@article {30,
	title = {2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Built Environment Considerations To Reduce Transmission},
	journal = {mSystems},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Correction: https://doi.org/10.1128/MSYSTEMS.00375-20},
	publisher = {American Society for Microbiology Journals},
	abstract = {With the rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that results in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), corporate entities, federal, state, county, and city governments, universities, school districts, places of worship, prisons, health care facilities, assisted living organizations, daycares, homeowners, and other building owners and occupants have an opportunity to reduce the potential for transmission through built environment (BE)-mediated pathways. Over the last decade, substantial research into the presence, abundance, diversity, function, and transmission of microbes in the BE has taken place and revealed common pathogen exchange pathways and mechanisms. In this paper, we synthesize this microbiology of the BE research and the known information about SARS-CoV-2 to provide actionable and achievable guidance to BE decision makers, building operators, and all indoor occupants attempting to minimize infectious disease transmission through environmentally mediated pathways. We believe this information is useful to corporate and public administrators and individuals responsible for building operations and environmental services in their decision-making process about the degree and duration of social-distancing measures during viral epidemics and pandemics. Author Video: An author video summary of this article is available.},
	doi = {10.1128/mSystems.00245-20},
	url = {https://msystems.asm.org/content/5/2/e00245-20},
	author = {Dietz, Leslie and Patrick F. Horve and David A. Coil and Fretz, Mark and Jonathan A. Eisen and Van Den Wymelenberg, Kevin},
	editor = {Jack A. Gilbert}
}
@article {37,
	title = {6 Considerations for Transitioning Back to School},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Patricia Nobre
Patricia is a senior design strategist who believes in the power of design to engage all learners. She brings over a decade of experience in designing innovative learning environments throughout Latin America, the Middle East, and the United States. Her academic background in architecture and education give her the tools to affect substantive and effective change in how we learn. Patricia is based in Boston. Contact her at Patricia_Nobre@Gensler.com.

Joey Favaloro
Joey is an architect who specializes in design for 21st-century education. She is committed to personalizing her work through community engagement and building client relationships. A third-generation San Franciscan, Joey is familiar with the region{\textquoteright}s landscape and history. Contact her at Joey_Favaloro@Gensler.com.

Mark Thaler
Mark directs Gensler{\textquoteright}s Education practice area for the Northeast Region. He is one of Gensler{\textquoteright}s experts in the design of learning environments and student spaces. His projects span the academic spectrum, from K-12 through higher education. Mark is based in New York. Contact him at mark_thaler@gensler.com.

Richard Jacob
Richard is an architect focused on knowledge-led developments whose his chief aim is to bring increased levels of innovation and collaboration to each project he touches. He has crafted and curated the overall vision and direction for these projects and created rich stories to instill a sense of community, pride, and place. Richard is based in London. Contact him at richard_jacob@gensler.com.},
	abstract = {Across the globe, classrooms sit unoccupied. In a matter of weeks, schools have had to pivot to distance learning, while striving to maintain learning outcomes and student engagement in a context of intensified inequity and difference.

The pandemic has spurred incredible changes for education institutions around the globe, but it{\textquoteright}s not over yet. There will be many more significant changes to come. In the meantime, our clients are grappling with how they can plan, communicate, and transition hundreds to thousands of students, educators, researchers, and staff back to school with new guidelines and policies that can maintain the health of both their campuses and the broader community. They{\textquoteright}re asking: How do we start planning the transition back to school when the time comes? What can we start doing now?

