @article {1845, title = {Paradigm for peace and the implications for quality}, journal = {International Journal of Social Research Methodology}, volume = {9}, year = {2006}, pages = {111-126}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570600595280}, author = {Bryman, A} } @article {1958, title = {Using qualitative and quantitative formative research to develop tailored nutrition intervention materials for a diverse low-income audience}, journal = {Health Education and Research}, volume = {21}, year = {2006}, pages = {465-476}, abstract = {

More effective nutrition education to reach low-income and ethnic minority populations is needed. As part of a project to develop a tailored nutrition education intervention to meet the needs of low-income Hispanics and non-Hispanics, complementary, mixed methods of formative research were used to determine specific characteristics of the target population. The aim was to ensure that the full array of nutrition messages would be comprehensive enough to effectively tailor to the level of the individual. Barriers to healthy eating were delineated for three main dietary behaviors (number of items delineated in parentheses): lowering fat (11), increasing fruit (8) and increasing vegetables (6). Information was also collected regarding motivators for healthy eating (5), situational barriers to making healthy choices (4), other nutrition-related interests (8) and typical eating habits and food-related choices of the target audience.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyh072}, author = {L Strolla and P Risica and P Risica} } @article {1902, title = {Adapting a diet analysis program for an adolescent audience}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {37}, year = {2005}, pages = {43-44}, abstract = {

With the expansion of nutrition education to the World Wide Web, nutrition educators will find ways to adapt existing programs for new audiences and save time and money. The Internet allows for mass distribution, which decreases reproduction costs, easy updating, and individual tailoring. Compared to developing a new application, adapting an existing diet analysis application to fit the needs of the EatFit intervention took a quarter of the cost and a third of the time. The process of adapting the application took 5 people working part time for approximately 1 year and might have taken less time had we fully anticipated some of the issues ahead of time. The 6 steps outlined here should save others valuable time and resources.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4662191710}, author = {Horowitz, Marcel and M K Shilts and Marilyn S Townsend} } @conference {1816, title = {Adapting the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) to meet changing needs of low-income families: Program responses to welfare reform}, booktitle = {Annual Meeting of the Society for Nutrition Education}, year = {2005}, note = {

Annual meeting of the Society for Nutrition Education

}, month = {2005}, author = {Katherine L Dickin and Jamie S. Dollahite} } @conference {1684, title = {Can nutrition education change behavior for multiple racial/ethnic groups?}, booktitle = { International Society for Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity}, year = {2005}, note = {

Presented at the International Society for Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, June 2005.

}, month = {June 2005}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

Purpose: To share the key features of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) which has achieved remarkable behavior change related to dietary quality, physical activity, food resource management and food safety for 36 years. Background: A strong research base provides the foundation for, and maintains the quality and integrity of the experiential education program. Using many educational theories and implementation designs, including Social Cognitive Theory, Stages of Change, Facilitated Discussion and experiential learning within the context of an integrated curriculum and reinforced messages have been instrumental in its success. Key Points: This program, which is funded at a level of approx. $60 million/year, has reached millions of low income youth and adults thru peer educators and volunteers. The multi-lesson series allows for the introduction of key skills, with opportunities to practice them in the class setting and at home. Subsequent lessons reinforce the learning, and add new concepts. An evaluation component is integral to the program, providing feedback to 9 clients and measuring impact, thus assuring accountability and continued improvements over time. As a result, adult graduates achieve the following impacts: 84\% improve food resource, 88\% improve nutrition practices, 67\% improve food safety and 93 \% improve diet quality. Conclusion: This program can be adapted for use in other countries. Curricula already exist in multiple languages, adapted for the food culture of the participants. Short video clips will illustrate the kept components of the delivery and accomplishments of participants.

}, author = {Wells Willis} } @article {1823, title = {Comparative validation of a bilingual interactive multimedia dietary assessment tool}, journal = {Journal of American Dietetic Association}, volume = {105}, year = {2005}, note = {

Colorado State University

}, month = {08/2005}, pages = {1206-1214}, chapter = {1206}, keywords = {assessment instrument, bilingual}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2005.05.011}, author = {Jennifer E. L. Anderson and Susan Martin Gould and Jamie Marie Zoellner} } @article {1891, title = {A "Contract for Change" increases produce consumption in low-income women: A pilot study}, journal = {Journal American Dietetic Association}, volume = {105}, year = {2005}, note = {

University of California

}, pages = {1793-1796}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16256766}, author = {Heneman, Karrie} } @article {1967, title = {Development of a tool to assess psychosocial indicators of fruit and vegetable intake for two federal programs}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {37}, year = {2005}, note = {

California

}, pages = {170-184}, doi = {10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60243-1}, author = {Marilyn S Townsend and Lucia L Kaiser} } @article {1856, title = {Effectiveness of a program to increase fruit and vegetable consumption}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {43}, year = {2005}, note = {

Clemson University

}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2005august/iw2.php}, author = {Katherine L Cason} } @article {1878, title = {Nutrition behavior change Among EFNEP participants is higher at sites that are well-managed and whose front-line nutrition educators value the program}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition}, volume = {135}, year = {2005}, note = {

New York

}, pages = {2199-2205}, abstract = {

Effective programs to promote improved dietary practices among low-income families depend on the motivation and performance of front-line nutrition educators, yet little is known about the work context experienced by nutrition workers or how their perceptions of work context relate to program effectiveness. This research examined the perceived work context of nutrition educators, a multidimensional construct developed through formative research, in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) in New York State. We proposed that work context, program management, and program and educator characteristics would be related to program effectiveness (reported behavior change among participants). A state-wide survey of paraprofessional Community Nutrition Educators (CNEs) in 30 program sites was conducted and analyzed in relation to program monitoring data. Greater behavior change was reported by participants in sites whose CNEs gave positive ratings to the value of EFNEP (P \&@_3C 0.02) and to the managerial practices of their supervisors (P \&@_3C 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first time that an association was demonstrated between perceived work context at the front lines and effectiveness of a nutrition program. Higher behavior change scores were also reported at sites in which a greater proportion of participants received individual rather than group instruction (P \&@_3C 0.001). Associations between participants\&$\#$39; reported behavior change and CNEs\&$\#$39; perceptions of program value and program management suggest that improvements in these areas could enhance nutrition program success.

}, doi = {10.1093/jn/135.9.2199}, author = {Katherine L Dickin} } @article {1862, title = {Nutrition Education Aimed at Toddlers (NEAT) curriculum}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {37}, year = {2005}, pages = {96-97}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15882487}, author = {Coleman, Gayle} } @article {1921, title = {Nutrition education, behavioral theories, and the scientific method: Another viewpoint}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {37}, year = {2005}, pages = {90-93}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15882485}, author = {L A Lytle} } @mastersthesis {2131, title = {Prevention of childhood obesity among low-income preschool-aged children}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {89 leaves}, school = {Utah State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5515/}, author = {Ann Romero} } @article {2321, title = {Qualitative Evaluation Provides Context to Quantitative Evaluation of a Nutrition Intervention}, journal = {Topics in Clinical Nutrition}, volume = {20}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, abstract = {

A nutrition intervention was evaluated using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative data included participant evaluations using a Likert scale. Qualitative data included structured observations and a focus group with educators. Quantitative data were positive, but did not provide adequate context to identify which components of the intervention contributed to the positive evaluation. Structured observation revealed that educators created a relaxed learning environment by asking nonacademic questions. Participants responded by asking factual questions and giving application responses. The focus group supported structured observations; educators reported that a safe learning environment, interactive experiences, and group support were key to intervention success. Quantitative evaluation indicated a successful intervention; qualitative evaluation added contextual elements.

}, keywords = {nutrition intervention, qualitative evaluation, structured observation}, isbn = {0883-5691}, doi = {10.1097/00008486-200510000-00009}, author = {Vander Wel, M. E. and Litchfield, R. E. and Ryan, S. J. and Geadelmann, J. D. Myers and Pendergast, J. F. and Ullom, K. K.} } @article {1806, title = {Year end report of fiscal year 2005, Cent$ible Nutrition Program}, year = {2005}, author = {M P Wardlaw} } @proceedings {1688, title = {Youth evaluation: Web-based tools, data collection and impact reports for nutrition and physical activity education programs}, year = {2005}, note = {

Presented at the International Society for Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, June 2005.

}, month = {June 2005}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

Purpose: To develop a standard set of age-appropriate evaluation tools that could be used to measure nutrition and physical activity knowledge, skills and behavior changes of youth receiving education programs on these topics. Methods: Multi-state university teams identified the key-learning concepts to be included in the overall nutrition education programs, and developed evaluation tools to measure knowledge gained and behaviors changed as a result of the formative development, followed by pilot testing in multiple states and for multiple delivery and implementation strategies. Testing included sample groups who did not receive the intervention compared to those who did. Results: Sets of instruments have been developed and tested for use with pre-school and early school-aged children, which can be used in group settings, or for individuals. Conclusion: A web-based repository has been created, which allows users to search for relevant tools, review tool development documentation, download the tool, and then capture the results from students, compute and print impact reports. The end-product will be demonstrated. Broad use of this resource will facilitate comparisons between various programs and allow for the inclusion of additional tools for other ages, programs and countries.

}, author = {Wells Willis} } @article {1683, title = {Can a single, coordinated nutrition education program improve food behaviors for all race/ethnicities?}, year = {2004}, note = {

Presented at the International Society for Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, June 2004

}, month = {June 2004}, institution = {International Society for Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity}, address = {Washington DC}, author = {Wells Willis} } @article {1723, title = {Characteristics of food stamp households: Fiscal year 2003}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Summarizes the demographic and economic circumstances of food stamp households. On average, about 21.3 million people received food stamps each month in 2003. A little more than half of all food stamp households contained children, and most of these households were headed by a single parent. About 18 percent of food stamp households contained an elderly person. Although benefit amounts varied quite a bit, the average monthly benefit was $195 per household. Compared with 2002, the number of program participants increased by 12 percent.

}, url = {https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/characteristics-households-fy-2003}, author = {Cunnyngham, Karen and B Brown} } @article {1867, title = {Characteristics of low-income African-American and Caucasian adults that are important in self-management of Type 2 diabetes}, journal = {Journal of Community Health}, volume = {29}, year = {2004}, pages = {155-170}, doi = {10.1023/b:johe.0000016719.89848.b1}, author = {Ruby H. Cox and John Paul Carpenter and Franklin A. Bruce and Kathleen P. Poole and Clark K. Gaylord} } @article {1908, title = {Choice of instrument influences relations between food insecurity and obesity in Latino women}, journal = {American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}, volume = {80}, year = {2004}, note = {

California

}, pages = {1372-1378}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: The results of studies examining food insecurity and obesity in adults are conflicting. Discrepancies could be due to the use of different instruments or to cultural factors that influence response patterns. OBJECTIVE: The goal was to examine the relation of food insecurity to weight status in low-income Latino women. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 559 low-income Latino women selected by convenience sampling. The survey included the 18-item US Household Food Security Scale, 2 items related to current and past food insufficiency, demographic information, and measured heights and weights. Data were collected between February and May 2001 in 6 California counties. The main outcomes were frequency of overweight and obesity, defined by a body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 25-29.9 (overweight) and \≥30 (obese). Data analysis included analysis of variance, Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test, and logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of food insecurity was 50-60\%, and that of obesity was 37.4\%. Controlling for years spent in the United States, per capita income, and parity, food insecurity with hunger, measured by the 10-item adult scale of the Food Security Scale, was significantly related to obesity (OR: 1.98; 95\% CI: 1.14, 3.53). No interaction between years spent in the United States and current food insecurity was observed. Current food insufficiency, as measured by a single item, was not related to obesity. However, severe past food insufficiency was related to obesity in the US-born population only. CONCLUSION: Food insecurity appears to be related to obesity in Latino women, but choice of instruments might influence the results.

}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15531689}, author = {Lucia L Kaiser and H R Meglar and H R Meglar} } @mastersthesis {2243, title = {Development and evaluation of a bilingual interactive multimedia computerized food recall}, year = {2004}, school = {Colorado State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56831070}, author = {Jamie Marie Zoellner} } @article {1901, title = {EatFit: A goal-oriented intervention that challenges adolescents to improve their eating and fitness choices}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {36}, year = {2004}, note = {

California

}, pages = {43-44}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14756982}, author = {Horowitz, Marcel and Shilts, Mical Kay and Marilyn S Townsend} } @article {1934, title = {EFNEP helps reduce food insecurity}, journal = {Nutrition for Family Living}, year = {2004}, author = {Susan Nitzke and Amy Rettammel and Amy Rettammel and Kelly, Betsy} } @article {1760, title = {EFNEP-Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program 2003 national impact data}, year = {2004}, note = {

Available via email from this link:\ https://nifa.usda.gov/efnep-national-data-reports

}, abstract = {

In FY2003, EFNEP reached 380, 835 youth and 157,939 adults and an additional 582,746 family members were indirectly reached through the adult participants.

}, author = {Sylvia Montgomery and Wells Willis} } @article {1761, title = {EFNEP-Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program 2004 national impact data}, year = {2004}, note = {

Available via email from this link: https://nifa.usda.gov/efnep-national-data-reports

}, abstract = {

In FY 2004, EFNEP reached 378,206 youth and 157,809 adults; and an additional 578, 366 family members who were indirectly reached through the adult participants.

}, author = {Sylvia Montgomery and Wells Willis} } @article {1738, title = {Emergency food resources: Meeting food needs of Iowa households}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Report of an ISU Extension study of people who used food pantries in Polk, Scott, Decatur, and Monroe counties in 2002.

}, url = {https://store.extension.iastate.edu/product/6512}, author = {Greder, Kimberly and Garasky, Steven and Lois Wright Morton} } @article {1980, title = {Focus groups identify low-income audiences{\textquoteright} perceptions and educational needs regarding soy: nutrition educators{\textquoteright} perspectives}, journal = {Topics in Clinical Nutrition}, volume = {19}, year = {2004}, note = {

Penn State University

}, pages = {148-153}, abstract = {

This study assessed the perceived benefits and barriers of soy consumption, and factors that may encourage soy consumption, among low-income adults. Three key informant focus groups were conducted with nutrition educators (N = 26) who regularly work with participants in the Pennsylvania Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) and the Pennsylvania Food Stamp Nutrition Education Program (FSNEP). Results indicated that low-income individuals would benefit from soyfood sampling, education on preparing soyfoods, and education on the health benefits of soy. Simple handouts or pamphlets, videos, displays, and hands-on group activities could all be effective means of conveying this information. \©2004 Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins, Inc.

}, author = {Wenrich, Tionni R and Katherine L Cason} } @article {1858, title = {Food stamp and non-food stamp program participants show similarly positive change with nutrition education}, journal = {Topics in Clinical Nutrition}, volume = {19}, year = {2004}, note = {

Clemson University

}, pages = {136-147}, abstract = {

A retrospective study compared Food Stamp Program (FSP) and non-FSP participants on changes in dietary intake and food-related behaviors as a result of an educational intervention. Data were collected at preintervention and postintervention on 4121 low-income adults, using 24-hour recalls and a Food Behavior Checklist (FBC). Both FSP and non-FSP participants made significant improvements on assessed food groups, nutrients, and FBC items. Few differences were found on dietary change, but FSP participants made more improvement on 4 FBC items. Results indicate that nutrition education is similarly effective in improving dietary intake and food-related behaviors of FSP and non-FSP participants.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/108559998}, author = {Katherine L Cason} } @article {1750, title = {Food Stamp Nutrition Education Program: Mountain Plains 2004 regional report}, year = {2004}, author = {Wanda Koszewski and Hudson, K and N Sehi and J Speer} } @article {1872, title = {How can Californians be overweight and hungry?}, journal = {California Agriculture}, volume = {58}, year = {2004}, pages = {42721}, abstract = {

The United States is experiencing an epidemic of obesity in both adults and children, particularly among low-income populations. In fact, overweight has replaced malnutrition as the most prevalent nutritional problem among the poor. We examine this seemingly paradoxical relationship and explore the causes and consequences of overweight, obesity and food insecurity. In a UC Cooperative Extension Body Weight and Health Workgroup study of 561 low-income Latino mothers and their young children, we found important differences in the association between family food insecurity and overweight status for mothers and their children. Forty percent of the women were overweight and 37\% obese, and 22\% of their children were overweight. Furthermore, U.S.-born mothers who were food insecure as children were more likely to be obese adults. Awareness and understanding of the link between food insecurity and weight gain will facilitate the efforts of schools, food assistance programs, the food industry and others in the community to provide effective nutritional programs.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.v058n01p12}, author = {Patricia B. Crawford and Marilyn S. Townsend and Diane L. Metz and Dorothy Smith and Gloria Espinosa-Hall and Susan S. Donohue and Anna Olivares and Lucia L. Kaiser} } @mastersthesis {1994, title = {The impact of nutrition education videos in changing the nutrition behavior of low-income men and women in drug rehabilitation}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {2004}, school = {Dowling College}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60522675}, author = {Castagna, JoAnne} } @article {1722, title = {Low-income adults in profile: Improving lives through higher education}, year = {2004}, publisher = {American Council on Education}, address = {Washington, DC}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56507230}, author = {Cook, B and King, Jacqueline E} } @article {1721, title = {Nutrition and health characteristics of low-income populations}, year = {2004}, url = {http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS82104}, author = {Cole, Nancy and Mary Kay Fox} } @article {1794, title = {Nutrition Education -- USDA provides services through multiple programs, but stronger linkages among efforts are needed}, year = {2004}, url = {https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/MultiplePrograms.pdf}, author = {U.S. General Accounting Office and U.S. Department of Agriculture} } @article {1956, title = {Process evaluation of two environmental nutrition programmes and an educational nutrition programme conducted at supermarkets and worksite cafeterias in the Netherlands}, journal = {Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics}, volume = {17}, year = {2004}, note = {

Additional URLs:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15023190

Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands

}, pages = {107-115}, abstract = {

INTRODUCTION: This article describes the process evaluation of two environmental programmes and an educational nutrition programme, implemented at supermarkets and worksite cafeterias. Studies conducted earlier, indicated that the programmes had no effect on consumers\&$\#$39; eating behaviour. Consequently, the more specific purpose of the present study was to identify explanations for the ineffectiveness of the programmes and to formulate recommendations for future programmes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The environmental programmes included labelling of healthy products and increasing the range of healthy foods on offer. The education programme consisted of several elements, such as brochures and a self-help guide. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 managers of supermarkets and worksite cafeterias where the programmes were implemented. RESULTS: Although materials were not always entirely compatible with the different supermarkets and worksite cafeterias, the degree of implementation was satisfactory. According to the managers, the programmes were not striking enough, the labelling would have been more effective if it had discriminated between different brands of a product, and the number of new products was too small compared with the total range of foods on offer. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that programmes should be promoted intensively. Furthermore, the relevant manufacturers and wholesalers supplying worksite cafeterias should be encouraged to increase their range of suitable low-fat products. Finally, the feasibility and possible effects of brand-specific labelling should be investigated further.

}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1765/1892}, author = {I H M Steenhuis and A. Reubsaet and A. Reubsaet and G J Kok (Gerjo)} } @conference {1817, title = {Professionalism among paraprofessional community nutrition educators: How job design influences work motivation}, booktitle = {Faseb Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2004}, note = {Presented at Experimental Biology}, pages = {Abst. 359.7}, abstract = {Many public health nutrition programs employ paraprofessionals to deliver nutrition education but adopt standardized curricula, assuming that workers without professional nutrition training cannot tailor activities to participant needs. The Expanded Food and Nutrition Program (EFNEP) in New York challenges this model by asking paraprofessional Community Nutrition Educators (CNEs) to develop and implement participant-driven lesson plans. In-depth interviews with program personnel, combined with a state-wide survey of 115 CNEs (96\% of all eligible) and 32 supervisors (100\%), found that CNEs were not only capable of assuming such decision-making roles, but relished their autonomy and saw it as critical to program effectiveness and their own motivation. Believing in EFNEP, and having opportunities to help others, be creative and observe progress over time were other motivating factors. Using a job diagnostic scale, EFNEP supervisors rated the CNE job as equal to professional jobs on factors critical to intrinsic work motivation: autonomy (84\% of maximum score), meaningfulness (85\%), and knowledge of work results (79\%). Delegation of program-related decisions to CNEs to allow tailoring to participant needs had the unexpected side-effect of creating more "professional" and motivating roles for front-line workers. Supportive supervision was critical for this outcome. Funded by USDA: Hatch NYC-199411.}, author = {Katherine L Dickin and Jamie S. Dollahite and Habicht, J} } @mastersthesis {2184, title = {Promotion of plant based foods to reduce risk of chronic diseases}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = { 132 leaves}, school = {University of California, Davis}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58837941}, author = {Cesario Karrie Marie} } @article {1846, title = {Two models for defining relationship between theory and practice in nutrition education: Is the scientific method meeting our needs?}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {36}, year = {2004}, pages = {146-154}, abstract = {This article describes two models for linking theory and practice in nutrition education and traces how concerns about the validity of different types of research drive the choice of models. In the scientific model, theory is defined in terms of statements from which one can deduce hypotheses, which can then be tested in experimental research designs. In the scientific model, practitioners are expected to replicate the methods used by researchers to effect targeted changes in the dependent variable of interest, usually health or eating behaviors. The ethical and epistemological shortcomings of the scientific model are then examined. The report goes on to describe an alternative approach, termed the humanistic model. In the humanistic model, theory is defined in terms of statements that seek to clarify basic social values. In the humanistic model, practitioners use theory as a stimulus for dialogue about the role of eating habits in living the kind of life that community members find most valuable. Examples of humanistic research relevant to nutrition education are presented, and the limitations of establishing the certainty of claims made using humanistic criteria are discussed. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the humanistic model for professional preparation.}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15202991}, author = {Buchanan, D} } @article {1938, title = {Use retrospective surveys to obtain complete data sets and measure impact in Extension programs}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {42}, year = {2004}, note = {

Idaho

}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2004april/rb2.php}, author = {Martha Raidl and Shelly Johnson and Gardiner, Kali and Marty Denham and Kris Spain and Rhea Lanting and Cammie Jayo and Audrey Liddil and Karen Barron} } @conference {1818, title = {Using economic analysis to strengthen nutrition education program}, booktitle = {Experimental Biology Conference}, year = {2004}, note = {

Presented at Experimental Biology

}, month = {2004}, author = {Jamie S. Dollahite and Kenkel, D} } @article {1859, title = {Using evaluation to guide program content: Diabetes Education}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {42}, year = {2004}, note = {

Unknown

}, abstract = {

Evaluation is a central tenet of the Extension mission. This article describes a practical application of how evaluation can improve programming by identifying areas that require more focus. The diabetes education program was quite popular, and basic knowledge showed statistical improvement, but it was not improved enough according to the Extension team. Before moving forward to measure changes in behavior, a good foundation of diabetes knowledge would need to be developed.

}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2004june/iw1.php}, author = {Karen Chapman-Novakofski and Vance DeBruine and Brenda Derrick and Justine Karduck and JoAn Todd and Sara Todd} } @article {1942, title = {Barriers to participation in extension expanded foods and nutrition programs}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {41}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

A study of Expanded Foods and Nutrition Education Program clientele in a low-income rural county (n=20) identified the following as major or minor barriers to participation in educational programs: transportation (85\%), family responsibilities (80\%), difficulty reading information (80\%), lack of information about programs (45\%), and lack of relevance of the information (45\%).

}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2003august/a6.php}, author = {John G. Richardson and Jo Ann Y. Williams and R. David Mustain} } @mastersthesis {2167, title = {Consumption and perceptions of soy among low-income adults}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2003}, note = {

also article Journal of Nutrition Education, 36(3), 140-145 with Cason, K.

}, school = {Pennsylvania State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/299271315}, author = {Tionni R Wenrich} } @mastersthesis {2308, title = {Dietary Acculturation, Physical Activity and Body Image in Limited-Resource Latino Women in Northern Virginia}, year = {2003}, month = {2003/07/16/}, school = {Virginia Tech}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

The purpose of this study was to collect exploratory data on dietary acculturation, physical activity, and body image in a limited resource Latina population in northern Virginia. Acculturation may be described as a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group. Acculturation has been associated with a variety changes in terms of diet, physical activity and body image. Most dietary acculturation research in the U.S. has focused on Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, and Puerto Ricans; however this study was composed of mostly Central and South Americans. Eighty-five subjects were recruited from the Arlington County Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, Arlington County Women, Infants, and Children program, and the Fairfax County Parklawn Family Center. Demographic information, acculturation, fruit and vegetable intake, saturated fat avoidance, physical activity, and body image were assessed with written survey instruments. The results indicated that this Latina population with limited resources in northern Virginia was mainly from Bolivia and El Salvador, and was not highly acculturated. Almost half of the participants were overweight or obese. About 50\% of the population met the 5-A-Day goal for fruit and vegetable intake and almost 95\% of participants exhibited at least one form of saturated fat avoidance. Eighty-five percent of the population reported participating in 30 minutes or more leisure-time physical activity less than 3 times each week, though a similar percentage reported that physical activity was important for health. Sixty percent of respondents were on a weight loss diet. While there was a significant relationship between the number of servings of fruit consumed and acculturation, there was no significant relationship between acculturation and any other dietary, physical activity or body image factor measured. The results of this study provide a baseline for further research in the limited resource Latina population in northern Virginia.

}, url = {https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/34377}, author = {Goetz, Margarethe E.} } @mastersthesis {2248, title = {Dietary Acculturation, Physical Activity and Body Image in Limited-Resource Latino Women in Northern Virginia}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2003}, month = {08/2003}, school = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

Eighty-five subjects were recruited from the Arlington County EFNEP program, Arlington County Women, the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program, and Fairfax County Parklawn Family Center. Demographic information, acculturation, fruit and vegetable intake, saturated fat avoidance, physical activity, and body image were assessed with written survey instruments. Most of the subjects were from Bolivia and El Salvador and were not highly acculturated. About 50\%of the population met the 5-a-Day goal for fruit and vegetable intake, and almost 95\% exhibited at least one form of saturated fat avoidance. Sixty percent of the respondents were on a weight loss diet. A significant relationship was shown between the number of servings of fruit consumed and acculturation, however, no significant relationship existed between acculturation and any other dietary, physical activity or body image factor.

}, keywords = {body image, dietary acculturation, Latino, physical activity}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34377}, author = {Margarethe E Goetz} } @article {1919, title = {Dietary changes by Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) graduates are independent of program delivery method}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {41}, year = {2003}, note = {

South Carolina

}, abstract = {

Dietary changes of EFNEP graduates who participated in either individual or group education sessions were assessed. Paraprofessionals administered the 24 hour food recall to evened graduates. EFNEP graduates significantly improved the number of servings consumed from the grains, vegetables, dairy and meat and meat alternatives food groups. They also significantly increased total calories consumed, dietary fiber, as well as iron, calcium, Vitamins A,C, and B6 intake. These results were independent of the method of nutrition education.

}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2003june/rb5.php}, author = {Barbara H D Luccia and Mary E. Kunkel and Katherine L Cason} } @article {1984, title = {Effect of child and family poverty on child health in the United States}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {112}, year = {2003}, note = {

Florida

}, pages = {707-711}, abstract = {

The Issue. Poverty has been described as an economic state that does not allow for the provision of basic family and child needs, such as adequate food, clothing, and housing. However, the debate about the effects of poverty on the growth, development, and health of children is as much involved with the culture or general context of poverty as it is with the economics of poverty. This culture of poverty is in part mediated through environmental deprivations, such as failing schools, gangs, drugs, violence, and struggling families. Heclo1 described this sociocultural and environmental dimension of poverty as \“a condition of misery, hopelessness, and dependency.\” The subject of this article is to review the literature on the effects of poverty on US children as mediated through economic, ecologic, and family influences.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.S3.707}, author = {David Wood} } @mastersthesis {2231, title = {The effectiveness of guided goal setting on dietary and physical activity self-efficacy and behaviors of middle school adolescents}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {2003}, school = {University of California, Davis}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1008999058}, author = {Mical Kay Shilts} } @article {1767, title = {Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program FYI program impacts}, year = {2003}, note = {

Available via email from this link:\ https://nifa.usda.gov/efnep-national-data-reports

}, author = {Sylvia Montgomery} } @article {1979, title = {Food safety knowledge and practices of limited resource adults in Pennsylvania}, journal = {Food Protection Trends}, volume = {23}, year = {2003}, note = {

Penn State University

}, pages = {326-335}, author = {Tionni Wenrich and Katherine L Cason and Nan LV and Cathy Kassab} } @article {1949, title = {Helping teen parents feed their young children - learning module (Software review)}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {35}, year = {2003}, note = {

The citation information directs to a review of software material. The actual material is cited as:

Helping Teen Parents Feed Their Young Children: A Multimedia Learning Module for Those Who Teach Teen Parents How to Feed Their Children.2002. From Oregon State University Extension Service, Extension and Experiment Station Communications, Oregon State University, 422 Kerr Administration, Corvalis, OR 97331, (541) 737-3311, CD-ROM, $15.00, ISBN EM-8804.

Does not seem to be currently available

}, pages = {166}, type = {Software Review}, abstract = {

Reviews the CD-ROM-based learning software Helping Teen Parents Feed Their Young Children: A Multimedia Learning Module for Those Who Teach Teen Parents How to Feed Their Children.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60202-9}, author = {Wesley Delbridge} } @article {1920, title = {Impact of nutrition education on eating habits of limited resource adults participating in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {41}, year = {2003}, note = {

Unable to verify this article. Not available at the Journal of Extension site.

