@article{78,
  keywords = {Demand response, Energy flexibility, Economic model predictive control, Residential space heating, Structural thermal storage},
  author = {Theis Heidmann Pedersen and Rasmus Elbæk Hedegaard and Steffen Petersen},
  title = {Space heating demand response potential of retrofitted residential apartment blocks},
  abstract = {In future and smarter energy systems, time varying energy prices enable indirect demand response (DR) to assist the electricity supply system to meet demand. This simulation-based study investigates how economic model predictive control (E-MPC) schemes for space heating operation can utilize the thermal mass in an existing multi-story apartment block and eight retrofit scenarios to provide DR. The performance of the E-MPC scheme was evaluated in terms of its ability to enable end-user cost savings, reduce CO2 emissions and to perform load shift of the heating demand compared to a conventional PI controller. Two E-MPC approaches were considered: centralized E-MPC where inter-zonal effects were considered and decentralized E-MPC that neglected heat transfer between adjacent apartments. The E-MPC schemes led to increasing cost savings (up to approx. 6%) and reduced CO2 emissions (up to approx. 3%) as a function of increasing energy efficiency of the retrofit scenarios. The absolute amount of shifted power from peak load periods was rather consistent (approx. 2 kWh/m2 heated net area) across all retrofit scenarios compared to the existing building. The centralized E-MPC scheme led to marginally better results than the decentralized E-MPC. The added complexity involved in establishing a centralized E-MPC compared to a decentralized E-MPC may therefore not be worth the effort.},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Energy and Buildings},
  volume = {141},
  pages = {158–166},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.035},
  language = {English},
}