There is no universal approach to reopening schools and campuses, and each institution must navigate the complexities and nuances of its multiple communities. Nevertheless, we have outlined some considerations, tools, and methodologies based on our work with clients that may help guide other institutions facing these unprecedented challenges.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Design},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/6-considerations-for-transitioning-back-to-school},
	author = {Patricia Nobre and Joey Favaloro and Mark Thaler and Richard Jacob}
}
@article {158,
	title = {Achieving Health and Social Equity through Housing: Understanding the Impact of Non Energy Benefits in the United States},
	year = {2020},
	publisher = {Energy Efficiency for All},
	abstract = {This report identifies and explores how home-based energy efficiency measures, weatherization and healthy home upgrades can confer non-energy benefits at the individual and community level, effectively address social determinants of health, and drive significant savings by improving economic, health and environmental outcomes for residents of affordable housing.},
	keywords = {Energy efficiency},
	url = {https://assets.ctfassets.net/ntcn17ss1ow9/2CMLkZBwlL3n37tfwNfqWS/e5dc2cfc9d74f6a39b5149f922707583/AchievingHealth_SocialEquity_final-lo_0.pdf},
	author = {Ruth Ann Norton and Brendan Wade Brown and Catherine Lee and Kiki Malomo-Paris and Jamal Lewis}
}
@article {13,
	title = {Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: the world should face the reality},
	journal = {Environment International},
	year = {2020},
	month = {4/10/2020},
	pages = {12 pages},
	abstract = {Hand washing and maintaining social distance are the main measures recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to avoid contracting COVID-19. Unfortunately, these measured do not prevent infection by inhalation of small droplets exhaled by an infected person that can travel distance of meters or tens of meters in the air and carry their viral content. Science explains the mechanisms of such transport and there is evidence that this is a significant route of infection in indoor environments. Despite this, no countries or authorities consider airborne spread of COVID-19 in their regulations to prevent infections transmission indoors. It is therefore extremely important, that the national authorities acknowledge the reality that the virus spreads through air, and recommend that adequate control measures be implemented to prevent further spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, in particularly removal of the virus-laden droplets from indoor air by ventilation.},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151430/},
	author = {Lidia Morawska and Junji Cao}
}
@article {61,
	title = {As Data Demand Surges, It{\textquoteright}s Time to Invest in IT Infrastructure},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Jackson Metcalf
Jackson is a design manager and a global leader in Gensler{\textquoteright}s Critical Facilities practice, with a focus on leading critical facilities, commercial office buildings, and mixed-use projects. Jackson{\textquoteright}s projects are noted for their sustainability {\textemdash} with four data centers receiving LEED Gold certification. He is based in Chicago. Contact him at jackson_metcalf@gensler.com.},
	abstract = {While most industries are suffering as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, the data center industry is witnessing unprecedented need for growth. Across the globe, businesses and schools have pivoted to remote working and learning, and internet usage has skyrocketed. As this demand for data explodes, it{\textquoteright}s become clear how vital data centers are to the economy. The question is no longer, do we need these facilities, but how fast can be bring more of them online?

The tech industry has taken the lead in moving data to cloud computing facilities to meet insatiable demand. But this moment represents another opportunity for other, often overlooked market segments to consider new data center solutions.

Two segments that could perhaps benefit the most are healthcare and education. These two industries that have traditionally focused primarily on investing their resources in their primary missions around patient care and students respectively, rather than investing in IT infrastructure. That needs to change.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, IT Infrastructure},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/as-data-demand-surges-its-time-to-invest-in-it},
	author = {Jackson Metcalf}
}
@article {10,
	title = {ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases},
	year = {2020},
	month = {2/5/2020},
	pages = {1-26, 26 pages},
	publisher = {ASHRAE},
	address = {Atlanta, Georgia},
	abstract = {Infectious diseases spread by several different routes. Tuberculosis and in some cases influenza, the common cold, and other diseases spread by the airborne route. The spread can be accelerated or controlled by heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, for which ASHRAE is the global leader and foremost source of technical and educational information. ASHRAE will continue to support research that advances the state of knowledge in the specific techniques that control airborne infectious disease transmission through HVAC systems, including ventilation rates, airflow regimes, filtration, and ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI). ASHRAE{\textquoteright}s position is that facilities of all types should follow, as a minimum, the latest practice standards and guidelines. ASHRAE{\textquoteright}s 62.X Standards cover ventilation in many facility types, and Standard 170 covers ventilation in health-care facilities. New and existing healthcare intake and waiting areas, crowded shelters, and similar facilities should go beyond the minimum requirements of these documents, using techniques covered in ASHRAE{\textquoteright}s Indoor Air Quality Guide (2009) to be even better prepared to control airborne infectious disease (including a future pandemic caused by a new infectious agent).},
	author = {ASHRAE}
}
@article {38,
	title = {Community Impact Is a Key Strategy in Returning to the Office},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Kathleen Carey
As Gensler{\textquoteright}s Community Impact leader, Kathleen is responsible for the firm{\textquoteright}s worldwide community engagement efforts including the volunteer, pro-bono, and philanthropic work that aims to make an impact in some of the biggest issues facing cities today. She is based in New York. Contact her at Kathleen_Carey@Gensler.com.},
	abstract = {As companies begin to plan a return to the office, many are focused on critical questions around safety and physical distancing. But there{\textquoteright}s another vital, often-overlooked factor that should be an integral piece of any company{\textquoteright}s office reentry strategy: community impact. Community impact work extends beyond people{\textquoteright}s day-to-day job responsibilities and helps fulfill the fundamental human need that our work has meaning and purpose. Working for others who may be less fortunate provides a focal point during the challenging re-opening process and will strengthen a company{\textquoteright}s culture long after this crisis passes.