}, author = {Barbara H D Luccia and Kunkel, ME and Katherine L Cason} } @article {1881, title = {The impact of nutrition education on food insecurity among low-income participants in EFNEP}, journal = {Family and Consumer Science Research Journal}, volume = {32}, year = {2003}, pages = {27-139}, abstract = {

The impact of nutrition education on food security status was assessed in a multiethnic, low-income population using a pretest-posttest comparison group design. Data were collected over 3 years from participants (N = 16,146) in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) in New York State who either graduated or terminated involvement prior to graduation. Both groups had a significant decrease in food insecurity score (p \&@_3C .05) from pre-to post education. The difference between the graduated and terminated groups approached statistical significance using a t-test comparison (p = .055). A multiple regression analysis indicated that food insecurity score decreased significantly more in graduates (p \&@_3C .001). A dose response relationship was seen between the number of lessons received and decreases in food insecurity. Programs that educate low-income families in food selection and resource management skills can decrease the risk of food insecurity, although effects vary by socio demographic characteristics of participants and program delivery methods.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X03032002003}, author = {Jamie S. Dollahite and Christine Olson and Michelle Scott-Pierce} } @mastersthesis {1990, title = {The infant feeding decision: A survey of limited-resource women in North Carolina}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {2003}, school = {North Carolina State University, Raleigh}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, keywords = {infant feeding, nutrition education}, url = {http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/4069}, author = {Susan S Baker} } @article {1950, title = {Investing in Oregon{\textquoteright}s Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP): Documenting costs and benefits}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {35}, year = {2003}, pages = {200-206}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES To apply Virginia\&$\#$39;s cost-benefit analysis (CBA) model developed for a large Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) to Oregon\&$\#$39;s small EFNEP. To estimate a cost-benefit ratio for Oregon\&$\#$39;s EFNEP based on retrospective analysis of program costs and optimal nutrition behaviors (ONBs) in relation to potential health-related savings for diet-related chronic diseases/conditions. DESIGN Standard components of a CBA. SUBJECTS/SETTINGS 368 adult graduates of Oregon State University\&$\#$39;s Extension Service EFNEP during the 1999-2000 program year. INTERVENTION Prior participation in the EFNEP with a mean of 10.4 lessons. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cost-benefit ratio and several sensitivity analyses. ANALYSIS EFNEP program graduates practicing ONBs related to prevention/delay of diet-related chronic diseases/conditions were determined using SPSS (Base 10 computer program). Cost-benefit ratios were computed using Microsoft Excel. RESULTS CBA determined a 1:3.63 cost-benefit ratio (in 1999 dollars). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Virginia\&$\#$39;s CBA model was useful in the retrospective evaluation of Oregon\&$\#$39;s small EFNEP. With Oregon\&$\#$39;s benefits exceeding costs, CBA provides evidence for resource allocation and justification for program continuation.

}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12859884}, author = {Ellen Schuster} } @article {1880, title = {Outcomes of individual vs. group instruction in EFNEP}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {41}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

An analysis of self-reported behavior outcomes from three years\&$\#$39; of New York State EFNEP evaluation data. Participant instruction has shifted from a primarily one-on-one format to group instruction because of staff safety concerns, the impact of welfare reform on recruitment, and financial constraints. The question was raised regarding the cost-effectiveness of group education as currently delivered. If groups are unavoidable in the current climate, educators need to identify strategies to maximize impact among participants educated in group settings.

}, url = {Jan F. Scholl}, author = {Jamie S. Dollahite and Michelle Scott-Pierce} } @article {1975, title = {Personal attributes and job competencies needed by EFNEP paraprofessionals as perceived by EFNEP professionals}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {35}, year = {2003}, note = {

Oklahoma State University

}, pages = {16-23}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60322-9}, author = {Betty A. Wakou and Kathryn S. Keim and Glenna S. Williams} } @article {1870, title = {Physical activity characteristics of potential participants in nutrition and fitness programs based on stages of change, self-efficacy, and decisional balance}, journal = {Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal}, volume = {31}, year = {2003}, pages = {361-377}, abstract = {

The objective of this study was to characterize potential participants of nutrition/fitness programs regarding demographics, stages of change, self-efficacy, and decisional balance for physical activity. A cross-sectional, mailed questionnaire was used. Participants included 545 adults randomly selected from Virginia Cooperative Extension mailing lists, with 213 questionnaires returned (response rate = 39\%). Respondents were grouped by stages of change for physical activity and compared on demographics, self-efficacy, and decisional balance using frequencies, correlations, t tests, ANOVA, and Tukey\&$\#$39;s post hoc test. Reported physical activity rate was higher than in other studies. Stage of change was positively associated with education, self-efficacy, and decisional balance. Physical activity characteristics were positively associated with educational level. Authors concluded that a mailed questionnaire is a feasible means of collecting pre-intervention, physical activity data for designing educational programs.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X03031004002}, author = {Ruby H. Cox and Tara S. Stimpson and Kathleen P. Poole and Michael T. Lamburs} } @conference {1672, title = {Prevalence and education needs of people with Type 2 diabetes participating in Cooperative Extension Nutrition Programs for low-income audiences}, booktitle = {American Association of Public Health}, year = {2003}, note = {

Presented to American Association of Public Health

}, author = {Jamie S. Dollahite and Katherine L Cason and Butkus, Sue} } @article {1964, title = {Selecting items for a food behavior checklist for a limited-resource audience}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {35}, year = {2003}, month = {03/2003}, pages = {69-82}, chapter = {69}, abstract = {

To report 6 psychometric properties of food behavior checklist (FBC) items and then to use these properties to systematically reduce the number of items on this evaluation tool.

}, keywords = {evaluation, food behaviors, low-income}, doi = {10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60043-2}, author = {Marilyn S Townsend and Lindsay H Allen and Lucia L Kaiser and Amy Block Joy and Suzanne P Murphy} } @article {1965, title = {Using a theory driven approach to design a professional development workshop}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {35}, year = {2003}, pages = {312-318}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60346-1}, author = {Marilyn S. Townsend and Isobel R.Contento and Susan Nitzke and Jacquelyn W. McClelland and Debra Palmer Keenan and Guen Brown} } @article {1866, title = {A video lesson series is effective in changing the dietary intakes and food related behaviors of low-income homemakers}, journal = {Journal of American Dietetic Association}, volume = {103}, year = {2003}, month = {November 2003}, pages = {1488-1493}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relative cost-effectiveness of a self-administered video series in delivering nutrition education to low-income homemakers. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental design was used, with subjects randomly assigned to traditional lessons (Traditional Group) or video lessons (Video Group). SUBJECTS/SETTING: 108 subjects were recruited, with 93 nonpregnant, low-income, female homemakers completing the study (response rate = 86\%). Subjects had recently enrolled in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, or the Food Stamp Nutrition Education Program, and had a videocassette recorder and telephone. INTERVENTION: Both groups received 12 lessons from the Eating Right Is Basic Series, 3rd edition, with the Traditional Group being taught in face-to-face sessions and the Video Group receiving self-administered, video-lesson packets. OUTCOME MEASURES: Dietary intake and food behaviors were assessed at pre and post intervention with 24-hour recalls and a 14-item checklist. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Chi(2) and t tests were used to compare the groups on demographics and pre-intervention dietary factors. Multiple analysis of variance was used for comparisons of change from pre to post intervention. RESULTS: Significant improvements were observed in both groups for fruits, calcium, and vitamins A and C. The Video Group improved on fiber intake (P\&@_3Cor=.005). The groups did not differ on dietary or behavior change (P=.2357). Duplication and implementation costs of the video series totaled 4,820 dollars, or 36\% of the traditional lesson cost of 13,463 dollars. APPLICATIONS: Both methods achieved similar improvements in diet and behaviors, but the video method was less expensive. The video series seems to be a cost-effective method for delivering nutrition education to low-income homemakers.

}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576714}, author = {Ruby H Cox and Clark K Gaylord and Clark K Gaylord} } @proceedings {1676, title = {WIC and EFNEP- Partnerships that benefit WIC clients}, year = {2003}, note = {

Panel presentation at the Nutrition Connections Conference. February 2003

}, month = {February 2003}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Lisi, Brenda and Wells Willis and Susan S Baker and Jennifer E. L. Anderson and Gayle Coleman} } @article {1670, title = {Work context matters: Paraprofessional nutrition educators{\textquoteright} perceptions of program value management are related to nutrition program outcomes}, volume = {17}, year = {2003}, note = {

Presented at Experimental Biology

}, pages = {Abst. 269.4}, abstract = {

Effective interpersonal communication to promote improved dietary practices among low-income families depends on the motivation and performance of front-line nutrition educators. This is the first study to examine the influence of nutrition program management and work context on both the educators and program outcomes. We explored these issues in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, conducting a survey of paraprofessional Community Nutrition Educators (CNEs) in 30 sites in New York State. Program effectiveness (reported behavior change among participants) was predicted in multivariate regression analysis (Adj. R2=0.80) by CNE perceptions of program benefits for participants; CNE ratings of their managers\&$\#$39; planning, clarifying, motivating, monitoring, and problem-solving behaviors; the proportion of participants who received individual instruction; and low dietary practice scores at program entry. Program efficiency (number of program graduates per CNE) was highest in densely populated sites that utilized group methods of instruction (p\&@_3C0.01). Outside of metropolitan sites, however, efficiency was negatively associated with CNEs\&$\#$39; perceptions of program value (p\&@_3C0.05). Policy and program decisions aimed at maximizing efficiency by focusing on urban sites and on group instruction may decrease equity of access and program effectiveness. Funded in part by USDA: Hatch NYC-199411.

}, author = {Katherine L Dickin and Jamie S. Dollahite and Habicht, J} } @mastersthesis {2187, title = {The work context of community nutrition educators: Relevance to work attitudes and program outcomes}, volume = {Ph.D. }, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {341 leaves}, school = {Cornell University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, abstract = {

This was a mixed methods investigation of perceived work context, worker attitudes, and program outcomes focused on the work experience of paraprofessional Community Nutrition Educators (CNEs) implementing the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54862337}, author = {Katherine L Dickin} } @article {1947, title = {Assessment of dietary folic acid intake of EFNEP clients in Portland, Maine}, journal = {The Reporter}, volume = {Fall 2002}, year = {2002}, note = {

University of Maine

}, month = {Fall 2002}, pages = {33-34}, author = {Kathy Savoie} } @conference {1815, title = {Can a large-scale program sustain the motivation of front-line nutrition workers?}, booktitle = {Experimental Biology 2002 (New Orleans)}, year = {2002}, note = {

Cornell University affiliation

}, month = {April 22, 2002}, author = {Katherine L Dickin and Jamie S. Dollahite and Hammer, T and Habicht, J} } @article {1671, title = {Can a large-scale public nutrition program sustain the motivation of front-line workers?}, journal = {FASEB Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2002}, note = {

Presented at Experimental Biology

}, pages = {A234-A235}, type = {abstract only}, abstract = {

A negative response to this question is often presumed to account for failures of large public nutrition programs to meet expectations, domestically and internationally. Low motivation limits front-line workers\&$\#$39; (FLW) success in inspiring dietary change among clientele, yet we lack understanding of influences on their work attitudes. To address this gap, we studied the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in NY State, first interviewing FLWs on work context, motivation and empowerment. A survey then assessed the influence of work context (supervision, job traits, workload, etc.) on FLW attitudes and on program outcomes (completion rate, behavior change), 78\% of FLWs reported high work satisfaction, which was related to congruent program and personal values, team support, management styles that gave autonomy and voice to paraprofessional FLWs, and ethnicity (r=.82). Motivation has been sustained, often for decades and despite low pay. Results suggest new ways to increase program effectiveness worldwide via management and job design strategies that attract and retain FLWs with the values and skills needed to transform nutrition knowledge into meaningful behavior change.

}, author = {Jamie S. Dollahite and Dickin, K.vL. and Hammer, T. H. and Habicht, J. Pierre} } @article {1757, title = {The challenge of compliance: Food security in rural households affected by welfare reform}, number = {5}, year = {2002}, note = {

This special food assistance policy series has been funded in part by the Economic Research Service and the Farm Foundation, in partnership with the Southern Rural Development Center.

}, month = {07/2002}, url = {http://srdc.msstate.edu/ridge/publications/archive/fa/fa_5.pdf}, author = {Pamela A. Monroe and Carol O{\textquoteright}Neil and Vicky V. Tiller and Jennifer Smith} } @book {1629, title = {Communicating family and consumer sciences: A guidebook for professionals}, year = {2002}, publisher = {The Goodheart-Willcox Company}, organization = {The Goodheart-Willcox Company}, address = {Tinley Park, IL}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45172987}, author = {E J Hitch and J P Youatt} } @article {1853, title = {A comparison of program delivery methods for low income nutrition audiences}, journal = {Topics in Clinical Nutrition}, volume = {17}, year = {2002}, note = {

Penn State University

}, pages = {63-73}, abstract = {

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) education on dietary adequacy and food-related behaviors of participants reached through individual, group, or SuperCupboard methods. The sample consisted of 2,059 participants. Results from this study suggest that the collaborative, learner-centered method of teaching (one-on-one) is the most effective in eliciting educational program impact. Group nutrition interventions do result in positive behavior changes in the participants, however the effectiveness and maintenance of adherence may require additional effort in order for group education to be cost effective.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5150482062}, author = {Katherine L Cason and Kassab, C and Kassab, C} } @article {1912, title = {Content analysis: Review of methods and their applications in nutrition education}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {34}, year = {2002}, month = {07/2002}, pages = {224-230}, chapter = {224}, abstract = {

\"Content analysis is a set of qualitative and quantitative methods for collecting and analyzing data from verbal, print, or electronic communication with numerous applications in nutrition education research. Textual information from interviews, focus groups, and open-ended survey questions can be evaluated using content analysis. Selection of method(s) depends on the type(s) and length of material to be analyzed, results desired, and researchers\&$\#$39; preferences and technological capabilities. This article reviews options available to content analysts from manual to fully computerized. Overcoming the challenges inherent in using these methodologies is recommended because of their usefulness in the information-based messaging discipline of nutrition education.\"

}, keywords = {computer applications, content analysis, nutrition education research, qualitative analysis}, doi = {10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60097-3}, author = {Nancy L Kondracki and Daniel R Amundson and Nancy S Wellman} } @article {1939, title = {Cost-benefit analysis indicates the positive economic benefits of EFNEP related to chronic disease prevention}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {34}, year = {2002}, pages = {26-37}, author = {Radhika R Rajgopal} } @article {1854, title = {Do food stamps without nutrition education improve the nutrient intake of participants?}, journal = {Topics in Clinical Nutrition}, volume = {17}, year = {2002}, note = {

South Carolina

}, month = {September 2002}, pages = {74-82}, abstract = {

The Food Stamp Program was created to enable low-income households to obtain a nutritious diet through normal channels of trade by increasing their food purchasing power. To assess effectiveness in achieving this objective, this study examined the effect of Food Stamps on the dietary intake of households in three Southern states, comparing dietary adequacy indicators of homemakers from Food Stamp households vs. non-Food Stamp households. Findings from this study suggest relatively few differences in intake of food groups and selected nutrients between Food Stamp and non-Food Stamp households. Food Stamp recipients enrolled in Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) typically consumed more meat and fat, but less milk than non-Food Stamp recipients. Food Stamp recipients enrolled in FSNEP typically consumed more fat and energy than non-Food Stamp recipients. This study shows that the additional resources provided by the Food Stamp Program alone may not substantially change participants\&$\#$39; dietary intake.

}, doi = {10.1097/00008486-200209000-00009}, author = {Katherine L Cason and Cox, Ruby H. and Burney, Janie L. and Poole, Kathleen and Wenrich, Tionni R.} } @article {1847, title = {EFNEP: A nutrition education program that demonstrates cost-benefit}, journal = {Journal of American Dietetic Association}, volume = {102}, year = {2002}, pages = {39-145}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Data on the economic value of nutrition education programs, such as the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), can help decision makers choose among alternative programs based on costs and benefits. A cost-benefit analysis of EFNEP was conducted to determine if participants{\textquoteright} savings in food expenditures exceeded program implementation costs. DESIGN/SUBJECTS: Costs were collected over 6 months using expenditure reports and other records. Benefits were determined using prospective data from 371 women enrolled in EFNEP who completed a 24-hour food recall and behavior survey, and recorded the amount of money spent monthly on food at program entry and exit. Two treatment groups received nutrition education and one group did not receive education. One treatment group estimated food expenditures from recall and the other collected register receipts or recorded expenditures. Control group subjects reported expenditures from recall. Net present value (NPV) was calculated using mean EFNEP cost per participant subtracted from the mean change in family food expenditures per participant over a 5-year period at three discount rates. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Analysis was designed to compare food expenditures among the two experimental groups and control group and food and nutrient intakes and survey scores between the combined experimental group and control group. RESULTS: The average EFNEP program cost per participant was $388, and graduating participants reported that family food expenditures decreased on average by $10 to $20 per month or $124 to $234 over a year. When benefits were projected to last 5 years, the NPV was $147 to $696 depending on the method of food expenditure estimation and the discount rate. At the same time individuals reduced food expenditures, they increased intakes of iron, vitamin C, vitamin B-6, and fiber. They added less salt when cooking and read nutrition labels more often. They also reported not running out of food at the end of the month as often. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this research showed that EFNEP is cost-beneficial. The magnitude of the savings in food expenditures is sensitive to the method of food expenditure reporting and assumptions about how long participants will retain the behaviors they learn.}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11794500}, author = {Burney, Janie} } @article {1766, title = {Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program FY 2001 program impacts}, year = {2002}, note = {

Available via email from this link:\ https://nifa.usda.gov/efnep-national-data-reports

}, abstract = {

EFNEP focuses on reaching the poorest of the poor by working through families to address health disparities associated with some of our most pervasive societal challenges -- hunger, malnutrition, poverty, and obesity. EFNEP remains as relevant and essential today as it was in the 1960s when the program began.

}, author = {Sylvia Montgomery and Wells Willis} } @mastersthesis {2306, title = {Factors Associated with Diabetes Control Among Low-income Adults in Virginia}, year = {2002}, month = {2002/07/24/}, school = {Virginia Tech}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

The incidence of type 2 diabetes has greatly increased in the U.S. population over the last decade and continues to increase each year. Over 90\% of those with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, for which obesity, diet, and inadequate physical activity remain the strong nongenetic determinants. In Virginia between 1994 and 1996, the estimated number of people with diabetes was 220,000 and another 75,000 were estimated to have the disease, but did not know it (http://www.vahealth.org accessed 7/10/01). A study has been conducted that involves two separate surveys. The Community Diabetes Education Survey (CDES) was an interview questionnaire or mailed questionnaire for assessing community diabetes education resources and was completed by Extension Nutrition and Wellness Specialty Agents and five Area EFNEP/FSNEP coordinators located throughout Virginia. The Diabetes Patient Survey was a client interview questionnaire assessing the attitudes, behaviors, and knowledge of persons with diabetes. This survey was conducted by FSNEP Program Assistants. More than 150 low-income adults who have type 2 diabetes and were enrolled in FSNEP at the time of data collection were interviewed.The results from this study showed hospitals were the main health agency to fill out CDES-II. Most diabetes education done by extension is delivered through a combination of methods like group classes, individual counseling sessions, phone or e-mail, and providing handouts. Almost all of the health agencies offer diabetes diagnosis and treatment for adults. Results from this study showed on gender, age, and race, the study sample was similar to the total FSNEP population, except that the percentage of African Americans was higher among the diabetes patients than among the general FSNEP population. The African American subjects also had diabetes longer (12 years vs. 8 years), although their current mean age was the same as Caucasians. The study did not reveal substantial differences in African Americans and Caucasians regarding recommendations they had received on dietary practices. Forty-nine percent of study\&$\#$39;s participants were physically active. Most participants exercised two to three times per week, for only 15 to 30 minutes at a time. The purpose of this research was to assess the extent to which diabetes education is available and easily accessible to the low-income adult population in Virginia and to assess FSNEP clients regarding attitudes, behaviors, and knowledge that may affect their management of diabetes.

}, url = {https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/34157}, author = {John Paul Carpenter} } @mastersthesis {2037, title = {Factors associated with diabetes control among low-income adults in Virginia}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2002}, school = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07252002-102935}, author = {John Paul Carpenter} } @mastersthesis {2249, title = {Factors Associated with Diabetes Control Among Low-income Adults in Virginia}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2002}, month = {07/2002}, school = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

Study compared results of a community diabetes educator survey of professionals with a diabetes patient survey. Both groups were similar, except that African Americans were higher among the diabetes patients than the general population. African American subjects also had diabetes longer, though their current mean age was the same as Caucasians.

}, keywords = {diabetes control, low-income}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34157}, author = {John Paul Carpenter} } @article {1915, title = {Food, health, and nutrient supplements beliefs among food stamp-eligible women and implications for food stamps policy}, journal = {Family Economics and Nutrition Review}, volume = {14}, year = {2002}, month = {June 2002}, pages = {21-35}, abstract = {

Several U.S. professional organizations that develop research-based dietary recommendations for the public support the position that most nutrients can and should be obtained by eating a balanced diet. In contrast to these recommendations, supplement use by the public is a growing trend. Recent legislation has considered allowing the purchase of nutrient supplements with food stamps, but little is known about nutrient supplement use among low-income Americans. This qualitative study investigated the attitudes and beliefs of an ethnically and regionally diverse sample of food stamp eligible women concerning the relationship between food, health, nutrient supplementation, and associated lifestyle factors. The research team conducted semistructured interviews with 72 women from New York City, Fort Smith, Arkansas, and San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland, California. They interviewed approximately equal numbers of African-American, Asian, Hispanic, and White women in each site. The authors report that the majority of women in their study held general philosophies about nutrient supplementation that were influenced by a variety of factors. These factors included their views about the nutritional adequacy of food by itself, the feasibility of achieving a healthful diet, personal health status or special needs, perceived benefits of supplements, personal experience (positive or negative) with taking supplements in the past, and their concept of what constitutes a supplement. The women\&$\#$39;s philosophies appeared malleable and/or negotiable, depending upon the degree of self-reflection, the clarification of existing information, the addition of new information, and changes in health status or income. Many of the women interviewed view supplements as something that could replace or substitute for a healthful diet, but the sample was divided over the desirability of using supplements in this way. Most women acknowledged the difficulties of maintaining a healthful diet for themselves and their families, in part for reasons beyond their control, and they view supplements as a practical way to compensate. A smaller group expressed concern that not all dietary needs can be met in this way and that some people may not make wise decisions if the policy is changed. However, the majority feel this decision should be left to food stamp recipients themselves. While the interviews revealed a strong preference on the part of food stamp-eligible women for changing the policy on supplement purchase, the authors point to some countervailing considerations. Specifically, they argue that the health benefits of a policy change may be quite limited because dietary deficiencies are rare in this population; that the potential exists for an unintended decline in the quality of food intake; and that there are imperfections and asymmetries in the information available on supplements and healthy eating. The authors conclude that their findings suggest adopting a broad set of criteria in considering supplement- related policies for the Food Stamp Program, including anticipated impacts on food access, health promotion, and personal autonomy. They also recommend using a broader set of strategies to improve the nutritional health of the food stamp-eligible population.

}, author = {Kraak, V and Pelletier, David L. and Jamie S. Dollahite} } @article {2315, title = {Food Management Practices Used by People with Limited Resources to Maintain Food Sufficiency as Reported by Nutrition Educators}, journal = {Journal of the American Dietetic Association}, volume = {102}, year = {2002}, month = {2002/12/01/}, pages = {1795 - 1799}, abstract = {

The food management practices used by people with limited resources to ensure food sufficiency have not been fully characterized. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 51 nutrition educators from the New Jersey Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program and Food Stamp Nutrition Education Program, regarding the food management practices of program participants. Practices were grouped into two categories using the constant comparative method: manage food supply (n=14) and regulate eating patterns (n=15). Well-documented stratagems, such as overeating when food is available and cycling monthly eating patterns, were confirmed. Novel practices were identified. Practices causing food safety or nutritional risks included removing spoiled sections, slime, mold, and insects from food; eating other people\’s leftovers; and, eating meat found as road kill. A foundation was formed for a grounded theory concerning food management practices by people with limited resources. Verification of these results with audiences with limited resources and determination of prevalence and relative risk of these practices is necessary. This research is important for nutrition professionals who work with people with limited resources because it elucidated a spectrum of safe and risky food management practices, proposed methods to ameliorate monthly eating pattern cycles, and exposed the possibility of food insecurity in unsuspected cases. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:1795\–1799.

}, isbn = {0002-8223}, doi = {10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90385-8}, author = {Kempson, KATHRYN M and Keenan, DEBRA PALMER and Sadani, PUNEETA SONYA and Ridlen, SYLVIA and Rosato, NANCY SCOTTO} } @article {1793, title = {Fruits and vegetables -- enhanced federal efforts to increase consumption could yield health benefits for Americans}, year = {2002}, url = {http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS34551}, author = {U.S. General Accounting Office and U.S. Department of Agriculture} } @article {1918, title = {The great beginning program: Impact of a nutrition curriculum on nutrition knowledge, diet quality, and birth outcomes in pregnant and parenting teens}, journal = {Journal of American Dietetic Association}, volume = {102}, year = {2002}, note = { }, pages = {86-89}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/95934032}, author = {Valerie Long and Tamara Martin and Colette Janson-Sand} } @mastersthesis {2193, title = {The healthy heart project: A bilingual nutrition intervention program and standardized open-ended interviews}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {2002}, note = {

This thesis is available through ProQuest Dissertations \& Theses, a subscription database.\  Check with your local library.

}, school = {University of Illinois - Champaign/Urbana}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, abstract = {

A culturally sensitive bilingual nutrition cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction educational program for Hispanics was developed. The program development was theory driven and involved five studies. In Study I, the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) curricula was assessed and revised for low literacy, cultural sensitivity for Mexicans and Puerto Ricans, and for its emphasis on CVD risk reduction through the Food Guide Pyramid. To assess this revised curricula, culturally appropriate surveys that measured the knowledge of Hispanics, their attitudes, subjective norms, and behaviors concerning CVD risk were developed (Study II). Additional surveys piloted for the audience were an acculturation scale, Spanish and English literacy tests, and a food frequency questionnaire. In Study III, the CVD nutrition curricula and the surveys were pilot-tested with a group of Hispanics from English as a Second Language classes. Many salient barriers which were not content related made this pilot-test unsuccessful, suggesting that curricula in the EFNEP model couldn\&$\#$39;t be applied to other community settings. Subsequently, two additional studies were conducted concurrently: a new pilot-test of the curricula with EFNEP participants (Study IV) and a qualitative study of the health beliefs of Mexicans vs. Caucasians concerning CVD (Study V). In Study IV, the CVD nutrition and the unmodified EFNEP curricula were administered to 72 Hispanics from Illinois. Both groups increased their positive attitudes and knowledge concerning healthy diets. In Study V, 16 Mexican low-acculturated and 15 non-Hispanic white women of similar age and low education level, and with internal locus of control participated in individual in-depth open ended-standardized interviews about their health beliefs and attitudes concerning CVD, culture, social marketing, and other health topics. The results suggest that radio and television may provide important educational avenues for reaching Hispanic groups. Both women\&$\#$39;s groups had a lack of knowledge about CVD, about the relationship of food and CVD, and about the relationship of diet, health and illness, and weight. Mexican women had a lack of knowledge about basics of anatomy and physiology.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/931581260}, author = {Fidalgo-Cordova, Gloria} } @article {1977, title = {Hunger: Its impact on children{\textquoteright}s health and mental health}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {110}, year = {2002}, note = {

Massachusetts

}, pages = {41}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE:

Hunger, with its adverse consequences for children, continues to be an important national problem. Previous studies that document the deleterious effects of hunger among children cannot distinguish child from family hunger and do not take into account some critical environmental, maternal, and child variables that may influence child outcomes. This study examines the independent contribution of child hunger on children\&$\#$39;s physical and mental health and academic functioning, when controlling for a range of environmental, maternal, and child factors that have also been associated with poor outcomes among children.

METHODS:

With the use of standardized tools, comprehensive demographic, psychosocial, and health data were collected in Worcester, Massachusetts, from homeless and low-income housed mothers and their children (180 preschool-aged children and 228 school-aged children). Mothers and children were part of a larger unmatched case-control study of homelessness among female-headed households. Hunger was measured by a set of 7 dichotomous items, each asking the mother whether she has or her children have experienced a particular aspect of hunger during the past year--1 concerns food insecurity for the entire family, 2 concern adult hunger, and 4 involve child hunger. The items, taken from the Childhood Hunger Identification Project measure, are summed to classify the family and divided into 3 categories: no hunger, adult or moderate child hunger, or severe child hunger (indicating multiple signs of child hunger). Outcome measures included children\&$\#$39;s chronic health condition count using questions adapted from the National Health Interview Survey, Child Health Supplement, and internalizing behavior problems and anxiety/depression, measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. Additional covariates included demographic variables (ie, age, gender, ethnicity, housing status, number of moves, family size, income), low birth weight, child life events (ie, care and protection order, out of home placement, abuse, severe life events count), developmental problems (ie, developmental delay, learning disability, emotional problems), and mother\&$\#$39;s distress and psychiatric illness. Multivariate regression analyses examined the effect of child hunger on physical and mental health outcomes.

RESULTS:

The average family size for both preschoolers and school-aged children was 3; about one third of both groups were white and 40\% Puerto Rican. The average income of families was approximately $11 000. Among the school-aged children, on average 10 years old, 50\% experienced moderate child hunger and 16\% severe child hunger. Compared with those with no hunger, school-aged children with severe hunger were more likely to be homeless (56\% vs 29\%), have low birth weights (23\% vs 6\%), and have more stressful life events (9 vs 6) when compared with those with no hunger. School-aged children with severe hunger scores had parent-reported anxiety scores that were more than double the scores for children with no hunger and significantly higher chronic illness counts (3.4 vs 1.8) and internalizing behavior problems when compared with children with no hunger. There was no relationship between hunger and academic achievement. Among preschool-aged children, who averaged 4 years of age, 51\% experienced moderate child hunger and 8\% severe child hunger. For preschoolers, compared with children with no hunger, severe hunger was associated with homelessness (75\% vs 48\%), more traumatic life events (8.5 vs 6), low birth weight (23\% vs 6\%), and higher levels of chronic illness and internalizing behavior problems. Mothers of both preschoolers and school-aged children who reported severe hunger were more likely to have a lifetime diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. For school-aged children, severe hunger was a significant predictor of chronic illness after controlling for housing status, mother\&$\#$39;s distress, low birth weight, and child live events. For preschoolers, moderate hunger was a significant predictor of health conditions while controlling for potenns while controlling for potential explanatory factors. For both preschoolers and school-aged children, severe child hunger was associated with higher levels of internalizing behavior problems. After controlling for housing status, mother\&$\#$39;s distress, and stressful life events, severe child hunger was also associated with higher reported anxiety/depression among school-aged children.