We all can identify aspects of the {\textquotedblleft}culture{\textquotedblright} of our workplace. Descriptions such as {\textquotedblleft}hard-charging,{\textquotedblright} {\textquotedblleft}laid back,{\textquotedblright} or {\textquotedblleft}entrepreneurial{\textquotedblright} may come to mind. But beyond these general descriptors, almost all companies{\textquoteright} cultures contain some component of community outreach, which can be demonstrated in a variety of ways. For example, many companies create strong partnerships with not-for-profit organizations, some volunteer over annual days of service, and still others provide philanthropic support to causes aligned with the mission of their business.

Community service, in any form, is good for the communities where we live and work, good for the reputation of our businesses, and especially good for our people. Gallup{\textquoteright}s Employee Engagement Survey and the Cone Communications Millennial Employee Engagement Study concur that employees desire {\textquotedblleft}purpose-driven work{\textquotedblright} and consider it a priority in job selection, company loyalty, and retention.

In this very uncertain time, many of us may begin to feel disconnected from our company{\textquoteright}s culture as we approach our fourth month of working from home. Although the new workplace may look and feel very different from the one we left, the community impact aspect of company culture serves its purpose from near and far, as the work of giving back to those in need in our communities has meaning and fulfills the innate desire to help during this extreme health crisis.},
	keywords = {Community impact, COVID-19},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/community-impact-is-a-key-strategy-in-returning-to-the},
	author = {Kathleen Carey}
}
@article {100,
	title = {Construction Industry Loses 975,000 Jobs In April As New Association Survey Shows Deteriorating Demand For Construction Projects},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Construction employment declined by 975,000 jobs in April as a new survey by the Associated General Contractors of America and data(link is external) from construction technology firm Procore show deteriorating demand for construction, officials with the association announced today. The new economic data underscores the need for new federal measures to help the construction industry recover, including infrastructure funding, safe harbor provisions and fixes to the Paycheck Protection Program guidance, association officials added.},
	keywords = {Construction, COVID-19, Survey},
	url = {https://www.agc.org/news/2020/05/08/construction-industry-loses-975000-jobs-april-new-association-survey-shows}
}
@article {101,
	title = {Contractors hire medical professionals for COVID-19 guidance, site visits},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Now that moratoriums on nonessential construction have been lifted across the country, contractors are getting back to work with new protocols and provisions in place. From tool sanitization, hand-washing stations, staggered work schedules and mandatory face coverings, an emphasis on clean and healthy jobsites is driving a new way of building.},
	keywords = {Contractor, COVID-19},
	url = {https://www.constructiondive.com/news/contractors-hire-medical-professionals-for-covid-19-guidance-site-visits/579394/},
	author = {Shelley D. Hutchins}
}
@article {41,
	title = {The contribution of green buildings in the fight against COVID-19},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {December 2019 saw an outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) which has now spread widely around the world.

Prevention and control are key elements when facing major public health emergencies. To contain the epidemic, the areas for residents{\textquoteright} activities are restricted to communities and remaining indoors. Therefore, as a gathering base for most people, buildings now play a significant role in preventing and controlling the COVID-19 virus. Community and building-based prevention and control measures have become one of the most important methods of fighting against the epidemic. These include self-isolation, community management, elevator disinfection, environmental cleaning, open windows for natural ventilation, etc.