CONCLUSION:

This study goes beyond previous research and highlights the independent relationship between severe child hunger and adverse physical health and mental health outcomes among low-income children. Study findings underscore the importance of clinical recognition of child hunger and its outcomes, allowing for preventive interventions and efforts to increase access to food-related resources for families.

}, doi = {10.1542/peds.110.4.e41}, author = {Linda Weinreb and Cheryl Wehler and Jennifer Perloff and Richard Scott and David Hosmer and Linda Sagor and Craig Gundersen} } @article {1795, title = {Program evaluation -- strategies for assessing how information dissemination contributes to agency goals}, year = {2002}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51276870}, author = {U.S. General Accounting Office and U.S. Department of Agriculture} } @mastersthesis {2079, title = {Reliability and validity of youth EFNEP checklist}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2002}, month = {12/2002}, pages = {65 leaves}, school = {Oklahoma State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {https://hdl.handle.net/11244/11256}, author = {Jessica Rae Hoff} } @article {1865, title = {Review and analysis of evaluation measures used in nutrition education intervention research}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {34}, year = {2002}, pages = {002-025}, abstract = {The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of the kinds of evaluation measures used in 265 nutrition education intervention studies conducted between 1980 and 1999 and an analysis of psychometric issues arising from such a review. The data are summarized in terms of tables for interventions with each of six key population groups: preschool children, school-aged children, adults, pregnant women and breast-feeding promotion, older adults, and in-service preparation of professionals and paraprofessionals. Measures evaluating knowledge and skills or behavioral capabilities were most widely used in studies with preschool, school-aged, and in-service populations (50\%-85\%) and less widely used in studies with the other groups, particularly breast-feeding promotion (5\%). Measures of potential psychosocial mediators or correlates of behavior such as outcome expectancies, self-efficacy, or behavioral intention were used in 90\% of behaviorally focused studies with school-aged children and in about 20\% of studies with adults. Dietary intake measures were used in almost all studies, primarily food recalls, records, and quantitative food frequency questionnaires. Short frequency instruments involving only foods targeted in the intervention such as fruits and vegetables are increasingly being used. Measures of specific observable behaviors are also increasingly being used. Physiologic parameters were used in about 33\% of behaviorally focused interventions with school-aged children and adults, 20\% with older adults, and 65\% with pregnant women and/or their infants. Criterion validity of newly developed intake instruments and content validity of instruments measuring mediating variables were reported in the majority (range 50\%-90\%) of studies. Reliability and stability of measures of mediating variables were reported in 50\% to 75\% of studies, with reliability coefficients mostly about .6 to .7. Two major conclusions from this review are that evaluation measures should be appropriate to the purpose, duration, and power of the intervention and that measures should have adequate validity and reliability in relation to both the outcomes and characteristics of the target audience. Major implications are that considerable preliminary work needs to be done before any intervention study to develop and test evaluation instruments so that they are appropriate and have adequate psychometric properties, and cognitive testing of published instruments with each new target audience is essential. We will then be better able to make judgments about the effectiveness of nutrition education.}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11917668}, author = {Contento, Isobel} } @article {1857, title = {Sensational SuperCupboards}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {40}, year = {2002}, note = {

Penn State University affiliation

}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2002october/iw3.php}, author = {Katherine L Cason and Jan F. Scholl and Heald, J. W and Harrington, C} } @article {1877, title = {Using interpretative phenomenology to understand the food-related experiences and beliefs of a select group of low-income UK women}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {34}, year = {2002}, note = {

United Kingdom

}, pages = {298-309}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to provide an in-depth account of the beliefs and experiences pertaining to food and health from a specific group of low-income women in the United Kingdom. DESIGN: Data for this in-depth, qualitative study were collected using audiotaped semistructured interviews. PARTICIPANTS: Fourteen white, European women (aged 40 to 60 years) from a defined low-income group were recruited using systematic, nonprobabilistic sampling. Participants lived in a small city in a largely rural region of the United Kingdom. ANALYSIS: Interview transcripts were analyzed using an interpretative phenomenological approach. They were evaluated independently by several investigators, and, following discussions, a series of \"shared themes\" were agreed upon. RESULTS: All of the shared themes identified could be grouped into three superthemes or \"drivers,\" which seemed to govern the women\&$\#$39;s attitudes and behaviors toward food choice and health. \"Egocentric systems\" related to the uniqueness of the participants and the social worlds they inhabit. \"Information characteristics\" described what information the participants were exposed to and how it was processed. Finally, \"control issues\" described how perceptions of control influenced attitudes toward food and health. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The study highlights the need for health professionals to consider the different value systems of target groups in health promotion policies. The impact of \"New Age\" beliefs and the Human Genome Project on public health nutrition are two areas that particularly merit further research.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4662189497}, author = {Dibsdall, L} } @article {1707, title = {Collected case study evaluations of the Appalachian regional commission{\textquoteright}s educational projects}, year = {2001}, month = {03/2001}, publisher = {Westat, Inc. for ARC}, address = {Rockville, MD}, keywords = {Adult Education, Agency Cooperation, At Risk Persons, Case Studies, Community Involvement, Elementary Secondary Education, Low Income Counties, Participative Decision Making, poverty, Program Design, Program Effectiveness, Program Evaluation, Rural Education, School Community Relationship}, url = {http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED467709}, author = {Bartfai, Nichole and Kleiner, Brian and Glenn Nyre and Laurie Plishker and Gary Silverstein and Kyle Snow} } @article {1882, title = {Consistency in women{\textquoteright}s orientations to food and nutrition in midlife and older age: A 10-year qualitative follow-up}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {33}, year = {2001}, pages = {215-223}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to discover and understand women{\textquoteright}s perceptions of stability and change in their orientations to food and nutrition during a time of physical, social, and psychological transitions. DESIGN: A 10-year follow-up to a 1988 study was conducted. PARTICPANTS/SETTINGS: Seventeen women from a 1988 study in a semirural county in New York participated. They were well-educated, Caucasian mothers, aged 44 to 75 years in 1998. METHODS: Semistructured, qualitative interviews in 1988 and 1998 were analyzed using grounded theory analysis. The 1998 and 1988 interviews with the same women were compared to understand patterns in orientations to food and nutrition. The life-course perspective was a conceptual guide. RESULTS: Most women in this sample described consistent orientations to food and nutrition at interviews 10 years apart. Even in the face of expected and unexpected changes in healthy, social environment, and roles, 14 of the 17 women perceived that their thoughts, beliefs, and strategies related to food and nutrition had been consistent across 10 years. The few women who perceived that they had changed orientations attributed changes to debilitating disease and transitions in work and family roles. IMPLICATIONS: Perceptions of consistency in their orientations to food and nutrition through midlife and older age among these women may be signs of stable trajectories that influence their response to nutrition education and their approach to dietary change.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4653933113}, author = {Edstrom, K} } @article {1931, title = {Evaluation of validity of items for a food behavior checklist}, journal = {Journal of the American Dietetic Association}, volume = {101}, year = {2001}, note = {

California

}, month = {07/2001}, pages = {751-756}, chapter = {751}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the validity of food behavior items, using a biological measure (serum carotenoids) as the criterion for validity of fruit and vegetable intake, and the results from multiple 24-hour recalls to test convergent validity with nutrient intake.

}, keywords = {food behavior checklist}, doi = {10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00189-4}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11478471}, author = {Suzanne P Murphy and Lucia L Kaiser and Marilyn S Townsend and Allen H Lindsay} } @article {1966, title = {Food insecurity is positively related to overweight in women}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition}, volume = {131}, year = {2001}, pages = {1738-1734}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.6.1738}, author = {Marilyn S. Townsend and Janet Peerson and Bradley Love and Cheryl Achterberg and Suzanne P. Murphy} } @article {1871, title = {Food insecurity may be linked to childhood obesity in low-income Mexican-American families}, journal = {California Agriculture}, volume = {61}, year = {2001}, note = {

University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources

}, month = {07/2007}, pages = {106-111}, chapter = {106}, keywords = {California, child nutrition, children, food security, Mexican Americans, obesity}, doi = {DOI: 10.3733/ca.v061n03p106}, author = {Patricia B Crawford and Lamp, Cathi and Yvonne Nicholson and Krathwohl, Sarah and Hudes, Mark and Marilyn S Townsend} } @article {1894, title = {Food shopping practices are associated with dietary quality in low-income households}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {33}, year = {2001}, pages = {S16-S26}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/120584275}, author = {Hersey, J} } @article {1825, title = {The Food Stamp Nutrition Education Program{\textquoteright}s (FSNEP) impact on selected food and nutrition behaviors among Texans}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {39}, year = {2001}, month = {12/2001}, keywords = {behaviors, nutrition}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2001december/rb4.php}, author = {Anding, Jenna and Peggy Van Laanen and Fletcher Rickie and Cheryl Supak} } @book {1637, title = {A framework for understanding poverty}, year = {2001}, note = {

aha Process, Inc.

}, publisher = {aha! Press, Inc.}, organization = {aha! Press, Inc.}, address = {Highlands, TX}, url = {https://archive.org/details/frameworkforunde00payn_0}, author = {Ruby K Payne} } @article {1669, title = {The Influence of managerial leadership behavior on the work attitudes of front-line nutrition educators: A study of EFNEP in New York State}, year = {2001}, note = {Presented at Nutrition Education for Diverse Audiences II: Integrating Research and Practice.}, author = {Katherine L Dickin and Jamie S. Dollahite} } @conference {1680, title = {The occupational possible selves of low-income women}, booktitle = {Annual convention of the American Psychological Association}, year = {2001}, note = {

Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association

}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/425534537}, author = {B S Robinson and K L Davis} } @article {1928, title = {Review of evaluation tools used to assess the impact of nutrition education on dietary intake and quality, weight management practices, and physical activity of low-income audiences}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {33}, year = {2001}, pages = {S35-S48}, abstract = {

Nutrition education programs and social marketing campaigns frequently focus on low-income audiences with the goal of improving dietary intake and quality, weight management practices, and physical activity. The impact of nutrition education can be assessed by measuring change in relation to any or all of these broad variables. Unfortunately, little information is available concerning the reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change of measures used to assess these constructs with low-income audiences of adults and adolescents. This article reviews the literature and discusses the types of available measures that have been used and evaluated for the above audiences. It describes specific measures used to assess total diet, consumption of food groups from the Food Guide Pyramid, and behaviors related to weight management and physical activity. Overall, this review suggests that there is a critical need for additional development and evaluation of dietary quality measurement tools for low-income and minority audiences.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60068-7}, author = {Jacquelyn W. McClelland and Debra Palmer Keenan and Jan Lewis and Susan Foerster and Sharon Sugerman and Paula Mara and Shirley Wu and Sheryl Lee and Kathleen Keller and James Hersey and Christine Lindquiste} } @article {1955, title = {Sample extensiveness of qualitative nutrition education research.}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {33}, year = {2001}, pages = {184-192}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Extensiveness represents the amount of information gathered in qualitative research. This study examined sample extensiveness in qualitative nutrition education research. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis was performed on articles published in the Journal of Nutrition Education (JNE) from 1969 to 1999 (Volumes 1 to 31). SUBJECTS: Content analysis was used to code articles and the studies they reported as units of analysis. OUTCOME MEASURES: Articles were coded to determine whether they included one or more studies using qualitative research and, if so, the types of qualitative studies performed, the sample extensiveness of each study, and mention of sample extensiveness limitations in the article. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: The statistics used were univariate (counts, percentages, means, medians, modes, ranges) and bivariate (chi-square, correlations). RESULTS: Of the published JNE articles, 71 (8\%) used qualitative methods, and most (85\%) qualitative articles were published in the 1990s. Some (19\%) of these articles reported using multiple qualitative methods. The 30 studies using individual interviews interviewed an average of 45 people (range 15-155). The 38 studies using group interviews averaged 15 groups (range 1-180) and 141 people (range 9-900). Ten studies used observation/fieldwork, and eight used other types of qualitative research, with mixed [corrected] patterns of sample extensiveness in those studies. Few articles made specific statements about limitations based on sample extensiveness. IMPLICATIONS: Sample extensiveness in qualitative research in JNE varied considerably. Future qualitative research would benefit from more explicit attention to sample extensiveness.}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11953239}, author = {J Sobal} } @article {1886, title = {System, environment, and policy changes: Using the social-ecological model as framework for evaluating nutrition education and social marketing programs with low-income audiences}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, volume = {33}, year = {2001}, pages = {S4-S15}, abstract = {

A variety of nutrition education interventions and social marketing initiatives are being used by the Food Stamp Program to improve food resource management, food safety, dietary quality, and food security for low-income households. The Social-Ecological Model is proposed as a theory-based framework to characterize the nature and results of interventions conducted through large public/private partnerships with the Food Stamp Program. In particular, this article suggests indicators and measures that lend themselves to the pooling of data across counties and states, with special emphasis on systems, environment, and public policy change within organizations at the community and state levels.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60065-1}, author = {Jennifer Gregson and Susan B. Foerster and Robin Orr and Larry Jones and Jamie Benedict and Bobbi Clarke and James Hersey and Jan Lewis and Karen Zotz} } @article {1758, title = {Cooperative state research, education, and Extension Service EFNEP}, year = {2000}, note = {

Available via email from this link:\ https://nifa.usda.gov/efnep-national-data-reports

}, author = {Sylvia Montgomery and Wells Willis} } @article {1759, title = {Cooperative State, Research, Education, and Extension Service-EFNEP-Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, year = {2000}, note = {

Available via email from this link:\ https://nifa.usda.gov/efnep-national-data-reports

}, abstract = {

Who are EFNEP families? Seventy-six percent of these families are enrolled in one or more food assistance programs; 36\% of the enrolled families have income at or below 50\% of the poverty level. EFENP is delivered as a series of of lessons, often over several months by paraprofessionals and volunteers, many of whom are indigenous to the target population. The hands-on, learn by doing approach allows participants to gain the practical skills necessary to make positive behavior changes. In 1999, 2698 paraprofessionals and 41, 138 volunteers delivered an average of 10 lessons to EFNEP participants with 62\% of them completing the program and 23\% continuing the program in 2000. Throughout EFNEP participants learn self-worth--that they have something to offer their families and society. Data from EFNEP Evaluation/Reporting system is used to measure food practice and dietary improvements. Ten key food-related practices were measured upon entry.

}, author = {Sylvia Montgomery and Wells Willis} } @article {1694, title = {Dietary intake and dietary attitudes among food stamp participants and other low-income individuals}, year = {2000}, url = {http://handle.nal.usda.gov/10113/38469}, author = {Gleason, Philip and Rangarajan, Anu and Olson, Christine M.} } @article {1685, title = {Do diets \& effectiveness of nutrition education programs vary by race and ethnicity?}, year = {2000}, note = {

Presented at the Society for Nutrition Education Conference. July 2000

}, month = {July 2000}, institution = {U.S. Department of Agriculture}, abstract = {

When measured in comparison to the Food Guide Pyramid, do diets of various ethnic groups vary? Using data from the EFNEP Evaluation/ Reporting System from 1999, data on food intakes and effectiveness of nutrition were compared for the 5 major racial/ethnic groups: Whites (W), Blacks (B), Native Americans (N), Hispanics (H) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (A). [Data reported here were from 28 states with 115,000 program participants.] Data were collected using a 24-hour recall at entry into and exit from the program, and a 10 question behavior checklist. 41\% of A were receiving WIC, compared to 58 \% of H. Food Stamp participation varied from 36 \– 39 \% for H and W to 49 \– 54 \% for A and B. At entry into EFNEP, N had the lowest intakes of fruits (0.7), while A had the highest level (1.5), and the other groups ranged from 0.9 \– 1.2. H had the lowest vegetable intakes (1.6) while A had the highest (2.7) and the rest had 2.1 \– 2.2 servings. Calcium/dairy servings also varied, with A and B having .7 - .8 servings, W having 1.4 servings and the other groups having approximately 1 serving. Meat intakes were the most consistent across all groups, with 1.7 \– 2.2 servings on average. Effectiveness of EFNEP was relatively consistent across all groups. The \% with a positive change in any food group varied between 91 \– 95 \% for all races. A diet that provided at least one serving of each food group and 3 servings of Breads/Cereals meets a minimal measure of variety. At exit from EFNEP, \>33\% of all participants met this criteria, and for H and A, \>50\% achieved this goal. Intakes of fiber, calcium, Vitamin A, and Vitamin B6 were higher at exit than entry for all groups. For behavior changes, all groups had 80 \– 82 \% improving 1 or more Food Resource Management Practices, 86 \– 89 \% improved 1+ Nutrition Practices and 61- 69 \% improved 1+ Food Safety Practices. USDA funds EFNEP in 56 states/territories.

}, author = {Wells Willis} } @article {1885, title = {Do food stamps without nutrition education improve food intake patterns?}, journal = {Topics in Clinical Nutrition}, volume = {15}, year = {2000}, note = {

South Carolina

}, month = {March 2000}, pages = {49-58}, abstract = {

Food intake and self-reported lifestyle patterns of food stamp and non-food stamp recipients were compared. When 24-hour diet recall data were compared to the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), mean intakes for energy were below 100\% of the RDA for all participants. Food stamp recipients reported higher energy intake from fat and protein and lower intake from carbohydrate than nonrecipients. Reported intakes of vitamins A,D,E, and B6 and iron, and zine were below 100\% of the RDA for both groups. Intakes of folate and calcium were below two-thirds of the DRI for both groups. Mean number of fruits and vegetables consumed per day by both groups (2.2 vs 2.9) was below 5. \©2000 Aspen Publishers, Inc.

}, doi = {10.1097/00008486-200015020-00010}, author = {Goodner, Christine H. and Wolman, Patricia Giblin and Stallings, Sarah F. and Meacham, Susan L. and Katherine L Cason} } @article {1762, title = {EFNEP-North Central Region summary}, year = {2000}, note = {

Available via email from this link:\ https://nifa.usda.gov/efnep-national-data-reports

}, abstract = {

In the North Central region in FY99, 59\% of the participants completed the program, 18\% terminated, and 22\% are continuing into the next program year. Of the 18percent who terminated, the majority of them (27\%) had o terminate due to a move. Of the graduate who completed the program 28\% completed 1-6 lessons in three months or less, 4\% completed the same number of lessons between 4 and 6 months. Thirty-four percent of the same graduates completed anywhere from seven lessons in three months or less; 10\% completed the same number of lessons between 4 and 6 months. The average number of lessons completed was 8.7. There was additional impact data provided.

}, author = {Sylvia Montgomery and Wells Willis} } @article {1763, title = {EFNEP-North East region summary}, year = {2000}, note = {

Available via email from this link:\ https://nifa.usda.gov/efnep-national-data-reports

}, abstract = {

The North East region in FY99, 56 percept of the participants completed the program; 18 percent terminated and 26 percent are continuing into the next program year. Of the 18\% who terminated the program, the majority of them (22\%) had to terminate due to a move. Of the graduates who completed the program, 22\% had to terminate due to a move. Of the graduates who completed the program, 22\% completed 1 through 6 lessons in three months or less; 5\% completed the same number of lessons between 4 and 6 months. Thirty-five percent of the graduates completed anywhere from seven to twelve lessons in three months or less; 10\% completed the same number of lessons between 4 and 6 months. The average number of lessons completed was 8.8. Additional impact data was provided.

}, author = {Sylvia Montgomery and Wells Willis} } @article {1764, title = {EFNEP-Southern region summary}, year = {2000}, note = {

Available via email from this link:\ https://nifa.usda.gov/efnep-national-data-reports

}, author = {Sylvia Montgomery and Wells Willis} } @article {1765, title = {EFNEP-Western region summary}, year = {2000}, note = {

Available via email from this link:\ https://nifa.usda.gov/efnep-national-data-reports

}, author = {Sylvia Montgomery and Wells Willis} } @article {1708, title = {An evaluation of the costs and benefits of Iowa{\textquoteright}s Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) final report}, year = {2000}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52755190}, author = {Betterley, Connie and Cory Wessman and Jensen, Helen} } @article {1829, title = {Food practices and nutrition knowledge after graduation from the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {32}, year = {2000}, month = {05/2000}, pages = {130-138}, chapter = {130}, keywords = {low-income, nutrition knowledge}, issn = {0022-3182}, doi = {10.1016/S0022-3182(00)70540-1}, author = {Catherine Greenwall Arnold and Jeffery Sobal} } @article {1700, title = {Food stamp nutrition education study: Case study reports.}, year = {2000}, note = {

Final report can be found http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/FSNEP-FinalReport.pdf

}, month = {08/2000}, publisher = {U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation}, address = {Alexandria, VA}, keywords = {food stamps, nutrition}, url = {http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/ref/collection/HENP/id/140}, author = {Anliker, Jean and Bell, Loren and Chris Miller and Matheson, Jennifer} } @article {1838, title = {Tools for evaluating written and audiovisual nutrition education materials}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {38}, year = {2000}, note = {

Iowa

}, abstract = {

An important step in delivering effective Extension nutrition education programs is to evaluate educational materials for specific target audiences. This article describes two new resources available to help Extension professionals use consistent criteria and a systematic process for selecting effective written and audiovisual materials.

}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/2000august/tt3.php}, author = {Betterley, Connie} } @article {1852, title = {The extension paraprofessional model: Relationship of program effectiveness with paraprofessional teaching style and personality profile}, journal = {Journal of International Agriculture and Extension Education}, volume = {6}, year = {1999}, note = {

South Carolina

}, pages = {47-52}, abstract = {

To create and maintain a high-quality paraprofessional program, administrators would benefit from knowing characteristics of successful paraprofessionals. This study examined the educational effectiveness of paraprofessionals and compared paraprofessional teaching style and personality type with their program effectiveness. Results indicate that there are associations among these variables and the level of positive behavioral change in participants. Participants working with paraprofessionals whose Myers-Briggs type indicator scores fell in the E (Extraversion), S (Sensing), T (Thinking), and J (Judging) ranges and participants working with paraprofessionals scoring in the teacher-centered range of the Principles of Adult Learning Scale were more likely to report higher levels of positive behavior change. Information from this study can guide and direct personnel and training decisions and enhance programs of organizations that utilize the paraprofessional model for education delivery.

}, doi = {10.5191/jiaee.1999.06307}, url = {https://www.aiaee.org/index.php/vol-63-fall-99/349-the-extension-paraprofessional-model-relationship-of-program-effectiveness-with-paraprofessional-teaching-style-and-personality-profile}, author = {Katherine L Cason and Richard L. Poling} } @mastersthesis {2250, title = {An Instrument for Measuring Behavior Change Among Low-Income Youth}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1999}, month = {10/1999}, school = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

A 24-item youth food behavior checklist was developed based on 13 topics and food related behaviors taught in 4-H EFNEP. Data were collected from 47 youth enrolled in 4-H EFNEP during the summer of 1998. The instrument successfully measured behaviors (positive and negative) taught in 4-H EFNEP lessons from pre- to post intervention.

}, keywords = {assessment instrument, low-income}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35668}, author = {Angela Wood Dunham} } @mastersthesis {2054, title = {An instrument for measuring behavior change among low-income youth}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1999}, school = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

Because there has been no standard instrument to evaluate behavior change among participants in Virginia or nationwide, a 24 item youth food behavior checklist was developed based on 13 topics of food-related behaviors taught in EFNEP 4-H. Data were coll

}, url = {http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-111199-115955}, author = {Angela Wood Dunham} } @mastersthesis {2307, title = {An Instrument for Measuring Behavior Change Among Low-Income Youth}, year = {1999}, month = {1999/10/26/}, school = {Virginia Tech}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) and its youth component, 4-H EFNEP, were established nationwide by the Cooperative Extension Service in 1969. 4-H EFNEP provides nutrition education to low-income youth, aged 5 to 19 years; however, there has been no standard instrument to evaluate behavior change among participants in Virginia or nationwide.A 24-item Youth Food Behavior Checklist (YFBC) was developed based on 13 topics and food-related behaviors taught in 4-H EFNEP. Data were collected on 47 youth enrolled in 4-H EFNEP in the summer of 1998. The YFBC was tested for test-retest reliability and ability of each item and the total instrument to detect change from pre- to post-intervention. The YFBC demonstrated good test-retest reliability with a Pearson Correlation of 0.81. Overall, the YFBC demonstrated sensitivity to detect change in nutrition behaviors, by showing positive change for some items and negative change for other items in all but nine of the participants. The YFBC also appeared to successfully measure behaviors taught in 4-H EFNEP lessons, as questions regarding only two topics did not demonstrate change from pre- to post-intervention. Since not all checklist items showed significant positive change from pre- to post-intervention, the YFBC should be tested again with a larger sample and in situations where the intervention and the administration of the instrument are better controlled. This would increase the power of the study and the credibility of the YFBC as an assessment instrument for wider use in 4-H EFNEP.

}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35668}, author = {Angela Wood Dunham} } @book {1636, title = {Maximizing paraprofessional potential}, series = {Professional practices in adult education and human resource development series}, year = {1999}, pages = {130}, publisher = {Kriegar Publishing Company}, organization = {Kriegar Publishing Company}, address = {Malabar, FL}, keywords = {paraprofessionals in social service}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38828089}, author = {Joye A Norris and Susan S Baker} } @article {1954, title = {Need for physician referral of low- income, chronic disease patients to community Nutrition Education Programs.}, journal = {Journal of the American Dietetic Association}, volume = {99}, year = {1999}, pages = {A58}, abstract = {

Despite evidence that dietary counseling is essential in chronic disease prevention and management, physicians may not provide adequate counseling or referral of patients to registered dietitians or community nutrition education programs. To ascertain levels of dietary counseling and referral of older low-income, chronic disease patients and their desire for such counseling, surveys were conducted with 209 primary-care physicians and 57 Food Stamp Nutrition Education Program (FSNEP) participants, all of whom had a chronic disease. Physicians (81\%) reported providing some level of counseling, but few referrals of chronic disease patients to registered dietitians or community nutrition programs. Furthermore, results showed that physicians generally do not take patients\’ socioeconomic situations into account when providing nutrition advice or referrals. FSNEP participants indicated dissatisfaction with their physician\&$\#$39;s nutrition advice and a desire for more dietary guidance.

Results indicate a need for primary-care physician referrals to nutrition education programs that tailor their services to patients\’ socioeconomic situations. Strategies need to be implemented to inform physicians of such referral opportunities.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00603-3}, author = {Gregory W Shawver and Cox, R.H.} } @article {1883, title = {Nutrition education for cancer prevention among low income populations: An extension of the EFNEP model}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {31}, year = {1999}, note = {

University of Massachusetts

}, month = {Jan/Feb 1999}, pages = {47-53}, doi = {doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(99)70384-5}, author = {Karen M. Emmons and Everly Macario and Glorian Sorensen and Mary Kay Hunt and Rima E. Rudd} } @article {1936, title = {Retrospective analysis of exclusive breastfeeding practices among four Hispanic subgroups in New York{\textquoteright}s EFNEP}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {31}, year = {1999}, note = {

New York

}, pages = {39-46}, abstract = {

This research was carried out to describe exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) practices and their correlates among four Hispanic subgroups of women living in New York State. Hispanic women (n = 136) enrolled in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) were asked about their infant feeding practices at birth and sociodemographic characteristics. Specifically, Puerto Rican (n = 59), South American (n = 23), Central American (n = 15), and Dominican (n = 39) women were studied. Chi-square, logistic regression, and pattern analyses were used to identify EBF correlates. Overall, 40\% of the Hispanic infants surveyed were EBF. The difference in EBF incidence among subgroups was significant (p = .002): Puerto Rican, 27.6\%; South American, 69.6\%; Central American, 60.0\%; and Dominican, 33.3\%. South American women were 4.072 (95\% confidence interval [CI]: 1.100-15.071) times more likely than Puerto Rican women to EBF. Hispanic women who were not born in the mainland U.S. were 5.833 (95\% CI: 1.043\–32.619) times more likely to EBF than women born on the mainland U.S. These data indicate that there are differences in EBF and its correlates among Hispanic subgroups. Results suggest the need for (1) larger studies examining EBF among Hispanic subgroups and (2) subgroup-specific intervention strategies to more effectively promote and support breastfeeding in the diverse Hispanic population.

}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(99)70383-3}, author = {Helena Pachon and Olson, Christine} } @article {1686, title = {Symposia: Use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in nutrition education programs}, year = {1999}, note = {

Presented at the Society for Nutrition Education Conference, 1999

}, publisher = {U.S. Department of Agriculture}, abstract = {

Presentations covered the importance of cost-benefit documentation in the field of nutrition education; requirements for a program to be submitted to CBA; procedures involved in doing a CBA of nutrition education programs; considerations, assumptions, approach and results in determining the benefit to cost ration of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program(EFNEP); The applicability of this approach to other states\&$\#$39; EFNEP and other nutrition education programs.

}, author = {Wells Willis and Lambur, Michael} } @mastersthesis {2067, title = {The continuing benefits of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP): A retention study}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1998}, school = {Cornell University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009208825}, author = {Catherine Anne Greenwell} } @mastersthesis {2178, title = {A cost -benefit analysis of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1998}, school = {University of Tennessee}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, abstract = {

Data on the economic value of nutrition education programs, such as the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), can help decision makers choose between alternative programs based on costs and benefits. A cost-benefit analysis of EFNEP was conducted to determine if savings in food expenditures exceeded implementation costs. Costs were collected over a 6-months using expenditure reports and other records. Benefits were determined using prospective data from 371 females enrolled in EFNEP who completed a 24-hour food recall, behavior survey, and recorded the amount of money spent on food monthly at program entry and exit. Two treatment groups received nutrition education and one group did not receive education. One treatment group estimated food expenditures from recall and the other collected register receipts or recorded expenditures. Control group subjects reported expenditures from recall. Net present value (NPV) was calculated using cost per participant subtracted from the change in food expenditures per participant over a 5-year period at a discount rate of 7\%. NPV of EFNEP was $600.52, i.e., food expenditures were reduced by $600.52 over a 5-year period. At the same time individuals reduced food expenditures, they increased intakes of iron, vitamin C, vitamin B6, and fiber. They added less salt when cooking and more often read nutrition labels. They also reported less often running out of food at the end of the month. Findings from this research showed that EFNEP is cost-beneficial. The magnitude of the savings in food expenditures varies with how long participants retain behaviors they learned and by the rate at which future benefits are discounted.

}, url = {https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3833/}, author = {Janie Lynn Burney} } @mastersthesis {2305, title = {Cost Benefit Analysis of Virginia EFNEP: Calculating Indirect Benefits and Sensitivity Analysis}, year = {1998}, month = {1998/07/16/}, school = {Virginia Tech}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

The Cooperative Extension System has focused on nutrition education for low-income families for approximately 29 years via the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). In response to the need for a comprehensive economic evaluation of EFNEP, Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE) was awarded a grant from the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Services, United States Department of Agriculture (CSREES, USDA) to conduct a cost benefit analysis (CBA) of nutrition education programs, with emphasis on EFNEP. Virginia EFNEP served as the pilot program to test the evaluation procedure.This study is a part of the CBA of Virginia EFNEP. The purpose is to calculate the indirect tangible benefits derived from participation in EFNEP. The indirect tangible benefits are classified as 1) delaying productivity loss due to mortality and 2) avoiding productivity loss due to morbidity. This study also uses sensitivity analysis to evaluate the effects of two critical assumptions pertaining to retention of dietary behaviors and to incidence rate of diseases in the low-income population. Finally, the discount rate is analyzed via sensitivity calculations. There were two major conclusions drawn from this study. First, the indirect benefits accounted for more than $1 million of the total benefit generate by EFNEP. Second, the sensitivity analyses support the positive outcome (i. e., positive return on every dollar invested) derived from the CBA of Virginia EFNEP.

}, url = {https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/36867}, author = {Lewis, Edwin C.} } @mastersthesis {2101, title = {Cost-benefit analysis of Virginia EFNEP: Calculating indirect benefits and sensitivity analysis}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1998}, school = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/36867}, author = {Edwin Carroll Lewis} } @article {1702, title = {The development and testing of the behavior checklist questions for the EFNEP evaluation/reporting system}, year = {1998}, keywords = {behavior checklist}, url = {https://nifa.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource/Development\%20and\%20Testing\%20of\%20the\%20Behavior\%20Checklist\%20Questions.pdf}, author = {Anliker, Jean and Wells Willis and Sylvia Montgomery} } @article {1851, title = {Factors associated with burnout among family and consumer sciences paraprofessionals}, journal = {Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences}, volume = {90}, year = {1998}, note = {

Clemson University

}, pages = {71-76}, abstract = {

This paper explores the level of burnout among family and consumer sciences paraprofessionals in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) utilizing the Matthews Burnout Scale For Employees (MBSE). While the mean burnout score for EFVEP Program Assistants was low, a large number had moderate to high burnout scores. Moderate negative relationships were found between age and the work attitude subscale and between age and the role adjustment subscale. Interventions to respond to organizational conditions are discussed.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/205070199}, author = {Katherine L Cason and B J Thames and Richard L. Poling} } @article {1957, title = {Low-income elderly adults{\textquoteright} needs and preferences for nutrition education}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly}, volume = {18}, year = {1998}, note = {

Virginia

}, pages = {1-20}, abstract = {

Four focus groups were conducted with low-income elderly adults (28 females and 7 males), ages 55+ years, to understand their needs and preferences for nutrition education. Adults were Congregate Meal Program participants in Virginia. Discussion questions addressed food purchasing and preparation, importance of food to health, and education methods. Discussions were audio-taped and written transcripts were made for use in data analysis. The influence of health conditions on food choices was the predominant theme of the discussions; adults made choices according to dietary restrictions. Food preferences and sensory characteristics also were important. Some experienced food insecurity. Most wanted to receive information on disease-specific food choices through group discussions and written materials.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4902591472}, author = {Pamela L Stewart and Ruby H Cox and Ruby H Cox and Mary P Clarke} } @article {1911, title = {Nutrition education program based on EFNEP for low-income women in the United Kingdom: Friends with food}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {30}, year = {1998}, month = {March/April 1998}, pages = {89-99}, abstract = {

This paper gives an account of the development and testing of a nutrition education program aimed at low-income families in the United Kingdom (U.K.), named locally \"Friends with Food\" (FWF)The study, a demonstration project, implemented in an urban area of a town in the North of England, was subject to extensive evaluation. It was modelled after the largest nutrition education program for low-income people in North America, the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). EFNEP aims to assist low-income families to acquire the knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed to adopt nutritionally sound diets, thus contributing to dietary improvements for the family. Like EFNEP, guided \"hands-on\" food preparation and cooking sessions were complemented by formal information. Allowing participants to acquire both the knowledge and skills needed to translate theoretical nutrition messages into practice was shown to be effective. Results suggest that a significant measure of success, in terms of improving nutrition knowledge and self-reported changes in dietary behavior, is possible using this approach. Considerable difficulties are imposed, however, by the lifestyle and financial constraints of people with limited income. Cooperation of partners and family are critical to success, as are the skills of the nutrition educator. Programs aimed at more than just the dissemination of nutrition information are, however, relatively labour intensive, and the authors recommend that the use of nonprofessionals similar in background to clients (paraprofessionals), as exemplified by EFNEP, is worthy of further investigation in the U.K.

}, doi = {10.1016/S0022-3182(98)70285-7}, author = {L A Kennedy} } @mastersthesis {2158, title = {Personal attributes and job competencies important for job success of EFNEP paraprofessionals: A Delphi study}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1998}, month = {12/1998}, pages = {220 leaves}, school = {Oklahoma State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {https://shareok.org/handle/11244/12143}, author = {Betty Ann Namarome Wakou} } @article {1985, title = {The challenge of reaching a culturally diverse audience}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {35}, year = {1997}, note = {

Available online from ScienceDirect (subscription database) check with your local library

University of Nevada

}, month = {June 1997}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/1997june/tt1.php}, author = {J M Woodson} } @article {1935, title = {Development and evaluation of activity-oriented nutrition classes for pregnant and parenting teens}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, year = {1997}, month = {October 1997}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/1997october/rb1.php}, author = {Darcy Owen and Patricia Kendall and Karen Wilken} } @mastersthesis {2225, title = {Development of Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) for evaluation of paraprofessionals in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1997}, school = {Penn State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54061245}, author = {Michelle S Rodgers} } @mastersthesis {2095, title = {Dietary quality and dietary changes of EFNEP participants: 1994-1995}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1997}, school = {Michigan State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {LiFan Wang Koener} } @article {1837, title = {Improving birth outcomes with nutrition education}, journal = {Topics in Clinical Nutrition}, volume = {13}, year = {1997}, note = {

New Jersey

}, month = {Dec 1997}, pages = {74-79}, abstract = {

The prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) infants born to teenagers is a challenge to nutrition educators. In Camden, New Jersey, the number was staggering as was the reality that malnourished children were themselves bearing children. The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), Rutgers Cooperative Extension, was the ideal vehicle to deliver nutrition education to this population. Since pregnant teens respond to incentives, special funding was obtained. The results of this program indicate the effectiveness of intensive nutrition education for pregnant teens. EFNEP\&$\#$39;s success points to the 6.5\% LBW rate at the end of the study as compared to Camden\&$\#$39;s 12.7\% LBW rate. \©1997 Aspen Publishers, Inc.

}, author = {M. S. Bergman} } @mastersthesis {2303, title = {The Relative Effectiveness of Video Instruction as a Means of Delivering Nutrition Education to Low-income Homemakers}, year = {1997}, month = {1997/08/29/}, school = {Virginia Tech}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

The feasibility and effectiveness of video instruction as an alternate means of delivering nutrition education to low-income homemakers were examined in this study. Demographic and mediating variables that may affect the success of video instruction were also investigated. Consenting EFNEP and SCNEP homemakers (N=105) were randomly assigned to receive either video lessons with follow-up telephone discussions and intermittent home visits (Video Group) or face-to-face home visits/small group sessions (Traditional Group). Assessments of locus of control and cooking reinforcement values (RVs) were conducted at baseline. Dietary and food-behavior changes were assessed using 24-hr recalls and a 14-item behavior checklist questionnaire, respectively. Questionnaires were used to assess the Program Assistants\&$\#$39; (PAs) and participants\&$\#$39; perceptions of video instruction. Analytic measures included multivariate analyses of variance, analyses of variance, t-tests, chi-squared tests, and frequency calculations. Experiment-wise significance was set at p \< 0.05 with correction using the Bonferroni method.Seventy-three participants completed the study. For both groups, significant improvements were seen from pre to post intervention in vitamin C intakes, the number of servings consumed from the Fruit Group, and food behavior checklist scores. The Traditional Group also increased their intakes of vitamin A, vitamin B$_{6}$, calcium, and fiber. There was no difference in the change of dietary intakes and behavior checklist scores between the two groups. No effects were found for race, age, residence, locus of control, or cooking RV. Video instruction was well received by most participants and PAs and was substantially less expensive than traditional instruction. Due to the effectiveness and acceptability of video instruction, it should be considered when delivering nutrition education to low-income homemakers.

}, url = {https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/35352}, author = {Hogbin, Alicie L. Jr} } @article {1875, title = {Assessment of dietary intake and food-related behaviors of gatekeepers in homeless families in Hawaii}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {28}, year = {1996}, note = {

Available online from Science Direct (Subscription database) check with your local library

}, month = {May/June 1996}, pages = {168-173}, abstract = {

We assessed diet quality and documented food-related behaviors of gatekeepers in homeless families with children in Hawaii. The dietary intake of gatekeepers residing in shelters (n = 44) was compared to that of gatekeepers living at beach parks (n = 13)The gatekeeper completed a 24-hour diet recall and answered questions about demographics and food-related behaviors. Diets were low in fiber, calcium, and vitamin A, did not vary significantly with shelter status, and were consistent with the diets of Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) participants in Hawaii. We concluded that both homeless groups would benefit from educational efforts similar to those used with EFNEP clients, with a greater focus on food safety, alternate food resources, and appropriate cooking methods.

}, doi = {10.1016/S0022-3182(96)70053-5}, author = {Derrickson, J} } @article {1960, title = {Calcium intake, attitudes toward calcium-containing foods, and number of risk factors for osteoporosis in two groups of 18- to 35-year-old women}, journal = {Nutrition Research}, volume = {16}, year = {1996}, note = {

This article is available through Science Direct, a subscription database. Check with your local library.

}, month = {August 1996}, pages = {1313-1329}, abstract = {

Calcium intake, attitudes toward calcium-rich foods, and a number of risk factors for osteoporosis were identified and compared in women aged 18 to 35 from Kansas State University (KSU) and the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). Each participant responded to questionnaires that assessed frequency of consumption of calcium-rich foods, attitudes toward calcium-rich foods, and level of risk for osteoporosis. Generally, the participants in EFNEP were older and had a higher body mass index than the KSU participants. Calcium intake was higher for EFNEP participants than for KSU participants. Almost 24\% of KSU participants consumed less than two-thirds of the RDA for calcium compared to 12\% of the EFNEP participants. Many attitudes toward calcium-rich foods were similar in the two groups, but differences occurred in attitudes related to health and the enjoyment of drinking milk. Based on a risk assessment questionnaire the EFNEP group had more lifestyle-related risks for osteoporosis that can be controlled, whereas the KSU group had more risks for osteoporosis associated with heritage or lack of bearing children, areas that cannot be controlled by educational programs. We conclude that these groups may need different approaches to calcium education because risk factors for osteoporosis were different and some attitudes also were different between the groups and among women in various calcium intake categories.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0271-5317(96)00140-6}, author = {Agustina E. Susiyanti and Edgar Chambers IV and Meredith Pearson and Nancy M. Lewis} } @article {1869, title = {Impact of a cancer intervention on diet-related cardiovascular disease risks of white and African-American EFNEP clients}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {28}, year = {1996}, note = {

Available online from Science Direct (subscription database) check with your local library

}, month = {July/Aug 1996}, pages = {209-218}, abstract = {

This study involved a retrospective data analysis of a previously published cancer prevention study. Diet-related cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks of white and African-American low-income women and reported changes, as a result of an educational intervention, were investigated. Participants were 150 Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) homemakers (103 African-Americans and 47 whites) who were randomly assigned to either a control or an experimental group. An 18-lesson educational series, emphasizing dietary and lifestyle changes to reduce cancer risks, was conducted with the experimental group over 6 months. Three random-repeat 24-hour dietary recalls, height, and weight were collected on participants, before and after the intervention. Recalls were analyzed on Nutritionist III to obtain average daily intakes of foods and nutrients. Pre intervention comparisons between whites and African-Americans indicated that both had risks for CVD due to higher-than-recommended intakes of total fat, saturated fat, sodium, and the fats/sweets group, low intakes of protective food components, and a high prevalence of obesity. African-Americans had significantly higher intakes than whites of total and monounsaturated fat and the meat group. Based on body mass index, 40\% of whites and 58\% of African-Americans were moderately to morbidly obese. Changes from pre- to post-test on dietary components of experimental participants were significantly greater than those of controls for 9 of 17 nutrients/foods. Results indicate that both the white and African-American women in EFNEP had substantial diet-related CVD risks, based on self-report, and those risks were reduced by the cancer intervention program at immediate post course assessment.

}, doi = {10.1016/S0022-3182(96)70072-9}, author = {Ruby H Cox and M Novascone and M Novascone and I Silva-Barbeau} } @article {1982, title = {Increasing participation in health promotion among older African-Americans}, journal = {American Journal of Health Behavior}, volume = {20}, year = {1996}, pages = {389-399}, abstract = {

Reports on the design and implementation of a successful health promotion intervention for older, low-income African Americans in three Georgia communities. The program included culturally sensitive health promotion training to increase participation, a grassroots network to disseminate health education materials, and indigenous older lay educators and health advocates.

}, url = {https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ538530}, author = {M P Williams} } @mastersthesis {2304, title = {Relationship of physical activity, self-esteem levels, and selected nutrient intake with obesity in EFNEP women}, year = {1996}, month = {1996/04/25/}, school = {Virginia Tech}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

The study was conducted to determine the relationship of physical activity,self-esteem, and dietary intake (kilocalories, fiber, calcium, iron, vitamin A,vitamin C, and vitamin E with obesity in 65 low-income EFNEP women.Participants were assigned to either non-obese or obese group based on 8MIcalculation with 28 in the non-obese group and 37 in the obese group. A familyrecord, three-repeat random 24-hour food recalls, a 24-hour physical activity anda self-esteem questionnaire were collected from each participant. Descriptivestatistics, ANOVA, and MANOVA and simple t-tests were calculated (P \< 0.05).Results suggest that non-obese and obese low-income women consume similaramounts of kilocalories and inadequate intakes of the same nutrients (fiber,calcium and vitamin E) and have very similar levels of self-esteem. They alsohave similar energy expenditure with very little planned or deliberate exercise,except that the obese group had significantly more energy expenditure in theinactive leisure-time category (P = 0.016). Calories consumed and energyexpenditures were similar for obese women, but the non-obese women hadsignificantly higher energy expenditure than caloric intake (P = 0.012).

}, url = {https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/44972}, author = {Lawrence, Ramona A.} } @article {1841, title = {Development of a food practice checklist for use with low-literacy homemakers in EFNEP}, journal = {Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences}, volume = {87}, year = {1995}, month = {Summer}, pages = {35-42}, abstract = {

A Food Practice Checklist was developed to measure food-related practices addressed in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), with the involvement of 70 extension professionals and paraprofessionals in 21 states. It was field-tested in a three-month intervention with 147 EFNEP homemakers. Results, both with individual items and with three subscales, indicated that the instrument was responsive in detecting change. Using factor analysis and total item correlations, items were divided into four subscales: planning, selecting, buying food food handling limiting fat in food reading food labels Cronbach\&$\#$39;s α for the subscales ranged from 0.63 to 0.90 indicating moderate to high reliability based on internal consistency. Alpha decreased for subscale B at post-test, indicating an unstable factor structure. The Food Practice Checklist represents substantial progress in developing a valid reliable and responsive food practice assessment tool.

}, url = {http://reader.library.cornell.edu/docviewer/digital?id=hearth6060814_5321_001$\#$page/37/mode/1up}, author = {Bowens, Juanita} } @article {1868, title = {Dietary cancer risk of low-income women and change with intervention}, journal = {Journal of American Dietetic Association}, volume = {95}, year = {1995}, pages = {1031-1034}, abstract = {

A study was conducted to determine whether the Virginia Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) could be an avenue for reducing cancer risks of low-income women. Results indicate that low-income women will make substantial dietary change when convinced of health benefits through effective teaching methods.

}, doi = {10.1016/S0002-8223(95)00281-2}, author = {Ruby H Cox} } @article {1922, title = {Eating for a better start (EFABS) instructor{\textquoteright}s manual: a nutrition program for pregnant adolescents participating in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)}, year = {1995}, note = {

not a research study

Penn State University

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34521382}, author = {Marecic, M} } @article {1627, title = {The effectiveness of nutrition education and implications for nutrition education policy, programs and research; A review of research: Special issue}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education Series}, year = {1995}, note = {

Society for Nutrition Education

}, abstract = {

Authors\&$\#$39; objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition education for the public. More specifically, to address two key questions:

  1. Does nutrition education work? If so, what are the successful elements across interventions?
  2. What are the implications of the findings for nutrition education program implementation, research, and policy?

Results of the review: This review included 217 nutrition education intervention studies. Nutrition education generally works, but intervention effects may be different depending on outcome measures and gender. Positive results were often only achieved in some components in large, multicomponent interventions. In general, interventions using educational methods directed at behavioural change were more effective than those focusing on the dissemination of information, which assumed attitude and behavioural changes would ensue. Behaviourally-focused nutrition education uses a set of learning experiences to facilitate the voluntary adoption of food- and nutrition-related behaviours that are conducive to health and well-being. The behaviours addressed are identified from the needs, perceptions, motivations and desires of the target audience, as well as from national nutrition and health goals, and science-based research findings. More effective educational strategies have the following characteristics: they take into account the motivations of particular population groups; they involve self-assessment and feedback; and they require active participation. Mass media campaigns can improve knowledge and may change behaviour if the behaviour is highly targeted and messages are carefully focused. Systematic behavioural change strategies should be tailored to the needs of target groups or individuals. Availability of healthy food in restaurants and the community supports the maintenance of change. Active participation by community leaders is likely to improve long-term effectiveness.

Authors\&$\#$39; conclusions: Nutrition education programmes should be ongoing and multifaceted. The more effective programmes are those that are behaviourally-focused and based on appropriate theory and prior research. This review has also found that effective programmes use a combination of contemporary models of individual, social and environmental change. Studies based on a \&$\#$39;dissemination of information and teaching of skills\&$\#$39; model were not very effective in bringing about behavioural change.

}, url = {http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/CRDWeb/ShowRecord.asp?AccessionNumber=11996005279\&@_23.VV9i4ZP34eE}, author = {Contento, Isobel} } @mastersthesis {2010, title = {The impact of two nutrition education programs (EFNEP and WIC) in Wyoming on selected participants}, volume = {M.A.}, year = {1995}, school = {University of Wyoming}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33341473}, author = {Connie J Cecil} } @article {1842, title = {Comparison of the beliefs and practices of EFNEP clients with staff perceptions of clients}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {26}, year = {1994}, note = {

New York

}, month = {May/June 1994}, pages = {123-130}, doi = {10.1016/S0022-3182(12)80386-4}, author = {Bremner, Barbara and Campbell, Cathy and Sobal, Jeffery} } @article {1798, title = {EFNEP: impact and accomplishments}, year = {1994}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34091073}, author = {U.S. Department of Agriculture} } @article {1797, title = {EFNEP success stories}, year = {1994}, publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Extension Service}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31848119}, author = {U.S. Department of Agriculture} } @article {1889, title = {Evaluation of the literacy level of participants in an urban expanded food and nutrition education program}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {26}, year = {1994}, note = {

Available online from Science Direct (subscription database) check with your local library

}, month = {Jan/Feb 1994}, pages = {37-41}, doi = {10.1016/S0022-3182(12)80833-8}, author = {Hartman, T and R Park and R Park and E Schuster and Kushi, L} } @mastersthesis {2229, title = {An evaluation of the readability and acceptability of maternal nutrition education materials for Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program clients}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1994}, school = {Michigan State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1084479843}, author = {Karen Jane Schmitz} } @article {1890, title = {Focus group response of potential participants in a nutrition education program for individuals with limited literacy skills}, journal = {Journal of the American Dietetic Association}, volume = {94}, year = {1994}, note = {

Minnesota

}, pages = {744-748}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To obtain information to direct the design and development of a nutrition intervention program targeted at a low-literacy audience. SUBJECTS: Thirty-nine female and two male clients of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) participated in five focus-group discussions. The focus groups included 23 African American, 9 white, 4 Southeast Asian, 1 American Indian, 2 Hispanic American, and 2 Middle Eastern EFNEP participants. DESIGN: All focus groups were moderated and co-moderated by University of Minnesota staff members. The focus groups were tape-recorded and transcribed. A written report was generated based on the independent evaluation of two staff members. RESULTS: We learned that EFNEP participants thought they would be motivated to change their eating habits for health concerns, including weight loss, and to help their families develop healthful eating habits. They mentioned several barriers to making changes, including extra time and money needed to purchase and prepare healthful foods, food preferences of family members, lack of interest and skills in cooking, and insufficient knowledge about which foods are healthful. Participants shared ideas for program content and delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Clients with limited literacy skills have valuable opinions and insights that program developers targeting this hard-to-reach group should hear. The EFNEP participants wanted simple, practical, and relevant information about what foods to eat and how to prepare them. They considered lectures an ineffective way to receive nutrition information, and they expressed a preference for hands-on activities that were enjoyable and allowed participants to share ideas and experiences.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8223(94)91940-2}, author = {Terryl J. Hartman and Pamela R. McCarthy and Rosemarie J. Park and Ellen Schuster and Lawrence H. Kushi} } @article {1843, title = {Retention of nutrition knowledge and practices among adult EFNEP participants}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {26}, year = {1994}, note = {

This article is available through ScienceDirect, a subscription database. Check with your local library.

New York

}, month = {Mar/Apr 1994}, pages = {74-78}, abstract = {

This preliminary study examined long-term effects on food and nutrition behaviors and other benefits of the adult Expanded Food and Nutrition Program (EFNEP) on participants who completed the program. Data collection instruments included the Family Record form and at follow-up, an open-ended questionnaire to determine additional benefits. The impact of EFNEP on nutrition knowledge and practices and retention of information after graduation was examined among 50 participants in New York City who were assessed at program entry, graduation, and a 1-year follow-up. For 10 of 12 food behaviors, the participants improved significantly between entry and graduation. At follow-up the gains made during the program were maintained; significant improvement occurred for two behaviors. Data from a 24-hour recall revealed a significant decrease between entry and graduation in the amount and percentage of calories from fat. Between graduation and follow-up, mean protein, calcium, and vitamin A intakes declined but were within acceptable ranges or exceeded NRC RDAs. Significant increases in nutrition knowledge existed for all four items examined; additional increases in nutrition knowledge occurred between graduation and follow-up. The participants also attributed personal and social improvement to EFNEP participation at follow-up including help in their jobs, community participation, and improved family and personal health.

}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(12)81073-9}, author = {Brink, M and Sobal, Jeffery} } @mastersthesis {1997, title = {The role of the EFNEP paraprofessional in revitalized Cooperative Extension Service}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {231 leaves}, school = {University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, abstract = {

The purpose of this mini-strategic planning study was to contribute information with a potential relevance to internal and external decision-makers targeting new audiences in issue-oriented programing. The main hypothesis for this study was: learning whether changes in Cooperative Extension would require a change in the way in which paraprofessionals are used to help EFNEP achieve its mission and what recommendations can best be interpreted from a link-pin model that uses paraprofessionals to achieve a two-way flow between EFNEP and the target audience. Findings include a discussion of three types of paraprofessionals and paraprofessionals as a \"nerve center\" that links the Cooperative Extension Service to diverse and pluralistic audiences.

}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/2142/22018}, author = {Karen Roth Gehrt} } @article {1679, title = {4-H/EFNEP Summer Nutrition Program: At risk teens reaching at risk youths}, year = {1993}, note = {

21 page research paper

}, month = {March 1993}, institution = {Dept. of Youth Development, Cooperative Extension Programs, University of Wisconsin--Extension}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/608776418}, author = {Sue Pleskac} } @mastersthesis {2179, title = {A description of the dietary behaviors of participants and non-participants of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Program in Guam}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1993}, school = {Pennsylvania State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/299212167}, author = {Mary Elaine Camacho} } @mastersthesis {2176, title = {The effectiveness of computer-aided feedback on nutrition-related practices of EFNEP homemakers}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1993}, school = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, abstract = {

A Food Behavior Checklist (FBC) was developed, validated, and pilot-tested with homemakers in Virginia\&$\#$39;s Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). The FBC was designed to measure nutrition-related practices that are taught in EFNEP, but canno

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28529120}, author = {Bowens, Juanita} } @mastersthesis {2241, title = {An examination of the relationship between characteristics of expanded food and nutrition paraprofessionals and effectiveness of change agents}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1993}, school = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29968724}, author = {Marilyn A Welschenbach} } @mastersthesis {2185, title = {The impact of nutrition education on dietary behavior and iron status of participants of the supplemental food program for women, infants, and children and the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1993}, school = {Utah State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30316684}, author = {Nedra Kjesten Christensen} } @mastersthesis {2004, title = {Job burn-out: A study of Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program professionals in South Carolina}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {1993}, school = {Clemson University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, author = {Brenda Thames and Joyce Jumper} } @mastersthesis {2202, title = {A single subject experiment comparing the rate of change in dietary eating patterns of four Expanded Food and Nutrition Program participants across two teaching approaches with the use of two evaluation measures}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {112 leaves}, school = {Mississippi State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29946038}, author = {Everyln Sanford Johnson} } @article {2323, title = {An assessment of the objectives, implementation and effectiveness of the adult Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program : summary.}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, institution = {Extension Service, Science and Education, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, url = {https://archive.org/details/CAT10685467} } @article {2290, title = {Educating Multicultural Groups.}, journal = {Human Ecology Forum}, volume = {20}, year = {1992}, month = {1992///}, pages = {16 - 19}, url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p00385590a?urlappend=\%3Bseq=99\%3Bownerid=115092349-109}, author = {Henderson, Zorika P.} } @article {1828, title = {The effect of changes in recruitment and instruction on characteristics of EFNEP enrollees and graduates}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {24}, year = {1992}, note = {

Washington

}, pages = {87-90}, doi = {10.1016/S0022-3182(12)80658-3}, author = {Jill E Armstrong and Butkus, Sue and Movius, Margaret and Crowley, Donna} } @article {1864, title = {EFNEP: Reaching out to families in poverty}, journal = {Journal of Home Economics}, volume = {84}, year = {1992}, note = {

Ohio State University

}, pages = {38-41}, author = {Ruth M Conone} } @article {1827, title = {Evaluating EFNEP change through attrition patterns}, journal = {Home Economics Research Journal}, volume = {20}, year = {1992}, month = {March 1992}, pages = {198-206}, chapter = {198}, keywords = {low-income}, issn = {2374-8052}, doi = {10.1177/1077727X9202000302}, author = {Jill E Armstrong and Butkus, Sue} } @article {1959, title = {EFNEP for pregnant teens}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {23}, year = {1991}, note = {

Penn State University

}, doi = {http://10.1016/S0022-3182(12)80457-2}, author = {Irene M Strychar and Lisa A Sullivan and Lisa A Sullivan} } @article {1903, title = {Food habits of the hmong living in central California}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {23}, year = {1991}, pages = {168-175}, abstract = {

In order to design more effective nutrition education programs for the over 50,000 Hmong who have immigrated to Central California from Southeast Asia, a study of their food habits was undertaken. Focus interviews were conducted with key informants working in the Hmong community. Using information from these interviews, two questionnaires were constructed to gather specific information on cultural food habits. Trained bilingual paraprofessionals administered the questionnaires, gathered demographic data, and took 24-hour food recalls from 205 volunteer, low-income Hmong home-makers about to be enrolled in the EFNEP Program in San Joaquin, Merced, and Fresno counties. Results of the study include a descriptive summary of eating patterns, staple foods, food preparation, familiar and unfamiliar foods, food procurement, food handling, perceptions and beliefs regarding body size and health, and expressed food and nutrition needs and interests. Computer nutrient analysis of the food recalls from non-pregnant subjects (N-142) revealed intakes of less than 80\% of the 1989 RDA for riboflavin, calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc. Pregnant subjects (N = 63) had low intakes of these nutrients, as well as of vitamins B-6 and folacin.