Green building is a milestone in the building technology development process in China. The latest national standard of China for green building assessment is Assessment Standard for Green Building (GB/T 50378-2019) (hereinafter referred to as ASGB), which was issued in March 2019. ASGB adheres to the technical route of people-oriented, performance-based and quality-improved, while aiming at implementing the concept of green development and expanding the connotation of green buildings. GB/T 50378-2019 absorbs new technologies and new concepts in the development of building technology and takes into account the safety, durability, health, liveability and accessibility for occupants of all ages.},
	keywords = {China, COVID-19, Green building},
	url = {https://www.worldgbc.org/news-media/contribution-green-buildings-fight-against-covid-19}
}
@article {18,
	title = {On the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and the Smart City Network: Universal Data Sharing Standards Coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Benefit Urban Health Monitoring and Management},
	journal = {Healthcare},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2020},
	month = {02/2020},
	chapter = {46},
	abstract = {As the Coronavirus (COVID-19) expands its impact from China, expanding its catchment into surrounding regions and other countries, increased national and international measures are being taken to contain the outbreak. The placing of entire cities in {\textquoteright}lockdown{\textquoteright} directly affects urban economies on a multi-lateral level, including from social and economic standpoints. This is being emphasised as the outbreak gains ground in other countries, leading towards a global health emergency, and as global collaboration is sought in numerous quarters. However, while effective protocols in regard to the sharing of health data is emphasised, urban data, on the other hand, specifically relating to urban health and safe city concepts, is still viewed from a nationalist perspective as solely benefiting a nation{\textquoteright}s economy and its economic and political influence. This perspective paper, written one month after detection and during the outbreak, surveys the virus outbreak from an urban standpoint and advances how smart city networks should work towards enhancing standardization protocols for increased data sharing in the event of outbreaks or disasters, leading to better global understanding and management of the same.},
	keywords = {2019-nCoV, artificial intelligence, Coronavirus, COVID-19, future cities, Internet of Things (IoT), pandemics, smart cities, urban health},
	doi = {10.3390/healthcare8010046},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/8/1/46},
	author = {Zaheer Allam and David S. Jones}
}
@booklet {106,
	title = {COVID 19 Challenges: Construction and Demolition Operations},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {In this webinar recorded May 27, 2020, a panel of construction and demolition experts share their insights on best practices employers can implement to prevent COVID-19 exposure on work sites, address worker concerns and create a culture of safety.},
	keywords = {Construction, COVID-19, Demolition},
	url = {https://www.assp.org/resources/covid-19/webinars/covid-19-challenges-construction-and-demolition-operations?utm_source=MagnetMail\&utm_medium=email\&utm_term=eao4@psu.edu\&utm_content=ASSP\%20Weekly\%206\%2D8\%2D20\&utm_campaign=weekly}
}
@article {32,
	title = {COVID-19 and the Built Environment-Review Examines How Building Design Can Influence Disease Transmission},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Social distancing has Americans mostly out of the places they usually gather and in their homes as we try to reduce the spread of COVID-19. But some buildings, such as hospitals and grocery stores, have to remain open, and at some point, most of us will go back to the office or workplace. What is the role of building design in disease transmission, and can we change how we design the built environment to make it healthier?},
	keywords = {COVID-19},
	url = {https://www.ucdavis.edu/coronavirus/news/covid-19-and-built-environment},
	author = {Andy Fell}
}
@booklet {62,
	title = {COVID-19: Challenges on the Job Site and Working from Home},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {In this webinar recorded May 20, 2020, members of ASSP{\textquoteright}s International Practice Specialty share insights from their experience dealing with COVID-19 in their global workplaces.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Job site},
	url = {https://www.assp.org/resources/covid-19/webinars/covid-19-challenges-on-the-job-site-and-working-from-home?utm_source=MagnetMail\&utm_medium=email\&utm_term=eao4@psu.edu\&utm_content=Covid\%2DPD\%2DMembership\%206\%2D10\%2D20\&utm_campaign=membership}
}
@article {95,
	title = {COVID-19 - Control and Prevention: Construction Work},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {This section provides guidance for construction employers and workers, such as those engaged in carpentry, ironworking, plumbing, electrical, heating/ ventilation/air conditioning/ventilation, masonry and concrete work, utility construction work, and earthmoving activities. This guidance supplements the general, interim guidance for all workers and employers of workers with potential occupational exposures to SARS-CoV-2.},
	keywords = {Construction, COVID-19, OSHA},
	url = {https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/covid-19/construction.html}
}
@article {99,
	title = {COVID-19 Guidance for the Construction Workforce},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {OSHA is committed to protecting the health and safety of America{\textquoteright}s workers and workplaces during these unprecedented times. The agency will be issuing a series of industry-specific alerts designed to keep workers safe.},
	keywords = {Construction, COVID-19, OSHA},
	url = {https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA4000.pdf}
}
@booklet {63,
	title = {COVID-19 Legal Issues Part II: Requirements and Best Practices},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {In this webinar recorded May 15, 2020, expert Adele Abrams provides updates on legal issues that employers must consider as they respond to the COVID-19 pandemic.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Legal},
	url = {https://www.assp.org/resources/covid-19/webinars/covid-19-legal-issues-part-ii-requirements-and-best-practices?utm_source=MagnetMail\&utm_medium=email\&utm_term=eao4@psu.edu\&utm_content=Covid\%2DPD\%2DMembership\%206\%2D10\%2D20\&utm_campaign=membership},
	author = {Adele Abrams}
}
@booklet {64,
	title = {COVID-19: Proactive OSH Performance During Challenging Times},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {In this webinar recorded April 23, 2020, ASSP Board member Pam Walaski, CSP, explores the unique opportunity OSH professionals have to take a leadership role in helping their organizations address risk and build resilience in the post-pandemic world.},
	keywords = {COVID-19},
	url = {https://www.assp.org/resources/covid-19/webinars/covid-19-proactive-osh-performance-during-challenging-times?utm_source=MagnetMail\&utm_medium=email\&utm_term=eao4@psu.edu\&utm_content=Covid\%2DPD\%2DMembership\%206\%2D10\%2D20\&utm_campaign=membership},
	author = {Pam Walaski}
}
@article {55,
	title = {COVID-19 Technical Prevention and Control Plan for Industrial and Construction Companies},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Note that this bibliography may have characters in non-English languages that are not displayed correctly. We are aware of this issue and are looking to correct it. Apologies for the inconvenience.