}, doi = {10.1353/hpu.0.0096}, author = {Ikeda, Joanne and Diane R.Ceja and Richard S.Glass} } @mastersthesis {2026, title = {A longitudinal study of the effectiveness of Wyoming{\textquoteright}s Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {72 leaves}, school = {University of Wyoming, Laramie}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, keywords = {nutrition extension work}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24243725}, author = {Judy Cross Barbe} } @article {2280, title = {Nutrition Knowledge of EFNEP Paraprofessionals}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {29}, year = {1991}, month = {1991///}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/1991fall/rb3.php}, author = {Chiza-Muyengwa, Miriam and Ebert, Gladys M.} } @article {1941, title = {Weight management practices of black paraprofessional women}, journal = {Journal of American Dietetic Association}, volume = {91}, year = {1991}, note = {

Louisiana State University affiliation

}, pages = {841-843}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2071800}, author = {Beth Reames} } @article {1808, title = {Hunger in Silicon Valley: A study of emergency food clients in Santa Clara County: A report of the survey conducted by the University of California Cooperative Extension Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) and Second...}, year = {1990}, publisher = {Second Harvest}, address = {San Jose, CA}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23459457}, author = {Estella West} } @article {1925, title = {Nutrition education by radio for Spanish speaking populations}, journal = {The Reporter}, year = {1990}, note = {

University of California

}, month = {01-02/03-04 1990}, pages = {10-11}, author = {Mary K Marshall} } @mastersthesis {2140, title = {Relationships between selected personal family characteristics of Tennessee EFNEP homemakers in extension district on and their increased use of food behavior practices upon graduation}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {168 leaves}, school = {University of Tennessee}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23843906}, author = {Deborah Hutton Seward} } @article {1860, title = {20 Years of EFNEP: Changes and challenges}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {21}, year = {1989}, note = {

South Dakota

}, pages = {265-269}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5966355652}, author = {Chipman, Helen and Patricia A Kendall} } @mastersthesis {2235, title = {4-H EFNEP volunteer involvement a case study of a cooperative extension effort to involve short-term, 4-H EFNEP helpers in on going independent, 4-H volunteer leadership roles}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1989}, school = {Cornell University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28955385}, author = {Kathleen S Tajeu} } @article {2286, title = {Better Nutrition in the Islands.}, journal = {Extension Review}, volume = {60}, year = {1989}, month = {1989///}, pages = {40 - 41}, url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951d00539985v?urlappend=\%3Bseq=40\%3Bownerid=19624912-39}, author = {Gibson, June V.} } @article {1895, title = {Effect of instruction and family attributes on iron intake of Expanded Food and Nutrition Education program homemakers}, journal = {Topics in Clinical Nutrition}, volume = {4}, year = {1989}, pages = {27-36}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5150482912}, author = {Ann A Hertzler} } @article {1940, title = {EFNEP: An investment in America{\textquoteright}s future}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {21}, year = {1989}, note = {

Universities of Vermont and Massachusetts

}, pages = {276-279}, doi = { https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(89)80147-5 }, author = {Margaret J Randall} } @mastersthesis {2173, title = {Nutrition and cancer education: Evaluation of a program for Hispanic and Vietnamese populations provided by two community-based health agencies}, volume = {MPH}, year = {1989}, school = {San Jose State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26619318}, author = {Linda Mladenka Dunn} } @article {1943, title = {Post-then-pre-evaluation}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {27}, year = {1989}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/1989summer/a5.php}, author = {Rockwell, S Kay and Harriet H Kohn} } @article {1962, title = {Virginia EFNEP homemakers{\textquoteright} dietary improvement and relation to selected family factors}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {21}, year = {1989}, pages = {249-258}, abstract = {

Dietary improvement was assessed using a 24-hour food recall in a sample of 180 homemakers who had completed six to eighteen months of instruction in the Virginia Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), to determine whether or not they had maintained dietary improvement for a six to thirty-six month period after leaving the program. Family factors that were believed to be related to dietary change were explored; these included family composition, family support and family diet control. Average diet scores increased significantly from entry to exit from the program, and from entry to follow-up, with a slight decline from exit to follow-up. Greatest improvements were found in average servings from the milk and fruit-vegetable groups. While family factors were not significantly related to dietary improvement, several relationships emerged that suggested a possible role for family support in influencing dietary outcome.

}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(89)80143-8}, author = {Danielle Marie Torisky} } @mastersthesis {2230, title = {Application of cost benefit analysis to the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1988}, school = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18367769}, author = {Katherine Lynn Sharman} } @mastersthesis {2005, title = {Breast-feeding decisions in an Appalachian subculture}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {1988}, school = {West Virginia University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21102608}, author = {Ngaire M Van Eck} } @mastersthesis {2224, title = {Effectiveness of the healthy weight workshop on weight management practices of paraprofessional personnel of the Cooperative Extension Service}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {146 leaves}, school = {The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, abstract = {

This study was designed to investigate the effects of participation by black female paraprofessionals in a weight management workshop on selected indices including dietary intake, nutrition knowledge, exercise practices, eating behaviors, anthropometric measurements and sick leave hours used.

}, url = {https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/4668}, author = {Elizabeth S. Reames} } @article {1824, title = {Evaluation in Colorado using simplified progression form}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {20}, year = {1988}, note = {

Colorado

}, month = {09/1988}, pages = {227-231}, chapter = {227}, keywords = {Colorado, nutrition education}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(88)80055-4}, author = {Jennifer E. L. Anderson} } @mastersthesis {2040, title = {An evaluation of the successful completion of EFNEP using groups versus individual teaching methods}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1988}, school = {Colorado State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/83265758}, author = {Chipman, Helen} } @article {1971, title = {Evaluation study of the California Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program: 24-Hour food recall data}, journal = {Journal of the American Dietetic Association}, volume = {88}, year = {1988}, note = {

University of California, Berkeley

}, pages = {185-190}, abstract = {

The California Expanded Food and Nutrition Education program (EFNEP) Evaluation Study evaluated the effectiveness of the California program. The eating habits of 683 persons were studied in a group receiving EFNEP instruction (355 participants) and a control group (328 participants) that received no instruction. The 24-hour food recall was used to assess eating habits using the Synectics method. At the beginning of the study, there were no differences in food recall scores between the EFNEP and the control groups. After 6 months of instruction in the EFNEP group, there was a significant increase in food recall score for that group and no change in the control group. The improvements observed in the EFNEP group resulted from increased intakes from the milk, protein, and fruit and vegetable food groups. The program characteristics that led to those changes were determined to be in the length of the EFNEP visit, the number of EFNEP visits, and the EFNEP instruction topics. These results show that the California EFNEP is effective in producing significant changes in the eating habits of the low-income individuals it serves.

}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3339205}, author = {Ann M Del Tredici} } @article {2281, title = {An Ounce of Prevention}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {26}, year = {1988}, month = {1988///}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/1988winter/a4.php}, author = {Keefe, Paula} } @article {1822, title = {Qualitative methods in nutrition education evaluation research}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {20}, year = {1988}, note = {

This article is available through Science Direct, a subscription database. Check with your local library for access.

Penn State University affiliated

}, month = {Sept-Oct 1988}, pages = {244-250}, abstract = {

Evaluation research is seen as an essential component in the development, production, and implementation of all nutrition education programs, and more nutrition educators are involved in evaluation than in other research activities. The goal of this article is to discuss selected qualitative methods that may improve the quality of those evaluation efforts.

}, keywords = {nutrition education, qualitative research}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(88)80065-7}, author = {Cheryl Achterberg} } @article {1788, title = {A 4-H EFNEP effort to involve youth from low-income families in 4-H via volunteer leadership: The New York State 4-H EFNEP special project final evaluation report}, year = {1987}, note = {

government publication

}, pages = {55 pp.}, institution = {Cornell University}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30491601}, author = {Kathleen S Tajeu} } @mastersthesis {2213, title = {Assessment of attitudes towards dietary change of participants in the Michigan Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (homemakers)}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1987}, school = {Michigan State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, author = {Anne Seymour Murphy} } @mastersthesis {2011, title = {Development of a test to evaluate the nutrition subject-matter competency of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program staff...}, volume = {M.A.}, year = {1987}, school = {University of Minnesota}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19606617}, author = {Darling, Maybeth} } @article {2289, title = {EFNEP--Nutrition Education in Action.}, journal = {Extension Review}, volume = {58}, year = {1987}, month = {1987///}, pages = {11 - 13}, author = {Nancy B. Leidenfrost} } @mastersthesis {2237, title = {Evaluation of the expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) in selected areas of Virginia: Extent and retention of dietary improvement and related family factors}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1987}, school = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, abstract = {

Dietary improvement was assessed using 24-hour food recall in a sample of 180 homemakers who had completed six to 18 months of instruction in the Virginia Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) to determine whether they retained dietary imp

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17359956}, author = {Danielle Torisky and Hertzler, Ann and Midfflin, Betty} } @article {1731, title = {The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program evaluation, Wisconsin, 1987.}, year = {1987}, note = {

Cover title:\ EFNEP impact evaluation reports.

}, publisher = {University of Wisconsin-Extension, Cooperative Extension Service, Family Living Education}, address = {Madison, Wis.}, abstract = {

This evaluation report determines if the program: reaches its target audience, the level of cooperation with other USDA food programs, does the program lead to improved participant diet, what are the spin-off benefits, and what role volunteers have played in program delivery. The focus of the report is on the 5 pilot counties in Wisconsin.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25237581}, author = {Fitzsimmons, Ellen and Jones, Larry and Jane Spriggs} } @mastersthesis {2239, title = {A follow-up study of the small group teaching approach used in the Texas Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program/Food Stamp Project}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1987}, school = {Texas A\&M University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18942469}, author = {Guillermina Guadalupe Valdez} } @mastersthesis {2133, title = {Impact of a nutrition education program on low-income homemakers in Illinois: EFNEP evaluation study}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1987}, school = {University of Illinois}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19108961}, author = {Donna Jean Rosenbohm} } @article {1733, title = {Knowledge of nutrition: An EFNEP 4-H evaluation in Nebraska}, year = {1987}, abstract = {This study examines to what extent low income children enrolled in Nebraska{\textquoteright}s 4-H food and nutrition projects (through EPNEP) are learning the content of what is being taught.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24614083}, author = {Florell, Robert and Harriet H Kohn and Krohn, Glen} } @article {1747, title = {Comparison of aide and client scores on the EFNEP food behavior checklist}, year = {1986}, note = {

incomplete

}, publisher = {[University of Nebraska, Cooperative Extension Service?]}, address = {[Lincoln?]}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27926178}, author = {Charlotte S Kern and Harriet H Kohn} } @article {1744, title = {Cost efficiency and effectiveness of two nutrition education methods for food stamp recipients (An experimental evaluation of the cost efficiency and effectiveness of two nutrition education program delivery methods for food stamp recipients)}, year = {1986}, publisher = {Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, University of Vermont Extension Service}, address = {Burlington, VT}, abstract = {

The primary objective of the project was to evaluate capability and cost-efficiency and effectiveness of the two nutrition education delivery methods at each site. Methods compared included one-to-one instruction complemented by mailed lesson and contacts. Pre-test, mid- and post-test data collected indicated significant improvement in nutrition knowledge and food practices for the two comparison groups receiving nutrition education. The one-to-one only group showed greater improvement than the experimental group in both knowledge gains and food practice scores. Cost-efficiency data indicated that the experimental method was approximately 42 percent less expensive to deliver than the one-to-one only method.

}, issn = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-550}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23820140}, author = {Robert W. Jackson and Karin Kristiannson and Robert Honnold} } @mastersthesis {2209, title = {The development of a food and nutrition evaluation instrument for the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1986}, school = {Kansas State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17811011}, author = {Grace Miller Lang} } @mastersthesis {2132, title = {The effectiveness of the cost cutter lesson series in the Wyoming expanded food and nutrition education series}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1986}, note = {

Available for purchase from ProQuest Dissertations \& Theses A\&I (subscription database, check with your local library)

}, school = {University of Wyoming}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17591458}, author = {Virginia A Romero} } @article {1696, title = {The effectiveness of three media in disseminating basic information to low income families}, year = {1986}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67575353}, author = {Curtis Trent and Kinlaw, Rachel} } @mastersthesis {1996, title = {An evaluation of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, Orleans Parish, Louisiana.}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {1986}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18460561}, author = {Bobby Hugh Fletcher} } @mastersthesis {2087, title = {Evaluation of the long-range effects of EFNEP training on food and nutrition related knowledge and behavior of the homemaker}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1986}, school = {University of Nebraska}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15056957}, author = {Maria G H Kamerbeek} } @mastersthesis {1991, title = {Incidental learning--unintended and unanticipated learning attained through the Illinois Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {1986}, school = {Northern Illinois University, Dept. of Leadership and Educational Policy Studies}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16438414}, author = {Marilyn Sue Hernecheck Buck} } @article {1675, title = {Knowledge and skill retention of graduated EFNEP homemakers in Utah}, year = {1986}, institution = {Utah State University}, author = {Georgia C Lauritzen} } @mastersthesis {2214, title = {A longitudinal study of the retention of foods and nutrition knowledge and program practice of participants from the Michigan Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {220 leaves}, school = {Michigan State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, doi = {https://doi.org/doi:10.25335/M5F27F}, author = {Linda Gould Nierman} } @booklet {2326, title = {National assessment of Extension{\textquoteright}s food and nutrition programs}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, publisher = {Institute for Policy Research and Evaluation, in cooperation with the Cooperative Extension Service, Pennsylvania State University}, address = {University Park, PA}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/925392173}, author = {Sims, Laura S. and Crandall, Sarah M.} } @article {1711, title = {Studies in group teaching in California EFNEP : final report}, year = {1986}, note = {

Other Title: California EFNEP/Food Stamp study on group teaching

}, publisher = { University of California (System). Cooperative Extension}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, abstract = {

This study examined the effectiveness of group teaching in three counties of California. The first phase of the study compared group teaching to one-to-one teaching. In Phase II, the group size increased from two to five or more participants. In Phase III, a group teaching training program was implemented to see the impact of training on group teaching. Results from the studies indicate that group teaching\ is as effective as the one-to-one approach. Group teaching program training also had a positive impact. Participants showed very positive improvements in learning and nutrition behavior change.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23835726}, author = {Amy Block Joy} } @article {1849, title = {Use of a breastfeeding intervention by nutrition paraprofessionals}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, year = {1986}, note = {

This article is available through Science Direct, a subscription database. Check with your local library. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022318286801984

New York

}, pages = {17-122}, abstract = {

As part of a formative evaluation of an Expanded Food and Nutrition Program (EFNEP) breastfeeding intervention program, we investigated the relationship between selected experience, attitude, knowledge, and expectation variables and EFNEP aides\&$\#$39; intentions to use the new and optional program. To quantify these variables we collected data using questionnaires distributed to all EFNEP aides immediately after the program was introduced and again eight months later. Regression analysis indicated that EFNEP aides\&$\#$39; attitudes concerning the drawbacks of breastfeeding and the drawbacks of teaching about breastfeeding, their perceived confidence of their knowledge of the topic, and the expectations of others, best predicted aides\&$\#$39; intentions to implement the program. Eight months later, the best predictors of their intentions to continue to use the intervention program were the number of pregnant homemakers the aides had worked with, concerns related to the drawbacks of teaching about breastfeeding, and the expectations of others. These findings suggest that although positive attitudes, knowledge, and perceptions concerning breastfeeding may be necessary for implementation of a breastfeeding intervention program, these factors are not sufficient. To maximize implementation, program training and support should help potential and actual users address negative feelings and reservations concerning the intervention

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4924961986}, author = {Alice A Cadwallader} } @article {1814, title = {Using paraprofessionals to deliver educational programs}, year = {1986}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1037789654}, author = {Nancy B. Leidenfrost} } @mastersthesis {2008, title = {Armijo and Sierras y Llanos schools{\textquoteright} Head Start students{\textquoteright} and teachers{\textquoteright} influences on parents{\textquoteright} interest levels in the expanded food and nutrition education program}, year = {1985}, pages = {69 leaves}, school = {New Mexico State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, keywords = {New Mexico, nutrition, nutrition extension work}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13052606}, author = {Virginia G Alexander} } @mastersthesis {2086, title = {Assessment of the long-term effect of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program on adequacy of dietary intake and food behavior practice of EFNEP homemakers in Muskogee County}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1985}, school = {Oklahoma State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13370000}, author = {Carlene B Jordan} } @article {1689, title = {California EFNEP evaluation study (Executive Summary)}, year = {1985}, institution = {University of California}, address = {Oakland, CA}, author = {Amy Block and Laughlin, S and Del Tredici, A and C Omelich} } @article {1712, title = {A continuation study of the effectiveness of group teaching in situations of greater than two participants, Final Report}, year = {1985}, author = {Bock, A and Del Tredici, A} } @article {1732, title = {EFNEP impact study: EFNEP Services in Hennepin and Ramsey County}, year = {1985}, note = {

government publication

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/929591626}, author = {Phyllis L Fleming and Patricia L Splett} } @book {1635, title = {EFNEP innovative projects: Evaluating the effectiveness of small group methods in nutrition education for young mothers receiving public assistance}, year = {1985}, note = {

Virginia State University affiliation

}, publisher = {Virginia Cooperative Extension Service}, organization = {Virginia Cooperative Extension Service}, address = {Blacksburg, VA}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47417128}, author = {Angela M Neilan} } @article {2287, title = {EFNEP Puts {\textquotedblleft}Sell{\textquotedblright} in Its {\textquotedblleft}Tell!{\textquotedblright}}, journal = {Extension Review}, volume = {56}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {20}, author = {Hammer, Marie S. and Graddy, Julie C.} } @article {1715, title = {EFNEP record and reporting system}, year = {1985}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23687532}, author = {Brink, Muriel} } @article {2288, title = {EFNEP--Multi-Agency Cooperation.}, journal = {Extension Review}, volume = {56}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {30 - 32}, url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uva.x001764414?urlappend=\%3Bseq=134\%3Bownerid=27021597765536730-136}, author = {Nancy B. Leidenfrost} } @mastersthesis {2222, title = {Factors in the life patterns of paraprofessionals: Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program aides in New York State}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1985}, school = {Cornell University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/692891261}, author = {Marian D. Peterson Rauch} } @article {1974, title = {Long-term effects of EFNEP on program homemakers}, journal = {The Reporter}, volume = {42}, year = {1985}, note = {

Yakima, WA

}, month = {Fall 1985}, pages = {22-23}, author = {Cora G Vowell} } @article {2062, title = {Measuring the impact and retention of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program on graduated Homemakers: A follow-up study}, year = {1985}, month = {09/1985}, pages = {26 p.}, institution = {University of Nebraska}, address = {Lincoln, NE}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31033766}, author = {Fosx Marilyn} } @article {1716, title = {New York State EFNEP/ Food Stamp Pilot Project- An Alternative Teaching Method: One-to-One plus group lessons supplemented with phone calls}, year = {1985}, publisher = {Cornell University, Cornell Cooperative Extension, Division of Nutrition Sciences}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23688675}, author = {Brink, Muriel} } @mastersthesis {2085, title = {Relationships between selected characteristics of Tennessee homemakers and the numbers and types of contacts they had with Extension and the numbers and types of Extension recommended food-nutrition practices they used}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {254 leaves}, school = {University of Tennessee}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13570837}, author = {Mary Nell Jackson} } @mastersthesis {2012, title = {A study of why adult women drop out of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in Wyoming}, volume = {M.A.}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {59 p.}, school = {University of Wyoming}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15336241}, author = {Karen L Ross} } @article {1726, title = {1981-83 EFNEP/Food Stamp Pilot Project : final report}, year = {1984}, publisher = { Cooperative Extension Service, the Pennsylvania State University}, address = {University Park, PA}, abstract = {

The purpose of this project was to test selected methods of delivering nutrition education for low-income homemakers. Based on the 1980-81 EFNEP/Food Stamp Pilot Project, the 1981-83 project was designed to determine the relative effectiveness and efficiency of selected teaching methods. The educational method chosen was the limited one-to-one contacts plus mailed lessons supplemented by telephone calls.\ The objectives of the program included increasing participation of food stamp families in EFNEP; applying and evaluating a standard curriculum for teaching nutrition; improving participants\&$\#$39; knowledge of basic nutrition and nutritional and food shopping practices; and to focus nutrition education on families living in rural areas

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23690165}, author = {Polly P. Dunn and Laura S. Sims and Emory J Brown} } @article {1736, title = {Connecticut Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program/Food Stamp Project: Final report}, year = {1984}, author = {Linda T Gacoin and Czajkowski, Jania} } @article {1770, title = {Eating Right is Basic 2 -- National food and nutrition education curriculum for adults and youth}, year = {1984}, note = {

Folder 12, Putting it all together, also contains an envelope with 6 sheets of stickers, 4 sheets food planners and 1 meal-planner wall-chart.
Each folder contains lesson overviews and activities. Recipes included.
A curriculum designed for the national expanded food and nutrition education program.

}, publisher = {Michigan State University, Expanded Nutrition Program}, address = {East Lansing, MI}, keywords = {diet, food, nutrition}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/824632895}, author = {Linda Gould Nierman and Kendra A Anderson} } @article {1948, title = {EFNEP: Finding ways to reach people}, journal = {Food \& Nutrition}, volume = {14}, year = {1984}, note = {

U.S. Department of Agriculture

}, pages = {6-9}, abstract = {

The actual study reports were published by USDA for the year 1982-83. The findings were published in 4 volumes. See National Agricultural Library call number above. See article information (1984) below. The purpose of the article was to review the evolution of EFNEP over 20 years of program delivery, curricula and measurements of program effectiveness and to point to the need for continual evaluation and adjustment of the program in response to these findings.

}, author = {Brenda Schuler} } @article {1728, title = {Evaluation of limited one-to-one nutrition lessons plus mailed lessons and follow-up telephone contacts: Final report on Missouri EFNEP/Food Stamp project}, year = {1984}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23690095}, author = {Enyart, Yolonda} } @mastersthesis {2236, title = {Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program Performance appraisal-- Literature review and survey results}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1984}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, author = {Margaret Thomas} } @book {1632, title = {Expanded food and nutrition education program survey}, year = {1984}, publisher = {[Texas A\&M University]}, organization = {[Texas A\&M University]}, address = {[College Station, TX]}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27926461}, author = {McDermott, Virginia} } @article {1781, title = {Good Food Becomes You -- A project to test the efficiency and effectiveness of selected teaching methods in the Massachusetts EFNEP: final report, October 1, 1981-March 31, 1984}, year = {1984}, author = {Margaret J Randall} } @article {1727, title = {Homemaker reaction to EFNEP/Food Stamp Pilot Nutrition Education Project : a 1983 Pennsylvania and Massachusetts survey}, year = {1984}, publisher = {Cooperative Extension Service, The Pennsylvania State University}, address = {University Park, Pa.}, abstract = {

Between 1982 and 1983, more than 750 homemakers from Pennsylvania and Massachusetts participated in a national study to test selected methods of delivering nutrition education to low-income families. The study, the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)/Food Stamp Pilot Project, was conducted through the EFNEP in 10 states. At the conclusion of the study, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts conducted a survey of 241 homemakers who had participated in the program in order to determine the effectiveness of the delivery system used in the EFNEP pilot project--a combination of lessons given face-to-face as home visits and mailed lessons supplemented by follow-up telephone calls. Responses to the survey indicated that low-income homemakers were very interested in receiving all kinds of food and nutrition information, especially that relating to how to stretch a food dollar. Although most respondents preferred one-to-one lessons in the home, they were also receptive to the alternative method of combining direct and indirect contacts as used in the project. A majority of the respondents reported changing old habits and adopting new ones as a result of participating in the project and nearly all of them reported sharing learned information with others.

}, url = {http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED249363}, author = {Polly P. Dunn and Mary Jane Laus and Leslie Turner and Emory J Brown} } @article {1937, title = {Making food dollars count}, journal = {Food and Nutrition}, volume = {14}, year = {1984}, month = {April 1984}, pages = {12-14}, abstract = {

Ideas and information from a workshop and booklet developed by USDA entitled \"Making Food Dollars Count\" are described. The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) in Illinois used the materials to train aides who work with homemakers. Activities included a contest to see how many families could be fed for $58/week for a 4-5 month period. Recipes from the booklet were translated into Spanish to service Spanish-speaking families. As a result homemakers are using a grocery list more often, buying in larger quantities for economy, and comparison shopping. In New Jersey the materials have been tailored for Haitians and Cubans. A local resource system was developed to help newly relocated people learn about community services. Other programs that use the workshop materials to reach low-income families around the country are mentioned. Limited copies of the booklet are available for those working with low-income families. (kbc)

}, url = {https://openagricola.nal.usda.gov/catalog/FNI84006095}, author = {Martha Poolton} } @mastersthesis {2097, title = {Nutrition knowledge of paraprofessionals in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in Louisiana}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {100 leaves}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11945446}, author = {Elizabeth Francess Kpolie} } @mastersthesis {2141, title = {Relationships between food behavior and nutrition knowledge of certain Tennessee EFNEP homemakers and selected characteristics}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = { 110 leaves}, school = {University of Tennessee}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10749704}, author = {Brenda Carolyn Shadden} } @article {1710, title = {A study of the effectiveness of the one-to-one teaching method versus the group teaching method in the EFNEP program in California : final report}, year = {1984}, publisher = {University of California}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, abstract = {

In 1981, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) implemented pilot studies in 10 states to determine the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of three nutrition education approaches. California, EFNEP was chosen to study group teaching. In California, EFNEP participants were randomly assigned to three groups; group teaching, one-to-one teaching, and control. This study reports results from comparisons of\ the three groups

}, issn = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-545}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23820048}, author = {Amy Block and Ann Del Tredici and Doug Downing} } @article {1790, title = {Utilizing the telephone and mailed lessons in nutrition education outreach, EFNEP : final report}, year = {1984}, note = {

Cover title:\ Evaluation of telephone utilization and mailed lessons in nutrition education outreach.

}, publisher = {Cooperative Extension Service, New Mexico State University}, address = {Las Cruces, NM}, abstract = {

The purpose of this Food Stamp project was to test a specific education method with emphasis on Hispanic families in urban settings. The objectives of the project were to implement and evaluate the cost efficiency and learning effectiveness of mail and telephone teaching in comparison to the traditional EFNEP one-to-one method of nutrition education. The educational method used was one-to-one lessons plus mailed lessons supplemented with telephone calls. Homemakers were recruited and assigned randomly to one of three educational groups; control, structured one-to-one, and one-to-one plus mail-plus phone.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23582438}, author = {Carol W. Turner and Mae Martha Johnson} } @article {1786, title = {The 1981-82 Texas EFNEP/Food Stamp project, final report}, year = {1983}, institution = {Expanded Nutrition Program, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, the Texas A \& M University System}, address = {College Station, TX}, issn = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-544}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23589239}, author = {Marjorie W. Smith and Carol B. Suter} } @mastersthesis {2233, title = {A discriminant analysis of social functioning predicted by stressful life events, social resources and coping behaviors within families}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1983}, school = {Kansas State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12075367}, author = {Patricia DeLange Steffens} } @article {1771, title = {Effectively teaching food and nutrition to low-income families}, year = {1983}, abstract = {In Michigan the small group instructional method was compared to the traditional one-to-one instructional method. Comparison of the instructional groups was made at both the national level and within the state. The report of the ten states that participated in the national study is title, "An Experimental Evaluation of Nutrition Education Methods." Four Michigan counties participated in the national study evaluated by Stanford Research International: Genesee, Kent, Macomb, Oakland. This study was conducted in Bay, Berrien, Calhoun, Dickenson, Ingham, Kalamazoo, Lenawee, Monroe, Saginaw, and St. Clair counties. It is concluded that both one-to-one and group instruction are effective methods for teaching low-income homemakers, provided that the curriculum is expanded and tailored to the needs and competencies of the individual learner.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23590901}, author = {Linda Gould Nierman} } @article {2285, title = {EFNEP--Sensitive to Refugees.}, journal = {Extension Review}, volume = {54}, year = {1983}, month = {1983///}, pages = {25}, url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uva.x001763958?urlappend=\%3Bseq=31\%3Bownerid=27021597765530145-35}, author = {Cress, Forrest D.} } @mastersthesis {2019, title = {An evaluation of the Clever Homemakers{\textquoteright} food calendar used by the EFNEP in Ohio}, year = {1983}, pages = {132 leaves}, school = {Ohio State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, keywords = {Education Program, food calendar, nutrition, Ohio}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10935887}, author = {Susan Patton Alexander} } @mastersthesis {2000, title = {An evaluation of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {1983}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10450103}, author = {Diane Ball Linder} } @article {1805, title = {An experimental evaluation of nutrition education methods}, year = {1983}, publisher = {Social Sciences Center, SRI International}, address = {Menlo Park, CA}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/230922092}, author = {M Wagner and Machover, M and L Newman and J Fairweather} } @mastersthesis {2072, title = {Influence of the number of home visits EFNEP homemakers in Lincoln County, Tennessee, received from program assistants and the characteristics of the homemakers upon their dietary adequacy}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1983}, school = {University of Tennessee}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10672004}, author = {Haynes, Amelia M} } @mastersthesis {2111, title = {The long-term effect of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program on the dietary practices of low-income homemakers}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1983}, month = {07/1983}, pages = {86 leaves}, school = {Oklahoma State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {https://hdl.handle.net/11244/16370}, author = {Janet C Wilson Montgomery} } @article {2295, title = {A Nutrition Education Model For Training and Updating EFNEP Aides}, journal = {Home Economics Research Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {1983}, month = {1983///}, pages = {392 - 400}, abstract = {

A nutrition education model was developed for training and updating EFNEP aides and home economists without requiring face-to-face contact with the nutrition specialist. The model incorporated six modules that focused on pertinent nutrition topics. Each consisted of a self-instruction guide for the home economists, a teaching package with audiovisual materials for the aides\&$\#$39; training session, and lesson plans with handouts for aides\&$\#$39; use with their homemakers. Pilot testing of the first two modules (without employing a control group) indicated that the approach was feasible. The design for testing the remaining four modules included an experimental group, made up of EFNEP aides who attended training sessions between pre- and posttesting, and a control group, made up of aides who attended the sessions after posttesting was completed. Experimental aides had significantly greater gains in nutrition knowledge than control aides for three of the four modules. Aides and home economists rated the modules favorably, and aides particularly enjoyed the role-playing activities. The aides felt that the information and skills gained from the sessions would be helpful to them when working with homemakers.

}, isbn = {1552-3934}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X8301100409}, author = {Looker, Anne and Long, Patricia and Hamilton, Louise and Shannon, Barbara} } @mastersthesis {2135, title = {The role of nonprofessionals in the Massachusetts Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {160 leaves}, school = {University of Massachusetts}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {https://fcaw.library.umass.edu/F/?func=direct\&doc_number=003597622\&doc_library=FCL01 }, author = {Elizabeth Carol Rudenberg} } @article {1709, title = {A study of the effectiveness of the one-to-one teaching method in the EFNEP program of California, Final Report}, year = {1983}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23820048}, author = {Amy Block and Del Tredici, Ann and Downing, Doug} } @article {2322, title = {An assessment of the objectives and implementation of the 4-H Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program--summary.}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {22 leaves ; 28 cm}, institution = {Extension Service, Science and Education, U.S. Dept of Agriculture}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51603401} } @mastersthesis {2175, title = {The effectiveness of the Maryland Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in improving the diets of enrolled homemakers}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1982}, pages = {183 leaves}, school = {University of Maryland}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, keywords = {diets, Maryland, nutrition}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9126222}, author = {Mardelle K Amstutz} } @article {1799, title = {Evaluation of EFNEP}, year = {1982}, month = {1982-1983}, address = {Rosslyn, VA}, abstract = {

The television documentary, \"Hunger USA\" (1968) brought the tragedy of poverty into the homes of middle class Americans and set the stage for a decision to convene a White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health in December 1969. USDA funded five major pilot programs designed to reach low income audiences through an innovative educational approach. In 1971, EFNEP continued to remain the single largest federally funded nutrition education program in the United States.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23765488}, author = {U.S. Department of Agriculture} } @mastersthesis {2189, title = {The impact of Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in Maryland on consumption of foods from the fifth food group by enrolled homemakers}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1982}, note = {

Copies can be ordered through ProQuest Dissertations \& Theses A\&I (subscription database, check with your local library)

}, school = {University of Maryland}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, abstract = {

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) on the consumption of foods from the fifth food group by graduated EFNEP homemakers.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9138478}, author = {Dolores Lloyd Dixon} } @article {2324, title = {Implications of the results from "An assessment of the objectives, implementation and effectiveness of the Adult Expanded Food and nutrition Education Program" for program policy and practice.}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, publisher = {Extension Service, Science and Education, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, url = {http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/51603385.html} } @mastersthesis {2073, title = {The management training needs of University of Wisconsin--Extension home economists with responsibilities for the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {41 leaves}, school = {University of Wisconsin - Stout}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8661596}, author = {Haynes, Barbara J} } @mastersthesis {1993, title = {Patterns of change in selected non-nutritional outcomes of the North Carolina Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Programs as perceived by program graduates}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {119 leaves}, school = {North Carolina State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12003681}, author = {Peter James Burke} } @book {2325, title = {An Assessment of the objectives, implementation and effectiveness of the adult Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program : technical summary.}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, publisher = {Extension Service, Science and Education, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture}, organization = {Extension Service, Science and Education, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/64027092}, author = {Mayeske, George W.} } @article {1644, title = {Communicating Nutrition -- The New York State EFNEP/ food stamp pilot project, final report (includes Spanish ed. materials in NAL collection)}, year = {1981}, publisher = {Cornell University, Cornell Cooperative Extension, Division of Nutritional Sciences}, address = {Ithaca, NY}, abstract = {

This Project was designed to (1) increase the proportion of food stamp families who receive education assistance from the EFNEP, (2) extend the EFNEP and Food Stamp Program to more families, and (3) decrease the cost per contact by utilizing an Audiocassette Special Communication System (CSCS) which includes personal contact, audiocassette technology and printed materials. The content of the six food and nutrition messages and the dissemination strategy were developed with assistance from key personnel in the four pilot sites. The dissemination strategies were group sessions and pass-alongs. The evaluation focused on the use of CSCS for recruitment and as an education method.

}, issn = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-460}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23841125}, author = {Susan Travis and Mary Lou Tenney and Royal D. Colle and Karen Gemmill} } @mastersthesis {2108, title = {A comparison of the effects of an Extension Service nutrition lesson series on youth in 4-H EFNEP and 4-H foods projects}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1981}, school = {University of Arizona}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Katherine Garrels Merrick} } @mastersthesis {2057, title = {Comparisons among dietary parameters for Wayne County, Tennessee, homemakers, pre-school children, and families enrolled in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Programs}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1981}, school = {University of Tennessee}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

This study was conducted in conjunction with the Wayne County Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service. The primary objectives of the study were to compare EFNEP dietary scores (based on the number of servings from the four food groups) of homemakers with scores for foods served to all family members, to compare the dietary scoring method currently in use by EFNEP with scores derived from nutrient analysis, and to identify factors which may influence low income homemakers to eat differently than other family members.

The study involved 45 families, homemakers, and preschool children enrolled in EFNEP in Wayne County. A 24-hour dietary recall was obtained from the homemaker for herself, her oldest preschool child, and for foods made available to all family members. An information sheet was also used to collect other pertinent dietary data. The family records kept by EFNEP were made available to provide background information for the study. All food recalls were evaluated and scored by the EFNEP scoring method and by computer nutrient analysis.

Families were served significantly (P \< 0.05) more adequate diets than were consumed by homemakers or preschool children when evaluated by the EFNEP scoring method based on servings from the four food groups. Homemakers and preschool children consumed a mean of 100\% or more of the RDA for niacin, phosphorus, protein, riboflavin, thiamin, and vitamin A. The mean percentages of the RDA consumed by homemakers for kilocalories and ascorbic acid were above the two-thirds level, as were the mean percentages of the RDA consumed by preschool children for kilocalories, calcium, and ascorbic acid. The mean percentages of the RDA for calcium and iron consumed by homemakers fell below the two-thirds level of the RDA, while only the mean percentage of iron fell below the level of two-thirds of the RDA for the preschool children\&$\#$39;s group. When evaluated by the mean percentage of the RDA per 1,000 kilocalories, the mean percentages of all nutrients consumed by homemakers and preschool children were above the two-thirds level of the RDA per 1000 kilocalories.

When homemakers\&$\#$39; and preschool children\&$\#$39;s mean scores derived by the EFNEP, dietary, and nutrient density methods were compared, no significant differences were found. A lack of significant correlation between scores led to further investigation which revealed that the EFNEP scoring system did not consistently identify individuals with low or high nutrient intake. The EFNEP scoring system tended to underestimate the nutrient quality of diets and rarely overestimated.

Preschool children\&$\#$39;s mean EFNEP scores were significantly higher (P \< 0.05) when their mothers had completed more than eight years of formal education, while the number residing in the household was found to be negatively correlated (P \< 0.01) with the homemakers\&$\#$39; thiamin and ascorbic acid ratings. Farm preschoolers\&$\#$39; mean EFNEP scores were significantly higher (P \< 0.05) than were preschoolers\&$\#$39; scores who resided in a rural non-farm setting.

Results of this study indicated that the homemakers\&$\#$39; and their preschool children\&$\#$39;s diets were closely related. No significant differences were found in their dietary intake when evaluated according to needs based on age and sex.

}, url = {https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3957}, author = {Patsy A Ezell} } @mastersthesis {2015, title = {Conocimientos sobre alimento y nutrición y practicas alimentarias de los jovenes participantes del programa educativo de alimento y nutrición del Servicio de Extension Agricola de la Region de Arecibo [English translation: Understanding of food and nutrition practices of young participants in the food and nutrition education program of the Agricultural Extension Service of the Arecibo Region ]}, volume = {M.Ed.}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {168 leaves}, school = {University of Puerto Rico}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9340810}, author = {Antonia Sachez de Aviles} } @mastersthesis {2148, title = {The development of nutrition education materials for low-income individuals: The importance of legibility research; Editing principles; and utilization of a readability formula}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1981}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Jane Spriggs} } @article {1844, title = {Dietary intake and food behavior practices: Long-term effects of the Georgia Expanded Food and Nutrition Program}, year = {1981}, note = {

University of Georgia

}, abstract = {

Homemakers\&$\#$39; food behavior practices and diet scores were compared at entrance to the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, at graduation whenever their diets met the minimum daily nutritional requirements level, and one year following graduation. Program factors studied were type of teaching method and frequency of visits of teachers. Characteristics tics of subjects studied were place of residence, educational level, age of homemaker, and age of children. The population included 225 homemakers. Food behavior practices and diet scores were maintained for all subjects after graduation. No differences occurred between entrance and graduation for subjects taught by the group method, for farm subjects, or for subjects having children in one particular age category.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5155897756}, author = {Amanda Jones Brown} } @article {1779, title = {The effect of two types of EFNEP intervention on nutrition knowledge and behavior of enrolled homemakers}, year = {1981}, abstract = {

This experimental study focused on determining how the nutrition behavior of enrolled EFNEP homemakers would be affected by the type of educational strategy used. It included a comparison of homemakers taught by the traditional method and those t aught by a nontraditional method. Nontraditional strategy was characterized by more frequent educational contact and the use of a defined curriculum for the first 8 weeks of intervention. The impact of the strategies was measured by comparing scores on Food Recall and overall subscores on the Food Behavior Checklist. The five subscores analyzed were: nutrition knowledge, food purchasing, food storage, food planning, and food preparation.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23819975}, author = {Ann V Peisher} } @booklet {1658, title = {EFNEP Food Stamp report: Kentucky}, howpublished = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-455}, year = {1981}, publisher = {University of Kentucky}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23582055}, author = {Maruyama, Fudeko and Hilliker, JoAnn} } @mastersthesis {2205, title = {A follow-up evaluation of the effects of the Michigan Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program on homemakers{\textquoteright} dietary adequacy: Implications for the future management}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1981}, school = {Michigan State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12089753}, author = {Crescentia Namalwa Kataregga} } @article {2294, title = {Food, Food Stamps, and Nutrition: An Evaluation of Methods of Recruitment and Instruction}, journal = {Sociology of Rural Life}, volume = {42}, year = {1981}, month = {1981///}, pages = {4 - 6}, author = {Richard A Krueger and Cohen, B.} } @article {1892, title = {Measuring the ability of professionals to make nutrition education interesting to EFNEP homemakers}, journal = {The Reporter}, volume = {Fall 1981}, year = {1981}, note = {

Green Bay, Wisconsin

}, month = {Fall 1981}, pages = {14}, author = {Herman, Marilyn} } @article {1753, title = {Minnesota EFNEP food stamp project, Agricultural Extension Service, University of Minnesota: Final Report}, year = {1981}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23687496}, author = {Richard A Krueger} } @book {1638, title = {More effective EFNEP recruitment and education for Georgia food stamp recipients}, series = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-452}, year = {1981}, note = {

University of Georgia affiliation

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23820283}, author = {Ann V Peisher} } @mastersthesis {2198, title = {Nonnutritional effects of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program as perceived by its graduates in North Carolina}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1981}, note = {

This graduate study may have been first completed in 1981 according to WorldCat.

}, month = {1981}, pages = {80 leaves}, school = {North Carolina State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12089710}, author = {Alma Cobb Hobbs} } @article {1754, title = {Nutrition education through Spanish language television}, year = {1981}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23688161}, author = {Susan G Laughlin} } @article {1755, title = {The super shopper project}, year = {1981}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23742457}, author = {Courser, Carol and Foster, Lenette} } @article {1778, title = {A test of alternate methods to reach and teach low-income families in EFNEP}, year = {1981}, publisher = {University of Rhode Island, Cooperative Extension Service}, address = {Kingston, Rhode Island}, abstract = {

The goal of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) is to promote sound nutritional practices among low-income families. The University of Rhode Island investigated alternative program methods of teaching food stamp families. One unique approach studied was the use of periodic mailings to teach basic nutrition concepts. A total of 13 lessons, were mailed to participants during a 6-month\ period of time. Also a media packet was developed and tested in two sites. Method implementation and over-all effectiveness of these alternative methods were analyzed.

}, issn = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-463}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23731028}, author = {Angele Marie Parker} } @article {1780, title = {A test of alternative methods to reach and teach low-income families in EFNEP}, year = {1981}, author = {Margaret J Randall and Mary McBrady} } @booklet {1660, title = {Un Programa De Nutricion para Usted}, howpublished = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-459}, year = {1981}, publisher = {Rutgers University}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23820196}, author = {Isabel Ana Rosa} } @article {1773, title = {You, too, can participate in EFNEP}, year = {1981}, publisher = {M.S.U. Cooperative Extension Service, Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, address = {East Lansing, MI}, issn = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-456}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23835932}, author = {Linda Gould Nierman and Michigan State University. Cooperative Extension Service} } @mastersthesis {2074, title = {Change in nutrition knowledge and food consumption of youth in three north Louisiana Parishes, 1978}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1980}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6600016}, author = {Hazmuha, Jarmila Caroline} } @mastersthesis {2076, title = {Congruence of perceptions of interest-arousing appeals between paraprofessionals and low-income homemakers as related to satisfactions with a nutrition education program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1980}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Herman, Marilyn} } @article {1743, title = {Cost effectiveness of three nutrition education delivery systems}, year = {1980}, publisher = {Extension Service, University of Vermont}, address = {Burlington, VT}, abstract = {

A 3-month Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) project was carried out by the Extension Services of Vermont and Nevada to increase participation of food stamp families in EFNEP. Three different nutrition education delivery systems were developed, implemented, tested, and evaluated. The program resulted in: high response from food stamp participants; significant positive gains from pre-test to post-test status in nutrition knowledge, food practices, and nutrition behavior; a 95\% participant response (indicating desire to continue receiving nutrition educational materials); and a high response from nutrition aides assisting the conduct of the program. The aides concluded that: telephone counseling was equally effective to in-home visits; that direct mail lessons provided an effective mechanism for teaching hard-to-reach clients; and that a Good Food-Good Times packet (coupled with television, direct mail, and telephone counseling) was successful for providing lessons in nutrition education. The nutrition education delivery system conducted by direct mail and television with no personal contacts by aides was judged the most cost effective.

}, issn = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-465}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16807319}, author = {Robert E. Honnold and University of Vermont. Extension Service.} } @article {1926, title = {Effect of nutrition education on dietary behavior of low-income homemakers}, journal = {The Reporter}, volume = {Fall 1980}, year = {1980}, note = {

Paducah, KY

}, month = {Fall 1980}, pages = {14}, author = {Emma P Maxfield} } @mastersthesis {1999, title = {The effects of certain extension education programs on selected attitude changes in low-income adults}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {1980}, school = {North Carolina State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7638182}, author = {Richard Terry Liles} } @mastersthesis {2218, title = {An evaluation of changes in nutrition knowledge and nutrition practices of aides in the EFNEP in Arkansas}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1980}, school = {Texas Woman{\textquoteright}s University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7101544}, author = {Marjorie M Phillips} } @mastersthesis {2050, title = {An evaluation of the Expanded Nutrition Education Program for limited-income adolescents, Galveston County, Texas}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1980}, school = {Texas Southern University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11886054}, author = {Brenda M Dickinson} } @book {1631, title = {Evaluation of the learning modules produced by Nebraska for training paraprofessionals in EFNEP}, series = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-364}, year = {1980}, publisher = {Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources}, organization = {Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources}, address = {University of Nebraska-Lincoln}, abstract = {

This project produced eight learning modules designed to meet some of the specific educational needs of paraprofessionals in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). The eight learning modules were: \"The Mission of the EFNEP Aides\", \"Stages in the Life Cycle\", \"Recruiting Program Families\", \"Cultural Foods of Families\", \"Helping People Learn and Do\", \"Helping People Change\", \"Working Smarter\", \"Measuring the Program Family\&$\#$39;s Progress.\" A learning module consists of a videotape and written guide designed to contribute to the initial and continued training needs of EFNEP paraprofessionals or program aides. The modules developed in this project offer great flexibility in terms of choice of time, place, and use with either new or experienced aides or a combination of the two. The modules were pilot tested in Texas, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. The eighth module, \"Measuring the Program Family\&$\#$39;s Progress\" was produced, but reviewed only informally in Nebraska, Washington, DC, Arkansas, and Georgia.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23648015}, author = {Harriet H Kohn} } @article {1735, title = {Food phone- An EFNEP project to reach food stamp families in South Dakota.}, year = {1980}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23837549}, author = {Barbara Froke} } @article {1811, title = {Food stamp project}, year = {1980}, publisher = {Oklahoma State University}, address = {Stillwater, OK}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23730544}, author = {Kathleen Yadrick} } @book {1643, title = {Food stamp/EFNEP, expanded food \& nutrition education program, coordination project for Alaska.}, year = {1980}, publisher = {Cooperative Extension Service, University of Alaska and USDA cooperating}, organization = {Cooperative Extension Service, University of Alaska and USDA cooperating}, address = {Fairbanks, Alaska}, abstract = {

This project attempted to determine the points of potential contact between EFNEP nutrition aides and food stamp participants in Fairbanks, AK. Three high volume supermarkets, on the first part of each month, were determined to have the greatest potential for contact between EFNEP nutrition aides and food stamp recipients in Fairbanks. Demonstrations were scheduled at these sites. Post project interviews at the food stamp office determined that 18\% of the food stamp applicants saw at least one demonstration and that 32 percent tried at least one recipe.

December 1980 Book OCLC: 23694458

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31106482}, author = {Marguerite Stetson} } @article {2301, title = {Impact of EFNEP on Some Nutrition-Related Practices: Developing a Tool to Record Changes.}, journal = {Journal of the American Dietetic Association}, volume = {76}, year = {1980}, month = {1980}, pages = {570 - 574}, author = {Murphy, M.J. and Smiciklas-Wright, H. and Heasley, D.K. and Hamilton, L.W.} } @book {1640, title = {Increasing food stamp recipient participation in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in Hawaii}, year = {1980}, publisher = {University of Hawaii, Cooperative Extension Service}, organization = {University of Hawaii, Cooperative Extension Service}, address = {[Honolulu, Hawaii]}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23819914}, author = {Marian D Rauch} } @article {1720, title = {The Kansas EFNEP/ Food Stamp Project: Teaching guide for family food fair}, year = {1980}, author = {Mary P Clark and Grace M Lang and Susan Watt} } @mastersthesis {2150, title = {Meat shopping practices of low-income families}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1980}, month = {1980}, pages = {92 leaves}, school = {Penn State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/82658305}, author = {Phyllis Fay Binkley Strickler} } @article {1734, title = {Nutrition party plans: An effective method of reaching food stamp recipients}, year = {1980}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23763557}, author = {Fowler, Sue} } @mastersthesis {2107, title = {Parent-centered nutrition education: A pilot study}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1980}, note = {

Can not verify

}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Deborah McLeish} } @mastersthesis {2069, title = {Program development processes: Iowa family food aides}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1980}, month = {1980}, pages = {98 leaves}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7034825}, author = {Peggy Martin Haafke} } @mastersthesis {2124, title = {Relationships between dietary adequacy of homemakers participating in Tennessee{\textquoteright}s Extension Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program and selected characteristics}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1980}, month = {1980}, pages = {108 leaves}, school = {University of Tennessee}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7244065}, author = {Kathy Diann Quillen} } @mastersthesis {2165, title = {A study of food consumption practices of selected North Carolina homemakers who participated in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1980}, month = {1980}, pages = {69 leaves}, school = {East Carolina University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6702846}, author = {Bernadett G Watts} } @mastersthesis {2154, title = {Adolescent nutrition knowledge and the evaluation of "Nutrition for Today{\textquoteright}s Youth"}, year = {1979}, month = {1979}, pages = {121 leaves}, school = {Pennsylvania State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/78439477}, author = {Terri Spangler Triana} } @article {2300, title = {Adult EFNEP: The first 10 years}, journal = {California Agriculture}, volume = {33}, year = {1979}, month = {1979/06/01/}, pages = {4 - 6}, abstract = {

What the homemaker eats is a reflection of what her family eats.

}, isbn = {0008-0845}, url = {http://calag.ucanr.edu/Archive/?article=ca.v033n06p4}, author = {Whitlock, G. and Hall, M.} } @mastersthesis {2223, title = {Appropriateness ratings of food as reported by participants in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program and by faculty}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1979}, note = {

Available online from ProQuest Dissertations \& Theses A\&I (subscription database, check with your local library)

}, school = {Ohio State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, abstract = {

Food habits have been defined as the way persons, in response to social and cultural influences, select, use, and eat items that are available for consumption (l). Food acceptance has been further described as a complex type of food habit affected by a variety of reactions of individuals who function within a social and cultural framework (2).

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6390594}, author = {Marjorie Ellen Rauschert} } @mastersthesis {2027, title = {Assessment of types of involvement on EFNEP homemaker progress}, year = {1979}, month = {12/1979}, pages = {68}, school = {Oklahoma State University, Stillwater}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, keywords = {homemaker}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/11244/18069}, author = {Kay K Barrick} } @article {2283, title = {Comic Books: An Effective Teaching Tool}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {17}, year = {1979}, month = {1979}, pages = {18 - 23}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/1979january/79-1-a3.pdf}, author = {Curtis Trent and Kinlaw, Rachel} } @mastersthesis {2207, title = {The development of a dynamic simulation model used as a tool in policy analysis in the expanded food and nutrition education program}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1979}, school = {University of Minnesota}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5702647}, author = {Richard A Krueger} } @mastersthesis {2168, title = {The effect of the Maryland{\textquoteright}s 4-H summer enrichment program on the food attitudes, nutrition knowledge and behavior of youth}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1979}, school = {University of Maryland}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16914842}, author = {Edith C Williams} } @booklet {1662, title = {The effectiveness of the nutrition lesson series as used by volunteers in the Nutrition Education Program}, year = {1979}, month = {[1979]}, publisher = {Nutrition and Education Program, Cooperative Extension Service, Rutgers University}, address = {[New Brunswick, NJ]}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25418181}, author = {Roseanne G Speelman} } @article {1791, title = {The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program: Historical and statistical profile}, year = {1979}, publisher = {USDA, Science and Educational Administration, Synectics Corporation, Allison Park, PA}, address = {Washington, DC}, url = {https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x030488041;view=1up;seq=1}, author = {U.S. Department of Agriculture} } @mastersthesis {2123, title = {Food buying behavior and the effect of parent-child interaction on learning food buying skills.}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1979}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Susanne Propst} } @book {1641, title = {Food expenditures, consumption, and nutrient availability among New York State EFNEP households}, series = {Search}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {1979}, pages = {58}, publisher = {Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, New York State College of Human Ecology}, organization = {Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, New York State College of Human Ecology}, address = {Ithaca, New York}, url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32435071487359?urlappend=\%3Bseq=175\%3Bownerid=116401185-181}, author = {Diva Sanjur and Pam Hines and Sue Travis and Mark Brooks and Beverly Hammons and Maarten D. C. Immink} } @mastersthesis {2177, title = {The Georgia Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program{\textquoteright}s long-term effects on dietary intake and food behavior practices}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1979}, school = {Florida State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7609512}, author = {Amanda Jones Brown} } @mastersthesis {2022, title = {The identification and categorization of Expanded Food and Nutrition Education program aides{\textquoteright} competencies}, year = {1979}, month = {1979}, school = {University of Arizona, Tucson}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, keywords = {nutrition extension work, nutrition study and teaching, paraprofessionals in social service}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10150/557975}, author = {Patricia Elaine Aune} } @article {1874, title = {Impact of food stamp and nutrition education programs on food group expenditure and nutrient intake of low income households}, journal = {Southern Journal of Agriculture Economics}, volume = {11}, year = {1979}, month = {December 1979}, pages = {121-129}, url = {http://purl.umn.edu/30033} } @article {1639, title = {Improvements in using the 24 hour food recall in EFNEP: A programmed learning approach}, year = {1979}, publisher = {Pennsylvania State University. Cooperative Extension Services. }, address = {[University Park, PA]}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6023752}, author = {F. Ruth Prest} } @article {1718, title = {A mini study of the nutritive value of foods consumed by NEP homemakers purchasing and not purchasing food stamps}, year = {1979}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50556226}, author = {Audrey C Burkart} } @mastersthesis {2089, title = {Nutrition concepts held by youth enrolled in Iowa Expanded Nutrition Program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1979}, month = {1979}, pages = {87 leaves}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5789321}, author = {Anne Fidelis Robert Kauye} } @mastersthesis {2102, title = {Nutrition progression record scores of participating expanded food and nutrition education program families in five Ohio counties}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1979}, month = {1979}, pages = {108 leaves}, school = {Ohio State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6594405}, author = {Alice Karen Lindeman} } @mastersthesis {2118, title = {Relationship of teaching exposure patterns to diet behavior change in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program: Fresno County, CA}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1979}, month = {1979}, pages = {54 leaves}, school = {California State University, Fresno}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62042541}, author = {Margaret Ruth Owens Parsons} } @mastersthesis {2100, title = {An assessment of educational wants and needs of Wisconsin EFNEP participants}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1978}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4109858}, author = {Mary Onisko Lavender} } @mastersthesis {2036, title = {Assessment of job satisfaction of paraprofessionals in relation to selected personal characteristics and working environmental factors}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1978}, school = {University of Arizona}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4069667}, author = {Julie Patricia Camp} } @mastersthesis {1987, title = {A comparison of managerial practices and nutritional status in a selected sample of Virginia food stamp recipients}, volume = {B.S.}, year = {1978}, school = {James Madison University}, type = {B.S. thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4205278}, author = {Donna Marie Graham} } @article {1752, title = {Development and use of universal visuals in a multi-media videotaped series of programs tested with three different audiences}, year = {1978}, author = {Kristiansson, Karen and F. Aline Coffey} } @mastersthesis {2106, title = {Development of an instrument, "a measure of some nutrition-related practices," for use in the expanded food and nutrition program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1978}, school = {Pennsylvania State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/81308036}, author = {Mary Jo Flanagan Murphy} } @mastersthesis {2006, title = {The effect of nutrition education on the 4-H DOT youth in Alabama}, volume = {Ed.S.}, year = {1978}, school = {Auburn University}, type = {Ed.S. thesis}, author = {Virginia H Goebel} } @mastersthesis {2045, title = {The effect of two teaching methods on food patterns of Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program homemakers in three South Carolina counties}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1978}, school = {Winthrop College, Rock Hill}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Sarah M Danner} } @mastersthesis {2219, title = {The effectiveness of cartoon booklets in disseminating nutrition information to low-income homemakers}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1978}, school = {North Carolina State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5908245}, author = {Frank Pintozzi} } @mastersthesis {2188, title = {The effectiveness of the Maryland EFNEP in Improving the diets of enrolled homemakers}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1978}, school = {University of Maryland}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, author = {Dolores L Dixon} } @mastersthesis {2112, title = {Effects of participation in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program on food knowledge and food consumption}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1978}, school = {University of Chicago}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Marsha R Mueller} } @article {2292, title = {EFNEP Teachers Learn, Too.}, journal = {Farm, Ranch and Home Quarterly}, volume = {25}, year = {1978}, month = {1978///}, pages = {3 - 4}, url = {https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/frhq/15}, author = {Harriet H Kohn and Constance Ahlman and Florell, Robert J.} } @mastersthesis {2034, title = {An Evaluation of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Program in Sumter and Kershaw Counties, South Carolina.}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1978}, school = {Winthrop College, Rock Hill}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5201592}, author = {Julia A Brock} } @mastersthesis {2048, title = {Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program: Its Impact on aides and program families in Pennsylvania- An update}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1978}, school = {Pennsylvania State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55728800}, author = {Sonya S Davis} } @mastersthesis {2094, title = {Food consumption habits of graduated EFNEP homemakers}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1978}, school = {Auburn University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Margaret E Kirkland} } @book {1624, title = {Influence of a nutrition education program (EFNEP) on infant nutrition in East Harlem}, series = {American Dietetic Association}, volume = {74}, year = {1978}, note = {

Cornell University affilitation

}, month = {April 1978}, abstract = {

An assessment of the effectiveness of aides working in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) to improve the nutritional status of infants was conducted with a group of 118 infants attending a well-baby clinic in a low-income area of New York City. In addition to clinic care, the fifty-seven study infants received home visits from a nutrition aide whose role was to reinforce nutritional advice received at the clinic. The sixty-one control infants received only regular clinic care. The benefits of having an aide were suggested by three observations: Reduction in the practice of introducing whole cow\&$\#$39;s milk to young infants, familiarizing older infants with a variety of foods, and reducing the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia. Few of the differences between study and control infants achieved statistical significance, although trends consistently indicated that the presence of aides was beneficial. The problems of assessing the effectiveness of nutrition education programs with healthy infants are discussed.

}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/641274}, author = {Bowering, Jean} } @mastersthesis {2152, title = {Maryland Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program paraprofessionals{\textquoteright} attitudes toward their job, training, and on-the-job supervision}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1978}, note = {

}, school = {University of Maryland}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Marian B Sutton} } @mastersthesis {2127, title = {Nutrition education for low-income families: Providing nutritious snack foods}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1978}, note = {

Not able to verify

}, month = {1978}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Amy Ribble-Modjeska} } @mastersthesis {2099, title = {Nutrition education for low-income families; Use of the Basic 4 and attractiveness in meal planning}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1978}, note = {

Not able to verify

}, month = {1978}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Kurowski, Karen} } @article {2296, title = {Nutrition education in a reading enrichment program}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {10}, year = {1978}, month = {1978/01/01/}, pages = {22 - 23}, isbn = {0022-3182}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(78)80087-9}, author = {Ruth L. Lowenberg} } @article {2293, title = {Nutritional status of main food preparers and of nutrition education assistants}, journal = {Journal of the American Dietetic Association}, volume = {72}, year = {1978}, month = {1978/03//}, pages = {282 - 288}, abstract = {

The dietary habits and nutritional status of nutrition education assistants (NEAS) in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in Missouri were compared with a representative population of Missouri main food preparers (MFPs) from the same regions of the state. Dietary histories indicated that the NEAs tended to have better habits than the MFPs. Using biochemical parameters for determining status for iron, vitamin A, ascorbic acid, and riboflavin, the differences between the two groups were not as great as for the dietary intakes. However, almost half of the MFPs were taking at least one vitamin or mineral supplement compared with 17 per cent of the NEAs. A low dietary intake, coupled with some anemia, probably relating to a low iron intake, was a major nutritional problem for both groups of subjects. Low plasma vitamin A values were also observed among a large proportion of both groups, and obesity was a widespread problem for both groups.