The English title is translated by Qin Yin. The original Chinese title is "工业企业和建筑施工企业新冠肺炎防控技术方案"},
	abstract = {为指导工业企业和建筑施工企业落实好新冠肺炎疫情防控各项工作要求，做到稳步有序复工复产，根据《企事业单位复工复产疫情防控措施指南》，指定本方案。},
	keywords = {Construction, COVID-19, Industrial},
	url = {http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/kpzs/202003/92680fa2cdbd4427a1510a137a945885.shtml}
}
@article {39,
	title = {A Day in the Life: Going Back to School in China},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Tony Lu
Tony is a design manager in Gensler{\textquoteright}s Shanghai office. With nearly a decade of experience working as an architect, Tony{\textquoteright}s project work encompasses large-scale office, high-tech, retail, and residential projects. Contact him at Tony_Lu@gensler.com.

Freck Qin
A principal and Workplace studio director with close to 20 years of design and project management experience in both global and local context, Freck is responsible for the overall quality and direction of design services, as well as mentoring and growing the next generation of designers on his team. Freck is based in Shanghai. Contact him at Freck_Qin@gensler.com.

Amber Sun
Amber is the Client Relationship leader in Gensler{\textquoteright}s Shanghai Office. For more than a decade, Amber has focused on building strong partnerships with our local developer clients through carefully curating teams and processes that successfully deliver their project visions. Contact her at Amber_Sun@gensler.com.},
	abstract = {As the COVID-19 pandemic expands and more countries around the world implement strict nationwide quarantines, in China we are slowly experiencing the next step: going back to school. Here{\textquoteright}s what we have learned from our colleagues in Gensler{\textquoteright}s Shanghai office.},
	keywords = {China, COVID-19},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/a-day-in-the-life-going-back-to-school-in-china},
	author = {Tony Lu and Freck Qin and Amber Sun}
}
@article {60,
	title = {Defining the Future of Our Cities: Five Areas of Opportunity for a Post-Pandemic World},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Oliver Schaper
As a design principal and Northeast Regional Leader of Cities and Urban Design, Oliver oversees and spearheads planning and urban design projects, strategies, and communication tools for varying scale projects including master plans, environmental systems, commercial and institutional headquarters, mixed-use campuses, and residential developments. Oliver is a visiting assistant professor at Pratt Institute and a fellow at the Urban Design Forum. Contact him at Oliver_Schaper@Gensler.com.},
	abstract = {Cities are works in progress. At the core of what makes dense urban environments authentic, desirable, and attractive lies a network of forces that create unpredictability, serendipity, and diversity - qualities that in times of social distancing appear to be a threat to our personal safety and well-being. How can we, as urban planners and designers, devise strategies and tools to help influence the trajectory of these complex settings, enable equitable futures, and contribute to a sustainable and prosperous livelihood for communities and businesses {\textemdash} all while making people feel safer in a pandemic?