}, keywords = {Adult, African Americans, Allied Health Personnel, Blood Cells, diet, Educational Status, Female, Food Handling, Humans, Middle Aged, Missouri, Nutritional Requirements, Nutritional Sciences, Whites}, isbn = {0002-8223}, author = {Kohrs, M. B. and Nordstrom, J. and O{\textquoteright}Neal, R. and Eklund, D. and Paulsen, B. K. and Hertzler, A.} } @mastersthesis {2183, title = {Perceptions of the role of paraprofessionals employed in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program held by state Extension program leaders and county Extension supervising home economists in the Southern Extension region}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1978}, month = {1978}, pages = {210 leaves}, school = {Auburn University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4393358}, author = {Dorothy Carol Hagg Cavender} } @book {1628, title = {A study of the cooking equipment in Pennsylvania EFNEP homes}, year = {1978}, publisher = {Pennsylvania State University, Cooperative Extension Service}, organization = {Pennsylvania State University, Cooperative Extension Service}, address = {University Park, Pennsylvania}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31036342}, author = {Hamilton, Louise and Ikenberry, Judy} } @mastersthesis {1989, title = {Training needs of expanded food and nutrition education program aides in Mississippi as perceived by aides and supervising agents}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {1978}, month = {1978}, pages = {99 leaves}, school = {University of Florida}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, keywords = {Mississippi, nutrition extension work}, url = {http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00058780/00001}, author = {Anderson, Caroline} } @mastersthesis {2200, title = {Analysis of the job dimensions of program assistants in EFNEP}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1977}, school = {Auburn University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, author = {Betty B Holley} } @mastersthesis {2104, title = {Conditions for group learning as perceived by low-income women}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1977}, school = {University of Arizona}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3948110}, author = {Betty Jean Fors Maier} } @book {1645, title = {The effectiveness of cartoon booklets, information leaflets and circular letters in disseminating basic foods and information to low income families}, year = {1977}, publisher = {NC Agricultural Extension Service}, organization = {NC Agricultural Extension Service}, address = {Raleigh, NC}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29660109}, author = {Curtis Trent and R Kinlaw and Frank Pintozzi} } @mastersthesis {2228, title = {The effects of three instructional approaches on knowledge gain and attitude change of paraprofessionals: In the Expanded Food and Education Program}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1977}, school = {Ohio State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4074285}, author = {Alma Montano Saddam} } @article {2313, title = {Evaluating 24-hour dietary recalls}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {9}, year = {1977}, month = {1977/01/01/}, pages = {20 - 25}, isbn = {0022-3182}, url = {https://www.jneb.org/article/S0022-3182(77)80112-X/fulltext}, author = {Bowering, Jean and Morrison, Mary A. and Lowenberg, Ruth L. and Tirado, Nilda} } @article {2291, title = {Follow-Up of Pararofressionals Working With Low-Income Families}, journal = {Home Economics Research Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {1977}, month = {1977///}, pages = {148 - 163}, abstract = {

To provide guidelines for selection and recruitment of paraprofessionals in New York State Cooperative Extension\&$\#$39;s Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), an investigation was undertaken to: (1) determine significant differences between aides presently employed and aides who had left EFNEP, (2) ascertain the number of former aides reentering the labor market and their later success on other jobs, (3) analyze procedures followed to recruit and select aides. The sample consisted of employed and former aides in eight upstate New York counties. Data were collected through interview schedules designed for the study. There were significant differences between the two aide groups. The group most likely to stay in EFNEP employment was made up of older women, married, from nuclear families, homeowners, and whose husband and children favored the aide\&$\#$39;s pursuit. Most former aides had dropped out of employment for personal or family reasons. Approximately one- half reentered the labor market and were rated as doing satisfactory work. Agencies with which Extension agents had a close working relationship or which were in a situation to know the occupational needs of low-income job seekers provided the best referral sources. A significant difference of opinion existed among former aides, employed aides, and agents as to the most important characteristics for an aide to possess; the greatest difference existed between the two aide groups and agents.

}, isbn = {1552-3934}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X7700600207}, author = {Engelbrecht Iscan, Walda and Nelson, Helen Y.} } @mastersthesis {2147, title = {Food intake of homemakers in Expanded Nutrition Program in Iowa}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1977}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19738808}, author = {Jean Boschma Snyder} } @mastersthesis {2065, title = {Nutrition consumption within families and the effect of family nutrition education}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1977}, month = {1977}, pages = {86 leaves}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3725084}, author = {Sari Rose Gilman} } @mastersthesis {2119, title = {Orientation that offers Extension Service to food stamp participants}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1977}, note = {

Can not verify

}, month = {1977}, school = {University of Puerto Rico}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Delores Pinero} } @article {1850, title = {Scaling criteria in developing and evaluating an attitude instrument}, journal = {Journal of American Dietetic Association}, volume = {70}, year = {1977}, pages = {42-47}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/830707}, author = {Betty R Carruth and Anderson, HL} } @article {1667, title = {Study on the orientation food stamp families receive from the Agriculture Extension (In Spanish: Estudio sobre la orientacion que ofrece el Servicio de Extension Agricola a las familias que reciben cupones para alimentos)}, year = {1977}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7910479}, author = {Dolores Pinero Caparros} } @article {1673, title = {Working with families through Cooperative Extension Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program: a guide for Cooperative Extension agents and aides}, year = {1977}, publisher = {Cornell University}, address = {Ithaca, NY}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8278379}, author = {Janet M Fitchen and Joelle Hendrick Love and Marjorie B Washbon} } @mastersthesis {2098, title = {Characteristics of high and low performing extension food and nutrition education program assistants in Tennessee}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1976}, note = {

Also in the Research and Studies Issue, The EHE Reporter, 1977

}, school = {University of Tennessee}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2624840}, author = {Brenda Parman Kucharski} } @article {1729, title = {Characteristics of the 4-H Expanded Foods and Nutrition Program}, year = {1976}, publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, url = {https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011392483}, author = {J Gerald Feaster} } @article {1777, title = {The development of volunteer leadership among disadvantaged persons: A second year report on a pilot project}, year = {1976}, publisher = {Missouri Cooperative Extension Service}, address = {Columbia, MO}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10170117}, author = {Jeanne Nolan} } @article {1713, title = {The effect of Extension Service{\textquoteright}s youth nutrition lesson series on behavioral change in EFNEP youth utilizing different educational environments and teachers}, year = {1976}, publisher = {North Carolina State Agricultural Education Service}, address = {Raleigh, NC}, url = {https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED126267}, author = {Edgar John Boone and Estelle E White} } @article {1697, title = {The effect of Extension Service{\textquoteright}s youth nutrition lesson series on behavioral change in EFNEP youth utilizing different educational environments and teachers: An evaluative study of the use and effectiveness of a lesson series developed by...}, year = {1976}, publisher = {North Carolina State Agricultural Extension Service}, address = {Raleigh, NC}, url = {https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED126267}, author = {Edgar John Boone and Estelle E. White} } @article {1774, title = {The effect of progression from the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program on dietary adequacy}, year = {1976}, note = {

government publication

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31036916}, author = {Jeanne Nolan} } @mastersthesis {2210, title = {Effectiveness of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in Mississippi: A planned program of intervention}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1976}, school = {Mississippi State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41539402}, author = {William Wiley Linder} } @article {1705, title = {Evaluation of program effectiveness through multi-agency cooperation in the use of aides}, year = {1976}, note = {

TWO volumes

v. 1. Case history of multi-agency cooperation in the planning, development, and implementation of a family aide program in Appalachian Maryland --
v. 2. Evaluation of service delivery effectiveness of the family aide program in Appalachian Maryland.

}, publisher = {Cooperative Extension Service, University of Maryland}, address = {College Park, MD}, abstract = {

The Family Aide Program (FAP) utilizes a multi-agency administrative structure and multi-agency funding. The first volume of a two-part study reviews the organizational history of the FAP as it evolved and operated; identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the structure; assesses the level of inter-agency cooperation; and assesses its value as a model for replication.

}, keywords = {family social work, rural extension}, issn = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-203}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9890632}, author = {Diana Ryan Baldwin} } @article {1887, title = {Evaluation study of the effectiveness of teaching methods used in the Walworth County EFNEP}, journal = {The EHE Reporter, Reports and Studies Issue}, year = {1976}, note = {

Delavan, WI

}, pages = {4}, author = {Nancy L Gruel} } @mastersthesis {2149, title = {The expanded food and nutrition education program: relationship of adequacy of homemakers{\textquoteright} diets to aides{\textquoteright} knowledge and performance}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1976}, school = {Cornell University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2832718}, author = {Barbara Grace Stewart} } @article {1946, title = {Extension programs for low-income Spanish speaking and American Indian families}, journal = {EHE Reporter, Annual Meeting Issue 1976}, volume = {33}, year = {1976}, pages = {5}, author = {M Saul} } @article {1933, title = {Impact of nutrition education on low-income homemakers in Salt Lake County}, journal = {The EHE Reporter, Reports and Studies Issue 1976}, year = {1976}, note = {

Salt Lake City, UT

}, pages = {7}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8955945}, author = {Margie Ruth Newman} } @article {2284, title = {Infant Nutrition in East Harlem}, journal = {Human Ecology Forum}, volume = {46}, year = {1976}, month = {1976///}, pages = {17 - 19}, url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31822007258882?urlappend=\%3Bseq=93\%3Bownerid=115676197-101}, author = {Bowering, Jean} } @article {1981, title = {[No Title]}, journal = {The EHE Reporter, Research and Studies Issue}, year = {1976}, note = {

North Carolina Central University

}, pages = {8-9}, author = {Mary Jacobs Whitmore} } @article {1909, title = {Progress of EFNEP in Mille Lacs County (also ENFEP direction), MN}, journal = {The EHE Reporter, Reports and Studies Issues 1976}, year = {1976}, note = {

Mille Lacs County, Milaca, MN

}, pages = {9}, author = {Kellman, Cheryl} } @article {1665, title = {Progress of selected Florida and Georgia families in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education program}, number = {ERS-636 OC}, year = {1976}, institution = {U.S. Department of Agriculture}, author = {J Gerald Feaster and Garey Perkins} } @article {2279, title = {Role of EFNEP aides in improving diets of pregnant women}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {8}, year = {1976}, month = {1976/07/01/}, pages = {111 - 117}, isbn = {0022-3182}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(76)80006-4}, author = {Bowering, Jean and Morrison, Mary A. and Ruth L. Lowenberg and Tirado, Nilda} } @mastersthesis {2096, title = {Selected characteristics of high and low performance rated extension agents responsible for the Tennessee Agricultural Extension Special Program in food for youth}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1976}, month = {08/1976}, pages = {101 leaves}, school = {University of Tennessee}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3057/}, author = {Beverly Daniels Kosoko} } @mastersthesis {2143, title = {Selected eating habits, attitudes, and nutrition knowledge of fifth grade pupils in Brevard County, Florida}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1976}, month = {12/1976}, pages = {85 leaves}, school = {Florida State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44790909}, author = {Debra Kay Sims} } @booklet {1650, title = {Special need funds granted University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Service : the development of self-determined group projects in expanded nutrition education for low-income teenage youth : final report}, howpublished = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-151}, year = {1976}, note = {

Cover title:\  Development of self-determined group projects in expanded nutrition education in low-income teenage youth

}, publisher = {University of Arizona}, address = {Tucson, AZ}, abstract = {

This report presented an analysis of the effectiveness of a teenage food and nutrition program planned by the teenagers under the direction of teen leaders recruited and trained by Extension personnel.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9999721}, author = {Howard E. Jones and Gerald R. Stairs} } @article {1746, title = {Special needs funds granted University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Service: The development of self-determined group projects in expanded nutrition education for low-income teenage youth: Final report}, year = {1976}, publisher = {University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Service}, address = {Tucson, AZ}, abstract = {

This report presented an analysis of the effectiveness of a teenage food and nutrition program planned by the teenagers under the direction of teen leaders recruited and trained by Extension personnel.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9999721}, author = {Howard E Jones and Gerald R Stairs} } @mastersthesis {2051, title = {Assessment of some benefits derived from the Florida Expanded Nutrition training program as perceived by home economist aides and supervising home economic agents}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1975}, month = {08/1975}, pages = {80 leaves}, school = {Florida State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44623534}, author = {Barmel Bledsoe Dixon} } @mastersthesis {2211, title = {Competencies needed by family food aides}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1975}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18861662}, author = {Leah Tirindi Marangu} } @booklet {1656, title = {The development of in-service education self-study guides for use by nutrition education assistants}, howpublished = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-207}, year = {1975}, publisher = {University of Missouri}, abstract = {

This pilot project developed in-service nutrition education materials for nutrition education assistants in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program. The materials developed were four self-study guides: \"Food For The Family\"; \"Children, Their First Five Years\"; \"Use of Your Resources\"; and \"Science in Food.\" Nutrition education assistants\&$\#$39; job performance was appraised by means of an instrument especially designed for use with the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program. Job performance was appraised by the supervising home economist prior to the distribution of the first self-study guide and after the last one had been completed.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23835696}, author = {Keith, Hugh} } @article {1714, title = {East Harlem Nutrition Education Program influence of EFNEP aide intervention during pregnancy on dietary improvement}, year = {1975}, publisher = {Cornell University, Cooperative Extension}, address = {Ithaca, NY}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23730715}, author = {Bowering, Jean and Helen Nelson and Bettie Lee Yerka} } @article {1807, title = {East Harlem Nutrition Education Program--Final Report, February 1975}, year = {1975}, publisher = {Cornell University, Cooperative Extension}, address = {Ithaca, NY}, issn = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-139}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9766449}, author = {Marjorie B. Washbon and New York State College of Human Ecology} } @mastersthesis {2203, title = {The effect of the Extension Service{\textquoteright}s youth nutrition lesson series and selected factors in the teaching/learning environment on nutrition behavior change in disadvantaged youth}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1975}, school = {North Carolina State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2403527}, author = {Martha Ruth Johnson} } @mastersthesis {2201, title = {The effect of the Extension Service{\textquoteright}s youth nutrition lesson series and selected socio-psychological factors on nutrition behavior change in disadvantaged youth}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1975}, school = {North Carolina State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, abstract = {

The central focus of this evaluative study was to assess the nutrition behavior change (i.e., change in nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and food intake) in disadvantaged youth, ages 8 through 12, that could be attributed to the first 6 lessons of the 10 l

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2396819}, author = {Margaret Ann James} } @mastersthesis {2068, title = {An evaluation of concurrent parent-child teaching in nutrition education}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1975}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/609079421}, author = {Griffiths, Marcia} } @article {2297, title = {An Evaluation of EFNEP{\textquoteright}s Side Effects}, journal = {Journal of Extension}, volume = {13}, year = {1975}, month = {1975///}, pages = {11 - 20}, url = {https://archives.joe.org/joe/1975may/75-3-a2.pdf}, author = {Ramsey, Charles and Cloyd, Mary} } @mastersthesis {2164, title = {Evaluation of food and nutrition concepts of Iowa youth in the expanded nutrition program using a slide-tape presentation}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1975}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18758033}, author = {June Walter Watson} } @mastersthesis {1992, title = {Expectations of the aides{\textquoteright} role on the part of aides and home economists in nutrition education program}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {1975}, school = {Columbia Teacher{\textquoteright}s College}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/81961953}, author = {Audrey C Burkart} } @article {1690, title = {A follow-up study of former paraprofessional aides in Nebraska{\textquoteright}s Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, number = {ASIN: B00073BHJI}, year = {1975}, institution = {Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln}, keywords = {Nebraska}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50416185}, author = {Harriet H Kohn and Constance Ahlman and Robert J Florell} } @mastersthesis {2090, title = {Growth status of preschool children in the Expanded Nutrition and Family Program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1975}, school = {Michigan State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7829405}, author = {Joan Elizabeth Kazmarek} } @mastersthesis {2052, title = {The influence of the 1971 statewide Extension foods and nutrition survey on amounts of staff time planned and expended and clientele contacts with selected audiences and teaching methods, Fiscal Years 1972-1974}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1975}, school = {University of Tennessee}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2114530}, author = {Donna Lou Downen} } @article {1952, title = {Louisiana Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program -- Are we doing as well as we think?}, journal = {ENE Reporter}, volume = {32}, year = {1975}, note = {

Covington, LA

}, pages = {5}, author = {Shirley Scott} } @book {1646, title = {The phonoviewer as an EFNEP teaching method}, year = {1975}, publisher = {University of Wisconsin-Extension}, organization = {University of Wisconsin-Extension}, address = {Madison, Wisconsin}, url = {https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED110023}, author = {Jane Voichick and Sara Steele} } @mastersthesis {2014, title = {A profile of paraprofessionals working with the expanded food and nutrition program in Pennsylvania}, volume = {M.Ed. }, year = {1975}, note = {

also published as Cooperative Extension Service. Extension studies, no. 60

}, month = {1975}, pages = {73 leaves}, school = {Pennsylvania State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

The major purpose of the study was to develop a profile of nutrition paraprofessionals in Pennsylvania; a secondary purpose was to assess the personal benefit, if any, reported by the paraprofessionals as a result of working with the Expanded Food and Nut

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8004475}, author = {Linda Jeanne Nease} } @mastersthesis {2161, title = {The role of communication sources in the adoption of the "Mulligan Stew" TV series by elementary school teachers}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1975}, month = {1975}, pages = {160 leaves}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18848111}, author = {Barbara Craig Warning} } @article {1769, title = {A study for the development of rapid objective procedure to evaluate progress of nutrition projects using biochemical, growth, and behavioral change}, year = {1975}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23723267}, author = {Portia Morris} } @article {1678, title = {A system evaluation of a purposive message: The "Mulligan Stew" ETV project}, year = {1975}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9977796}, author = {C N Olien and Tichenor, P J and George A Donohue} } @mastersthesis {2093, title = {Analysis of the effects of the Expanded Delaware Nutrition Education Program on low-income families in three Delaware counties}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1974}, school = {University of Delaware}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/908574}, author = {Lorraine B Kingdon} } @mastersthesis {2171, title = {An analysis of the use of selected convenience foods by homemakers enrolled in the Volusia County expanded nutrition program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1974}, school = {Florida State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44623635}, author = {Diane Elizabeth Yates} } @mastersthesis {2208, title = {Association of homemaker attitudes to nutrition knowledge}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1974}, school = {Michigan State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956793048}, author = {Barbara L. Kruetz} } @mastersthesis {2182, title = {Attitudes, personality traits, and nutrition knowledge as predictors of nutrition related behavior of nutrition education assistant}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1974}, school = {University of Missouri}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6843753}, author = {Betty Ruth Carruth} } @mastersthesis {2053, title = {A biochemical, dietary, and attitudinal assessment of the effects of nutrition education on families enrolled in the Expanded Nutrition and Family Program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1974}, school = {Michigan State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1087508273}, author = {Donna Vivian Duff} } @mastersthesis {2047, title = {Characteristics of Extension EFNEP program assistants in six East Tennessee counties}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1974}, school = {University of Tennessee}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7691470}, author = {Evangeline Freeland Davis} } @article {1748, title = {Characteristics of families participating in the Expanded Delaware Nutrition Education Program in Lower Delaware}, year = {1974}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20122248}, author = {Lorraine B Kingdon and Ulrich C Toensmeyer} } @article {1789, title = {Developing guidelines for the selection of nutrition aides in New Jersey}, year = {1974}, publisher = {New Jersey Ag Experiment Station}, address = {New Brunswick}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24915463}, author = {Daymon W Thatch} } @article {1756, title = {Development of single concept films for EFNEP}, year = {1974}, note = {May be interlibrary loaned}, month = {May 30, 1974}, author = {Maruyama, Fudeko} } @mastersthesis {2242, title = {Effectiveness of paraprofessionals in working with low income families: An experimental study}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1974}, school = {Syracuse University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67575367}, author = {Bettie Lee Yerka} } @mastersthesis {2071, title = {Effects of design variables on user evaluation of printed materials prepared for the Expanded Nutrition Education Program in Pennsylvania}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1974}, school = {Pennsylvania State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67575566}, author = {Hayes, Kevin G} } @article {1681, title = {An evaluation of the Mulligan Stew 4-H television series}, year = {1974}, institution = {ABT Associates}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, url = {https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED134620}, author = {Sydelle Stone Shapiro} } @book {1633, title = {Evaluation of the use of group dynamics training in Expanded Food and Nutrition Program}, series = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-229}, year = {1974}, note = {

Similar information published as a\ paper presented at the Adult Education Research Conference (St.\  Louis, Missouri, April 17, 1975) and available at:\ https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED110844

}, month = {1974}, pages = {152p.}, publisher = {Office of Staff Development and Program Analysis, Cooperative Extension Service, The Ohio State University}, organization = {Office of Staff Development and Program Analysis, Cooperative Extension Service, The Ohio State University}, address = {Columbus, Ohio}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/911437613}, author = {Marjory M Mortvedt} } @mastersthesis {2049, title = {An evaluation study of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in Delaware}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1974}, school = {University of Delaware}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Decker, Irene W} } @mastersthesis {2146, title = {Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program aide attitudes and behavior toward teaching homemakers in groups}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1974}, school = {Ohio State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1100231}, author = {Marilynne Ruth Snook} } @article {1782, title = {The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in New Jersey, 1972: a special report to the New Jersey Cooperative Extension Service}, year = {1974}, publisher = {New Jersey Ag Experiment Station}, address = {New Brunswick}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55185163}, author = {Daniel Rossi and Daymon W Thatch} } @mastersthesis {2083, title = {Expressed nutrition needs of participants in the California Expanded Nutrition Education Program aides, and low-income homemakers}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1974}, school = {California State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5695861}, author = {Joanne P Ikeda} } @article {1800, title = {Five years of progress through EFNEP}, year = {1974}, note = { }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1098220}, author = {U.S. Department of Agriculture} } @mastersthesis {2199, title = {Food and nutrition patterns among black adult males in selected Louisiana Parishes, 1974}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1974}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1964346}, author = {Earl E Hodgkins} } @mastersthesis {2039, title = {Homophily of Expanded Food and Nutrition Education program aides and homemakers related to homemakers{\textquoteright} adoption of food practices}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1974}, school = {Ohio State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1087959}, author = {Elaine White Chapman} } @mastersthesis {2117, title = {Identifiable characteristics of good program assistant performance in the Alabama expanded food and nutrition education program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1974}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19947733}, author = {Barbara Ann Owens} } @mastersthesis {2030, title = {Identification of needs and interests of low-income homemakers in Davis County, prior to program planning}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1974}, school = {Utah State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48814293}, author = {Geraldine Lynette Bower} } @conference {1819, title = {Impact of a nutrition education program on Appalachian families in poverty}, booktitle = { Western Hemisphere Nutrition Congress IV}, year = {1974}, note = {

University of Kentucky affiliation. Presented at the Western Hemisphere Nutrition Congress IV, August 19-22, 1974, Bal Harbour, Florida.

}, month = {Aug 19-22, 1974}, address = {Bal Harbour, Florida}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27929450}, author = {Maruyama, Fudeko and Lucy T Hammond} } @article {1785, title = {The Kentucky study: Digest of an evaluation of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in selected areas of Kentucky}, year = {1974}, publisher = {University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service}, address = {Lexington, KY}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23840993}, author = {Frank A Santopolo} } @mastersthesis {2172, title = {La administration e implementacion del programa educativo en alimento y nutricion}, volume = {MPA}, year = {1974}, school = {University of Puerto Rico}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Pedro Juan Medina Martinez} } @article {1787, title = {Management and operational assistance to create a community canning center: Final report}, year = {1974}, publisher = {Kansas State University, Cooperative Extension Service}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26777819}, author = {Patricia Steffens and Robert A Bohannon} } @article {1677, title = {Mulligan Stew An Evaluation of the Television Series}, year = {1974}, abstract = {

To evaluate the effects of the public-television series on nutrition, Mulligan Stew, a survey was conducted of 4,332 4th, 5th and 6th-grade students in four areas of Missouri. Children were asked if they had voluntarily watched the program and pre- and post-tested for nutrition knowledge. Comparisons were also made between teacher-reinforced lessons and no reinforcement, and children were questioned whether they believed additional programs would be helpful. Results showed that a large percentage of children watched the show at home, but a smaller percentage watched all six programs. Children who watched the program at school scored higher in post-test nutrition knowledge; girls scored higher than boys, and 4th and 6th graders higher than 5th. Teacher reinforcement significantly increased nutrition knowledge. Both teachers and students evaluated the series positively. Appendixes include summaries of the six programs in the series, and the student questionnaire.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1061401942}, author = {Jeanne Nolan and John Gross} } @article {1804, title = {The photoviewer as an EFNEP teaching method: Summary report phase 1}, year = {1974}, author = {Jane Voichick} } @mastersthesis {2060, title = {Program management : the relationship to output, job satisfaction, and authoritarian need}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1974}, month = {1974}, pages = {112 leaves}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/608551951}, author = {Fitzsimmons, Ellen} } @book {1634, title = {The relationship between EFNEP aide and homemaker characteristics and aide effectiveness}, year = {1974}, publisher = {Office of Staff Development and Program Analysis, Cooperative Extension Service, The Ohio State University}, organization = {Office of Staff Development and Program Analysis, Cooperative Extension Service, The Ohio State University}, address = {Columbus, OH}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4562133}, author = {Marjory M Mortvedt} } @mastersthesis {2138, title = {Relationship between nutritional knowledge and nutrient content of the diet of selected homemakers}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1974}, month = {1974}, pages = {74 leaves}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {https://lsu.ent.sirsi.net/client/en_US/lsu/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_LSU$002f0$002fSD_LSU:915917/one}, author = {Shirley Scott} } @mastersthesis {2121, title = {Relationships between leadership and self-esteem characteristics of paraprofessionals and nutritional change in a client sample}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1974}, month = {1974}, pages = {132 leaves}, school = {University of Maryland}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15990512}, author = {Linda Lee Poffenberger} } @mastersthesis {2190, title = {The relationships of selected characteristics of paraprofessionals in the University of Georgia Extension Service and their appraised job performance}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1974}, month = {1974}, pages = {131 pages}, school = {University of Georgia}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16532111}, author = {Duvall, Tal} } @mastersthesis {2061, title = {Status of para-professionals employed in the expanded foods and nutrition education program in South Dakota}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1974}, month = {1974}, pages = {133 leaves}, school = {South Dakota State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7879632}, author = {Mary J Fleming} } @booklet {1653, title = {A study of EFNEP support materials and suggested program emphasis}, year = {1974}, publisher = {Penn State University}, author = {Cordell J Hatch} } @mastersthesis {2126, title = {A survey of the attitudes and the knowledge of nutrition acquired by a select group of Marion County, Mississippi, youth after participating in the "Mulligan Stew" 4-H nutrition program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1974}, month = {1974}, school = {University of Southern Mississippi}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30619749}, author = {Betty Lynn Reaves} } @article {1803, title = {Tri-county experimental video tape delivery system for family counselor education, final report}, year = {1974}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10284318}, author = {James E Van Horn} } @article {1812, title = {Analysis of nutrition aides{\textquoteright} logs}, year = {1973}, institution = {Division of Program and Staff Development, University of Wisconsin - Madison}, address = {Madison, WI}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25500771}, author = {Harry P Zimmerman} } @mastersthesis {2056, title = {A comparison of the nutritional levels attained by families under the surplus commodity and food stamp programs in Tucson, Arizona}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1973}, school = {University of Arizona}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2466832}, author = {Epstein, Bernice} } @article {1674, title = {A critique of the Mulligan stew to series in Nebraska}, year = {1973}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9874652}, author = {Robert J Florell} } @mastersthesis {2092, title = {Demographic characteristics and the nutritional status of families entering the Expanded Nutrition and Family Program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1973}, school = {Michigan State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1087508499}, author = {Mary Elizabeth Kerr} } @mastersthesis {2234, title = {The development and use of instruments to assess the effectiveness of paraprofessionals in working with low-income families}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1973}, school = {Cornell University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63877061}, author = {Emilie M Stuhmiller} } @mastersthesis {2059, title = {The effect of nutrition education on nutrition knowledge and food patterns of leaders enrolled in the expanded nutrition program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1973}, school = {Texas Tech University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9699055}, author = {Shelley W Fillip} } @mastersthesis {2226, title = {Effectiveness of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in producing improvements in diets of homemakers}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1973}, school = {Ohio State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/993313}, author = {Mary C Roundtree} } @mastersthesis {2221, title = {An exploratory study of supervision in the expanded food and nutrition education program in the Virginia Extension Service}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1973}, note = {

Copies can be ordered through ProQuest Dissertations \& Theses A\&I (subscription database, check with your local library)

}, school = {North Carolina State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5017895}, author = {Morrell Edward Rapking} } @mastersthesis {2227, title = {Factors related to the adoption of food practices by low-income homemakers in the expanded food and nutrition education}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1973}, note = {

Available online from ProQuest Dissertations \& Theses A\&I (subscription database, check with your local library)

}, school = {Ohio State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/755601}, author = {Sumita Roy} } @article {1693, title = {Families in the Expanded Foods and Nutrition Program: Comparison of food stamp and food distribution program participants and non-participants}, year = {1973}, address = {Washington, DC}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867290}, author = {J Gerald Feaster and Garey Perkins} } @mastersthesis {2080, title = {Increase in knowledge of homemakers participating in Extension{\textquoteright}s Expanded Food and Nutrition Program in selected Tennessee counties}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1973}, school = {University of Tennessee}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/967170725}, author = {Mary Louise Horton and Carter, Cecil and Dotson, Robert} } @mastersthesis {2156, title = {Jobs needs and expectations of nutrition aides in West Virginia{\textquoteright}s Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1973}, school = {Marshall University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Delores Turner} } @booklet {1652, title = {Paraprofessional-client similarity as a moderator of their reactions to job characteristics}, year = {1973}, publisher = {Auburn University}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50416388}, author = {Hubert S Field and William H Holley and Betty B Holley} } @article {1742, title = {Production and testing material for a learning center for volunteer leaders in 4-H Youth}, year = {1973}, publisher = {Washington State University}, address = {Pullman, Washington}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23841088}, author = {James E Havens} } @mastersthesis {2081, title = {Program evaluation of two teaching methods for low-income consumer education}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1973}, month = {1973}, pages = {137 leaves}, school = {Pennsylvania State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/84121946}, author = {M J Hostetter} } @article {1725, title = {Reaching the hard to reach with EFNEP}, year = {1973}, publisher = {Agricultural Experiment Station/Auburn University}, address = {Auburn, AL}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20430012}, author = {J. E. Dunkelberger and Nancy W. Martin and Anne B. Pratt} } @article {1776, title = {Self-study guide for nutrition education assistants}, year = {1973}, abstract = {The goal of this project was to design materials which would provide efficient, in-depth training to new nutrition education assistants. Self-instructional materials were developed for use by the new assistant. There also is a training guide to assist the supervising personnel in providing support of the self-instructional activities to the new assistant.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10253302}, author = {Nelda Morrison Nolan and Keith, Hugh} } @article {1668, title = {Some effects of the Mulligan Stew TV series upon nutrition knowledge and practices of selected classes of elementary school children in Oahu, Hawaii}, year = {1973}, abstract = {This evaluative study was designed to determine the nutrition behavior change effected in disadvantaged youth, ages 8 through 12, who were taught the first six lessons of the Extension Services{\textquoteright} Youth Nutrition Lesson Series. Nutrition behavior change is defined as change in nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and food intake. A second purpose was to determine the relationship between the nutrition behavior change that occurred and selected factors in various teaching/learning settings: type of teacher, size of group, lesson time frames, number of meetings per week, and teaching strategies used.}, author = {Doris L Davenport} } @article {1724, title = {A study of certain personality, skill, and demographic characteristics of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Educational Program aides and homemakers}, year = {1973}, publisher = {Washington State University, Cooperative Extension Service}, address = {Pullman, Washington}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9977580}, author = {Lynn E Davie} } @mastersthesis {2055, title = {A study of nutritive intake and meal patterns of homemakers participating in the Expanded Nutrition Program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1973}, month = {1973}, pages = {100 leaves}, school = {Texas Women{\textquoteright}s University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13948172}, author = {Julia Barker Edwards} } @mastersthesis {2017, title = {A study of the expanded foods and nutrition education program in Rockingham County}, volume = {M.Ed.}, year = {1973}, month = {1973}, school = {North Carolina State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8077116}, author = {Jane K Stuart} } @article {1749, title = {TV film clips on buying food: Report on pilot project}, year = {1973}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23694404}, author = {Klingner, Clarence} } @mastersthesis {2181, title = {Youth Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program: Staff competencies and youth personal development concepts}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1973}, month = {1973}, pages = {194 pp.}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/6189/}, author = {Caples, Virginia} } @mastersthesis {2212, title = {Approaches to university extension work with the rural disadvantaged: Description and analysis of a pilot effort}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1972}, school = {West Virginia University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1089518467}, author = {Robert Wilbur Miller} } @mastersthesis {2038, title = {Case study of family food aides in expanded nutrition program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1972}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6158000}, author = {Malati Surendra Chakavorty} } @mastersthesis {2215, title = {Change in self-esteem experienced by nonprofessional participants in a poverty reduction program}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1972}, school = {Pennsylvania State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18335869}, author = {Nelda Morrison Nolan} } @mastersthesis {2153, title = {A comparison of homemakers enrolled in the Expanded Nutrition Program by extent of usage of food stamps}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1972}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2404930}, author = {Arniece Anderson Swazer} } @article {1820, title = {Critical job requirements for extension nonprofessionals}, year = {1972}, note = {

Colorado State University

}, abstract = {

In the past several years utilization of nonprofessionals in various extension programs has increased. In an attempt to determine what the role of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (efnep) nonprofessional is, the paper presents the findings of an analysis of critical incidents acquired from nonprofessional efnep extension aides working in selected areas of Kentucky in the course of an evaluation \ Read more...

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/911422393}, author = {Frank A Santopolo and Kell, Karolyn} } @mastersthesis {2029, title = {The development of a nutrition education game for the Expanded Nutrition Program in Black Hawk County, Iowa.}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1972}, school = {University of Northern Iowa}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19347870}, author = {Linda Foster Benedict} } @mastersthesis {2139, title = {Dietary adequacy of homemakers participating in Extension{\textquoteright}s expanded food and nutrition education program in selected Tennessee counties}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1972}, school = {University of Tennessee}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80324276}, author = {Reginald William Seiders} } @mastersthesis {2066, title = {Dimensions of a new careers program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1972}, month = {1972}, pages = {64 leaves}, school = {University of Arizona}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, abstract = {

A recent adult education service is an Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program intended to help low-income homemakers improve the nutritional health of their families. In order to provide optimum\&$\#$39; service it has been necessary to incorporate auxiliary personnel. This study was proposed to evaluate selected attitudes and knowledge of aides and their effectiveness in EFMEP.\ 

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27873223}, author = {Green, Nathalene} } @booklet {1659, title = {Education television: An evaluation model}, year = {1972}, publisher = {University of Minnesota, Department of Sociology}, address = {St. Paul, MN}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9869596}, author = {C N Olien and Phillip J Tichenor and George A Donohue} } @article {1740, title = {The effect of reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses on low income volunteer leadership participation}, year = {1972}, abstract = {

A study was conducted to determine the effect of reimbursement of expenses on the recruitment, training, and holding of volunteer leaders in the youth phase of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Program in Kansas City. The experiment was conducted at six program sites during the summer and spring program operations, which consisted of showing eight short films on nutrition on the educational television channel. Volunteer leaders were recruited and trained to organize viewing groups of children and conduct followup activities such as demonstrations, games, and field trips. Volunteers at three of the sites were reimbursed during the summer and at the other three sites during the spring. Volunteers and dropout volunteers were interviewed after the first phase concerning their attitudes, background, and reading and television viewing habits. Training for the second phase was improved, after which more interviews were conducted. Among the findings were the following: (1) Volunteers do not like to be pressured into volunteering and do like adequate training; (2) reimbursement reduced the dropouts of volunteers and encouraged them to involve more children in viewing; and (3) the organization which most in low-income areas participate is in the church, which could effectively be used in implementing programs for low-income people. An appendix contains announcements and folders used in promotion, a handbook for volunteers, and nutrition games and activities. (Km).

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/967301841}, author = {John G Gross} } @mastersthesis {2194, title = {Enhancing behaviors toward adequate nutrition- A continuing education model}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1972}, school = {University of Nebraska}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36152541}, author = {Mary Collegia Gibb} } @article {1775, title = {An evaluation of influence of the expanded food and nutrition education program in Missouri}, year = {1972}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9789673}, author = {Nelda Morrison Nolan} } @mastersthesis {2035, title = {Evaluation of nutritional adequacy of the diets of children enrolled in the Expanded Nutrition Education Program.}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1972}, school = {Penn State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/82825329}, author = {Nancy L Brown} } @article {1784, title = {An evaluation of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in selected areas of Kentucky: The acceptance or rejection of nutritional advice as influenced by the decision making patterns of households enrolled in the Kentucky EFNEP}, year = {1972}, publisher = {Dept. of Sociology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky}, address = {Lexington, KY}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8406551}, author = {Frank A. Santopolo} } @mastersthesis {2192, title = {Follow-up of paraprofessionals working with low-income families}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1972}, school = {Cornell University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/693064689}, author = {Walda M Englebrecht} } @article {1642, title = {Food habits and sociocultural factors: A community study of food habits and socio-cultural factors of selected families participating in the East Harlem Nutrition Education Program}, year = {1972}, note = {

Other title:\ Community study of food habits and socio-cultural factors of selected families participating in the East Harlem Nutrition Education Program

}, publisher = {New York State College of Human Ecology, Cornell University}, address = {Ithaca, NY}, abstract = {

The main purpose of the study was to explore the interaction of dietary and selected socio-cultural variables in a group of 127 preschool children whose families were participating in the East Harlem Nutrition Education Program. Food consumption of the child and mother was assessed qualitatively through the use of 24-hour Recalls, as well as their food preferences and food beliefs. A series of social indicators such as mother\&$\#$39;s ethnic origin, education, occupational patterns, and others were also studied to explore possible associations between dietary patterns and family lifestyle characteristics.

}, issn = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-139}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23582202}, author = {Diva Sanjur and Eunice Romero and Gayle Neville} } @article {1730, title = {Impact of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education program on low-income families: An in-depth analysis}, year = {1972}, publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12347691}, author = {J Gerald Feaster} } @mastersthesis {2162, title = {The impact of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program on participating families}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1972}, school = {Ohio State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/780179}, author = {Carol Sue Warton} } @mastersthesis {2180, title = {Interlocking concepts: Food and nutrition -- personal development}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1972}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, author = {Caples, Virginia} } @mastersthesis {2009, title = {An investigation of interests in selected areas of home and family living of minority group youth enrolled in the Agricultural Extension Youth Expanded Nutrition Education Program in Alameda County}, year = {1972}, pages = {109 leaves}, school = {San Francisco State College}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, keywords = {extension, home economics, youth expanded nutrition program}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5856742}, author = {Eileen Margaret Nan Ormiston} } @mastersthesis {2024, title = {Job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction as perceived by Expanded Nutrition Program assistants of the North Dakota Extension Service}, year = {1972}, pages = {71 leaves}, school = {North Dakota State University, Fargo}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, keywords = {job satisfaction, North Dakota}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11325373}, author = {Marilyn Johnson Backman} } @mastersthesis {2002, title = {Level of effectiveness of program aides as related to age, educational level and selected personality characteristics}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {1972}, school = {Mississippi State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38479610}, author = {Marilynn Purdie} } @booklet {1664, title = {Not forgotten but still poor: A follow-up study of families in continuous contact with extension aides for two years}, year = {1972}, publisher = {University of Maryland}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11049139}, author = {Virginia Li Wang and Green, L and Ephross, P} } @mastersthesis {2103, title = {Nutrition concepts held by Iowa extension family and food aides}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1972}, month = {1972}, pages = {87 leaves}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17153098}, author = {Janet Berg Linn} } @mastersthesis {2116, title = {Nutrition concepts of youth in the Iowa expanded nutrition program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1972}, month = {1972}, pages = {112 leaves}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17153105}, author = {Stella Andenyi Kweya Ombwara} } @mastersthesis {2109, title = {Perceptions by aides, supervising aides, and agents of the functions and training of an Extension aide in Michigan}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1972}, note = {

Can not verify

}, month = {1972}, school = {Michigan State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Barbara K Miller} } @article {1666, title = {Program Education: Food stamp and commodity distribution in rural areas of Central Pennsylvania}, year = {1972}, institution = {Penn State University}, abstract = {

Since one primary goal of the Commodity Distribution (CD) Program and the Food Stamp (FS) Program is to improve diets of low-income families, this 1969-70 study focused on whether the adequacy of a low-income family\&$\#$39;s dietary intake was improved by their participation in a food-assistance program. As stated, the adequacy of a family\&$\#$39;s dietary intake is influenced by a wide range of factors, which may be classified under 2 major categories: (1) the family\&$\#$39;s food-purchasing power and (2) the efficiency with which the food resources are utilized. Thus, data on these factors were obtained from more than 1000 repeated interviews of rural homemakers and were subjected to multivariate analysis. Some of the main conclusions were that low-income families were most deficient in vitamin A and calcium, and were least deficient in phosphorus and protein; CD families had no better diets than non-CD families; the FS provided some improvement in diets of families experiencing temporary fund shortages (e.g., more than 2 weeks since payday); when families had received some income within the past 2 weeks, the impact of FS was not significant; families receiving income at least once every 2 weeks had significantly more adequate diets than those who were similar in other respects but received income less often; FS families substituted a large proportion of their increase in food-purchasing power for expenditures other than food; and families did not use their increased purchasing power to obtain foods that would provide the nutrients most deficient in the family\&$\#$39;s diet.

}, url = {https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED053857}, author = {J Patrick Madden and Marion Yoder} } @mastersthesis {2144, title = {Public relations activities for the Phoenix, Arizona, 4-H Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1972}, month = {1972}, pages = {135 leaves}, school = {University of Wisconsin -- Madison}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48849178}, author = {Linda Loe Smith} } @mastersthesis {2238, title = {The relationship of selected characteristics of aides in the Kansas Cooperative Extension Service to their role success}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1972}, month = {1972}, pages = {112 leaves}, school = {Kansas State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/641938}, author = {Clyde M Triplett} } @article {1802, title = {State specific report of the evaluation of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Program}, year = {1972}, note = {

[v. 1] Alabama study locations --
[v.2] California study locations --
[v. 3] Washington study locations --
[v. 4] Illinois study locations --
[v. 5] Nebraska study locations --
[v. 6] Jersey study locations.

prepared for Extension Service U.S. Dept. of Agriculture by Synectics Corporation.

}, month = {1972}, address = {Allison Park, PA}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23672597}, author = {Synectics Corporation.} } @booklet {1657, title = {A study of factors associated with low-income homemakers{\textquoteright} educational participation in group learning}, year = {1972}, publisher = {University of Arizona}, author = {Betty Jean Fors Maier} } @mastersthesis {2220, title = {A study of the expanded nutrition program Waco, Texas}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1972}, note = {

Available for purchase from ProQuest Dissertations \& Theses A\&I (subscription database, check with your local library)

}, month = {1972}, school = {Texas A\&M University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5790264}, author = {Wanda Louise Shockey Pope} } @mastersthesis {2159, title = {A study of the food habits and nutrition knowledge of selected program assistants in the EFNEP}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1972}, month = {1972}, pages = {44 leaves}, school = {University of Wisconsin, Stout}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8203349}, author = {Marilyn E Waldbuesser} } @mastersthesis {2145, title = {Tasks performed by Iowa Extension family food aides}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1972}, month = {1972}, pages = {85 p}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8077752}, author = {Ruth Dahlberg Smith} } @booklet {1661, title = {The use of paraprofessionals to mobilize volunteers for nutrition education and community growth}, howpublished = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-216}, year = {1972}, publisher = {University of Maine}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904757134}, author = {Richard M Rychman} } @article {1796, title = {1971 Program Performance: Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, year = {1971}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31151725}, author = {U.S. Department of Agriculture} } @mastersthesis {2033, title = {A comparison of lower-income and upper-income homemakers relative to their knowledge and practice of nutrition}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1971}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16806990}, author = {Etta Pearl H Brew} } @mastersthesis {2042, title = {A comparison of youths{\textquoteright} diets during school to those consumed during summer vacation, Beauregard Parish, Louisiana 1971}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1971}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Frances Rais Cormier} } @mastersthesis {2151, title = {EFNEP aides as seen by aides and agents}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1971}, school = {Colorado State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/81460302}, author = {Laurel Stulken and Hoff, Eileen} } @article {2299, title = {ENEP evaluated}, journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education}, volume = {2}, year = {1971}, month = {1971/03/01/}, pages = {148 - 152}, abstract = {

The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program has been highly successful. It has demonstrated that it is possible to recruit, train, and place in the field women whose backgrounds in some cases are not extremely different from those homemakers served by the program. The aides, in turn, have demonstrated a capacity to learn, to benefit from training and supervision, to establish relationships with homemakers who are generally considered hard-to-reach, and to work with them effectively. As a result of the program, there has been a substantial upgrading of nutritional intake for the homemakers and their families. New foods are being employed, principles of wise buying have been learned and many families have been helped to utilize the food stamp program making a wider range and larger quantity of food available. The program\&$\#$39;s concern for the poor and the techniques it uses have significant new directions, reflective of broader sociatel impact upon Extension. The program contains within itself the possibility of a significant new impact upon the lives of the poor. Future evaluative research should further focus on the association between the aides\&$\#$39; activities and patterns of change. Criteria for phasing out families need to be defined and interpreted to the aides and families.

}, isbn = {0022-3182}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(71)80115-2}, author = {Virginia Li Wang and Ephross, Paul H.} } @mastersthesis {2155, title = {An evaluation of the low-income youth nutrition program in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana 1970}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1971}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7929571}, author = {Jackie Elisabeth Trotter} } @mastersthesis {2110, title = {An evaluation of Young Nutrition Education Program by age, Calcasieu Parish, 1970}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1971}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8077042}, author = {Donna Elaine Montgomery} } @article {1884, title = {The Expanded Food and Nutrition Program}, journal = {Family Economic Review}, year = {1971}, author = {Robert E Frye} } @mastersthesis {2240, title = {Factors concerned with cooperative extension work with low-income clientele in Louisiana}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1971}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9079222}, author = {William Carlisle Welch} } @mastersthesis {2032, title = {Family planning communications in an Extension low-income program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1971}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/967296860}, author = {Brand, Jean} } @article {1737, title = {Getting volunteer leaders on the job in the 4-H-like nutrition program for low-income youth in urban areas}, year = {1971}, publisher = {Cooperative Extension Service, Louisiana State University}, address = {Baton Rouge, LA}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/967294867}, author = {Edward W Gassie} } @mastersthesis {2137, title = {Nutrition education of low income families in the expanded food and nutrition education program: A comparison of methods.}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1971}, month = {1971}, pages = {85 leaves}, school = {Montana State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/6052}, author = {Kathleen Mae Phillips Schlepp} } @mastersthesis {2232, title = {Opinion leadership in family living among low income homemakers in the expanded nutrition program in Ohio}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1971}, month = {1971}, pages = {162 leaves}, school = {Ohio State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8161425}, author = {Doris Hosmer Steele} } @article {2298, title = {Reaching youth through EFNEP}, journal = {Extension Service Review}, volume = {42}, year = {1971}, month = {1971///}, pages = {6 - 11}, url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293000318588?urlappend=\%3Bseq=36} } @mastersthesis {2013, title = {The role of Extension youth program aide in Washington state}, volume = {M.A.}, year = {1971}, note = {

Summary published as ERIC document ED06455

}, month = {1971}, pages = {64 leaves}, school = {Washington State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11139211}, author = {Elaine I-Ling Wang} } @mastersthesis {2197, title = {Role strain expressed by Extension agents upon introduction of new program: A case study in selected northeast states}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1971}, month = {1971}, pages = {154 leaves.}, school = {Pennsylvania State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7781265}, author = {Heasley, Darly K} } @mastersthesis {2204, title = {Some factors associated with the homemakers{\textquoteright} comprehension, eating practices, and attitudes towards foods and nutrition}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {1971}, month = {1971}, pages = {155 pp.}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2136/}, author = {Samira Ahmed Youssef Kandil} } @mastersthesis {2091, title = {A typology of the audience and availability of potential communication links in low-income areas}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1971}, note = {

Author name sometimes listed as Sally S. Martin

}, month = {1971}, pages = {53 leaves}, school = {University of Nevada}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40217346}, author = {Sally S Kees} } @mastersthesis {2195, title = {Attitudes regarding the low-income Expanded Nutrition Program of the Douglas County Cooperative Extension Service}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1970}, school = {University of Nebraska}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, author = {Mary R Hall} } @booklet {1663, title = {Characteristics of selected disadvantaged families who are clientele of the Nebraska Extension Service{\textquoteright} s EFNEP in Douglas County Nebraska,1970}, year = {1970}, publisher = {University of Nebraska}, author = {Norman F Tooker} } @book {1630, title = {Evaluation of a nutrition education program in Louisiana for low-income clientele, 1970}, series = {ES-USDA Cooperative Agreement Number: 12-05-300-585}, year = {1970}, publisher = {[LSU Cooperative Extension Service]}, organization = {[LSU Cooperative Extension Service]}, address = {[Baton Rouge]}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2056197}, author = {J H Jones and Satish Verma} } @mastersthesis {2082, title = {An evaluation of the Expanded Nutrition Education Program in Pennsylvania}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1970}, school = {Penn State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7863158}, author = {Hustey, Joyce} } @mastersthesis {2064, title = {An evaluation of the Expanded Nutrition Education Program in six Louisiana parishes}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1970}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Edward W Gassie} } @booklet {1655, title = {Evaluation of the Louisiana Nutrition Education Program for low income clientele, 1970}, year = {1970}, publisher = {Louisiana State University}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10635552}, author = {J H Jones and Satish Verma} } @mastersthesis {2160, title = {Factors associated with the effectiveness of nutrition education among economically disadvantaged youth, St. Landry Parish, Louisiana, 1970}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1970}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8246548}, author = {Kathleen F Walker} } @mastersthesis {1998, title = {Home economists working with low-income families and implications for college food and nutrition curriculum}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {1970}, school = {Oklahoma State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32196147}, author = {Bernice Helene Kopel} } @mastersthesis {2113, title = {The impact of paraprofessionals on home economics extension personnel and programs}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1970}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/465653200}, author = {Shirley Evelyn Myers} } @mastersthesis {2041, title = {Improving the food management skills of the low-income homemaker in Passaic County- The Extension approach}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1970}, school = {Montclair State College}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7840976}, author = {Collier, Adele} } @mastersthesis {2078, title = {The influence of certain demographic criteria on the change in nutrition habits of the under-privileged in the Expanded Nutrition Program}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1970}, school = {Wichita State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, author = {Hodges, Jean} } @mastersthesis {1986, title = {The information aide as communicator: a study of the role of the program aide in the Huntingdon County, PA, nutrition education program}, volume = {B.A.}, year = {1970}, school = {Penn State University}, type = {B.A. thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7853792}, author = {James N Fordham} } @mastersthesis {2136, title = {Investigation of needs of program aides in Expanded Nutrition Program, Texas Agricultural Extension Service}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1970}, school = {Texas Tech University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33002571}, author = {Judy Kay Sanders} } @mastersthesis {2191, title = {The newsletter as a communication medium in teaching low-income homemakers}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1970}, month = {1970}, pages = {216 leaves}, school = {Ohio State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4542418}, author = {Joseph A B Efionayi} } @book {1647, title = {Poor but not forgotten: An evaluative study of the expanded food and nutrition education program in Maryland}, year = {1970}, note = {

University of Maryland affiliation

}, publisher = {University of Maryland, Cooperative Extension Service}, organization = {University of Maryland, Cooperative Extension Service}, address = {College Park}, abstract = {

An evaluative study of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in Maryland was made. The study aimed at the assessment of the results of this program currently conducted by the University of Maryland. The object of the program is to influence homemakers to change and improve family nutritional practices. This study focused on the educational tasks of non-professional aides in effecting this change. The general research strategy employed was twofold. First, the direct service recipient, the homemaker (usually of low-income status), and the direct service provider, the aide (often of similar background), were made the primary sources of data. Secondly, this evaluation sought to measure change over time. Visits were made by supervisors to selected sites (three) for study. Three interviewers in each county selected were recruited and hired by the supervising agents. Using a table of random numbers, a 50\% random sample was drawn from the population of homemakers being served by the program during December 1969. All data gathering interviews with homemakers took place during January 1970. A coding system was developed, and the data was coded and put on punched cards for sorting purposes. Data obtained directly from homemakers indicates that the program was seen as helpful. The contributions of the aides are what has made the program successful. It is concluded that the program should be continued and expanded. (CK)

}, url = {http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED050343}, author = {Virginia Li Wang and Paul H Ephross} } @conference {1821, title = {Professional and paraprofessional role differentiation}, booktitle = {Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting}, year = {1970}, note = {

University of Maryland affiliation. Paper presented at the Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting, August 1970, Washington, DC.

}, month = {August 1970}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

This paper focuses on role relationships and role conflicts between professionals and paraprofessionals and their potential effect on the efficiency of future social services. Role conflicts can develop when roles are undefined and when there are competitive versus complementary role relationships. The most productive way to approach role definition is the systems approach--determine the overall purpose of the agency; define this purpose in terms of specific objectives needed; and identify the various methods, personnel, and facilities needed to meet these objectives. Agency activities can be subdivided into: (1) task functions (program design, work facilitation, and goal emphasis), and (2) maintenance functions (support, interaction facilitation, and communication facilitation). There are roles within each of these functions that can be taken by both professionals and paraprofessionals, but the greatest contribution the paraprofessional can make is in closing the cultural gap between professional and client group and in setting a role model for the community. (EB)

}, url = {https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED043843}, author = {Christine S Tennant and James W Longest} } @mastersthesis {2217, title = {The role of the subprofessional in the Cooperative Extension Service}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1970}, month = {1970}, pages = {142 leaves}, school = {North Carolina State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5017955}, author = {Gerald Ray Olson} } @article {1809, title = {Some food-buying practices of homemakers in Louisiana}, year = {1970}, publisher = {Cooperative Extension Service, Louisiana State University}, address = {Baton Rouge, LA}, author = {R Elizabeth Williams and Gassie, E.W.} } @mastersthesis {2169, title = {A study of the Expanded Nutrition Education Program in three Northeast Louisiana parishes}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1970}, note = {

also summarized in ERIC report\ ED072358

}, month = {1970}, pages = {103 leaves}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8178322}, author = {Leodrey Williams} } @mastersthesis {2120, title = {A study of the Expanded Nutrition Program in three southeast Louisiana parishes 1969.}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1970}, pages = {68 leaves}, school = {Louisiana State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7870894}, author = {Tommie Mott Plovanich} } @article {1699, title = {The war on poverty: Twenty-four skirmishes}, year = {1970}, note = {

New York State College of Human Ecology, Cornell University

}, publisher = {[New York State College of Human Ecology, Cornell University]}, address = {[Ithaca, N.Y.]}, keywords = {poverty}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/133462}, author = {Alexander, Frank D} } @article {1745, title = {Application of preliminary evaluation results of Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, year = {1969}, publisher = {Datagraphics, Inc.}, address = {Allison Park, PA}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23765404}, author = {Edna M Jones and Sara Munger} } @article {1810, title = {Attitudes of county leaders toward expanding adult programs in Extension: Minnesota Expansion Study I}, year = {1969}, abstract = {

A study was conducted in Minnesota on attitudes of county leaders (commissioners, auditors, and appointed Extension committee members) on ways of expanding Extension programs. In each county data were gathered by questionnaire from at least two thirds of the leaders. Questions were asked about expansion (1) through working with other organizations, (2) through cooperation with federally sponsored programs, (3) through appointment of area agents, (4) through the exchange of work, (5) through new areas of specialization, and (6) through public affairs programs. Most responses to (1) were neutral, with the exception of a 46.4\% favorable vote for working with industrial development groups. Response to (2) was varied, with a heavy majority of favorable responses to soil conservation programs and those in watershed development. There was little opposition to (3) and to the exchange of work (4) throughout the state, with less opposition to agricultural than to home programs. To (5) greatest support was given to help for law enforcement agencies and citizens with legal problems. Attitudes toward (6) varied greatly; most favored subjects were domestic agricultural policies and federal programs; opposition was shown to programs on foreign agricultural policies and international relations. (Appendixes provide tabulation of data by county.) (Eb).

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/967433545}, author = {Duane A Wilson} } @book {1626, title = {Five-year report pilot project involving young homemakers in low-income rural areas in Alabama}, year = {1969}, month = {1969-1970}, publisher = {Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University in cooperation with the USDA}, organization = {Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University in cooperation with the USDA}, address = {Auburn, AL}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4631735}, author = {Mary E Coleman} } @mastersthesis {2046, title = {Nutrition practices adopted by selected groups of Hardeman County, TN homemakers}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1969}, month = {1969}, pages = {87 pages}, school = {University of Tennessee}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7698310}, author = {Emma P Davis} } @article {1801, title = {Program evaluation: January to July 1969: Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program}, year = {1969}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23730949}, author = {U.S. Department of Agriculture} } @mastersthesis {2084, title = {Teaching clothing construction to low-income homemakers by program aides and Extension home economists}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1969}, month = {1969}, pages = {189 [i.e. 175] leaves}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36466770}, author = {Lois Ann Ingels} } @mastersthesis {1988, title = {The relationship of selected factors to job performance of Louisiana home demonstration agents working with low-income families}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {1968}, month = {05/1968}, pages = {121 leaves}, school = {Oklahoma State University}, type = {Doctoral diss.}, keywords = {home demonstration, Louisiana, low-income}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/11244/30277}, author = {Patsy Ruth Alexander} } @mastersthesis {2018, title = {Working with low income families in New Madrid County, Missouri}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1968}, month = {1968}, pages = {226}, school = {Southern Illinois University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, keywords = {Missouri}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9067568}, author = {Charlotte Gee Adams} } @mastersthesis {2114, title = {A comparison of two readability tests on selected bulletins for low-literate homemakers and indigenous aides}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1967}, pages = {47 leaves}, school = {University of Maryland}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8016189}, author = {Sara Sue Naragon} } @mastersthesis {2216, title = {Educational methods used in presenting consumer information to homemakers living in low-income urban areas}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1967}, pages = {201 leaves}, school = {Ohio State University}, type = {Doctoral }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53952189}, author = {Virginia Norris} } @article {1739, title = {Review of the literature relating to the use of non-professionals in education, 1942 to 1967}, year = {1967}, publisher = {New Careers Development Center, New York University}, address = {New York}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/223748493}, author = {Greenberg, Barry} } @mastersthesis {2130, title = {Selected eating habits, attitudes and nutrition knowledge of sixth grade pupils in Union County, Ohio}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1967}, month = {1967}, pages = {96 leaves}, school = {Indiana University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8099744}, author = {Gretchen E Robinson} } @mastersthesis {1995, title = {Adoption of food practices following an adult education program in nutrition}, volume = {Ed.D.}, year = {1966}, school = {Indiana University}, type = {Doctoral }, abstract = {

This study investigated the adoption and use of practices in preparation and use of vegetables following adult classes in nutrition. Data were obtained on 63 Brazilian women through interviews, diet intake records, a pretest in nutrition, and a food belief inventory, and practices were compared on prior use, adoption, combined use, rejection, and the percent adoption of available practices. The use of all practices increased, with 89\% adoption of principles of food preparation. Economic advantage, relative advantage, and compatibility were positively related to use; complexity was negatively related. Adoption and use bore little relationship to age, income, education, prior knowledge of nutrition, present adequacy of diet, or food beliefs. The major conclusions were that a short series of nutrition classes can effectively influence the adoption of practices and that the practices most readily adopted are based on principles of food preparation, have a nutritional advantage, and are applicable in more than one situation. Expansion of similar short courses was recommended along with special efforts to reach very low income groups.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/424846840}, author = {Dickson, Anita} } @article {1717, title = {Evaluation of Food and Nutrition Education program for low-income families in Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania}, year = {1965}, publisher = {Pennsylvania State University, College of Agriculture, Extension Service}, address = {University Park, PA}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10000493}, author = {Emory J Brown} } @mastersthesis {2044, title = {Some food practices and attitudes of selected low-income families in Cotton County, Oklahoma, with implications for county Extension program development}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1965}, month = {1965}, pages = {129 pages}, school = {Oklahoma State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {https://hdl.handle.net/11244/27136}, author = {Betty Woods Dahms} } @mastersthesis {2016, title = {Home economics educational programs for low ses groups}, volume = {M.Ed.}, year = {1964}, pages = {83 leaves}, school = {Colorado State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8015609}, author = {Margaret O Steen} } @mastersthesis {2142, title = {The nutritive intake of and information media used by a group of food stamp recipients}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1964}, month = {1964}, pages = {73 leaves}, school = {Pennsylvania State University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8054530}, author = {Julia Ann Shank} } @mastersthesis {2020, title = {A comparison of the behavior of young children in two eating situations}, year = {1963}, pages = {87 leaves}, school = {University of Tennessee}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, keywords = {behavior, children}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7691483}, author = {Anandam, Kamala} } @mastersthesis {2166, title = {A study of the food and nutritional problems of one hundred and fifty negro farm families in Georgia}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1947}, school = {Atlantic University}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7937034}, author = {Lillian Camilla Weems} } @mastersthesis {2129, title = {A study of the food preservation and storage practices used by one hundred families in Lavaca County, TX}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1945}, month = {1945}, pages = {194 p.}, school = {University of Texas}, type = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27326777}, author = {Anita Lillie Richter} } @article {1978, title = {Nutrition field work with low-income families}, journal = {Journal of Home Economics}, volume = {35}, year = {1943}, month = {02/1943}, pages = {97-102}, chapter = {97}, url = {http://reader.library.cornell.edu/docviewer/digital?id=hearth4732504_35_002$\#$page/33/mode/1up}, author = {Emma Gardner Welch} }