There is no quick fix. Even if an effective vaccine gets us past current quarantine practices, the possibility of pandemics will continue to exist. We need to continue to strengthen vital community infrastructure, shore up institutional support, provide spaces that can adapt to quarantine and surge-demand conditions, and in general establish effective communication protocols that deliver trusted and actionable information.

We are witnessing global disruption at an unprecedented scale. But if we can live though disruptions as a new normal, and in ways that allow us to keep the economy going while staying engaged with work, school, family, and friends {\textemdash} then we may emerge even stronger and more resilient as a community.},
	keywords = {Cities, COVID-19},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/defining-future-of-cities-areas-of-opportunity-post-pandemic},
	author = {Oliver Schaper}
}
@article {102,
	title = {Design Lessons from Healthcare Can Help Prevent Infection Spread in Restrooms},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {The coronavirus pandemic has highlighted the need for better design in restrooms to prevent the spread of germs. It{\textquoteright}s time to take some cues from healthcare facilities.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Design},
	url = {https://www.facilitiesnet.com/plumbingrestrooms/article/Design-Lessons-from-Healthcare-Can-Help-Prevent-Infection-Spread-in-Restrooms--18946?source=part},
	author = {Ron Reim and Ali Summerford}
}
@article {42,
	title = {Designing Government Offices for the Post-COVID Era},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Robert A. Peck
Bob co-leads Gensler{\textquoteright}s Government \& Defense Industry sector. An attorney by training, Bob served two terms as national head of the U.S. General Services Administration{\textquoteright}s Public Buildings Service and was president of the Greater Washington Board of Trade. Bob is based in Washington, D.C. Contact him at Bob_Peck@Gensler.com.

Peter Barsuk
Peter is a global Government \& Defense practice leader, with an expertise in education, civic, and office building projects. With more than 20 years of experience, he has collaborated with clients, design professionals, and contractors to design and deliver innovative solutions for institutional, educational, and commercial clients. Peter is based in Los Angeles. Contact him at Peter_Barsuk@Gensler.com.},
	abstract = {For many amazing government workers, the coronavirus pandemic has not displaced them from their normal workplace. For first responders, it has meant a more urgent-but-similar experience working at field locations or on dispatch and in fire houses and hospitals in close proximity to others. For public health and other officials, it has meant coming into the workplace and distancing as best as possible.

But, for thousands of other government employees, it has meant working from home. As we prepare to return to the workplace, whenever that happens, what should public agencies and departments be doing to prepare a workplace that can help people feel healthy?

We{\textquoteright}ve been giving this a lot of thought, and have been learning lessons from our colleagues in China. We{\textquoteright}ve also been consulting with our colleagues who focus on health and wellness and workplace strategy and have been talking to building industry partners and clients.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Design},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/designing-government-offices-for-the-post-covid-era?q=covid},
	author = {Robert A. Peck and Peter Barsuk}
}
@article {44,
	title = {Designing Healthcare for Surge Capacity},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Randy Guillot
Randy is a principal who serves as a global Health \& Wellness leader at Gensler with a portfolio of work spanning across five continents. Projects under his design leadership are celebrated for their critical design success and enhanced access to healthy, dignified, optimistic, and engaging environments for all. Randy is based in Chicago. Contact him at randy_guillot@gensler.com.

James Crispino
Jim is a global Health \& Wellness leader at Gensler with more than 25 years of experience designing and planning innovative healthcare facilities, academic medical centers, and research spaces. His work investigates and synthesizes new technologies, activity- and behavior-based programs, and spatial models to create strategies and architectural typologies that further his clients{\textquoteright} missions. Jim is based in New York. Contact him at james_crispino@gensler.com.

Scot Latimer
Scot is a principal and global Health \& Wellness leader at Gensler. Scot uses his renowned strategic and business planning expertise to inform the design of health systems {\textendash} hospital and physician networks {\textendash} which deliver on the promise of population health with improved access and efficiency. He is based in Chicago. Contact him at scot_latimer@gensler.com.},
	abstract = {The healthcare system in the U.S. is undergoing considerable stress due to an influx of patients infected with the novel coronavirus. Hospitals are facing a potential shortage of beds, and many are already overwhelmed. Scenario modeling shows that even optimistic projections point to a shortfall of available beds by a significant factor if the new coronavirus continues to spread and hospitals don{\textquoteright}t expand capacity. Ultimately, this worldwide event will forever change how we design healthcare spaces and places.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Design},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/designing-healthcare-for-surge-capacity?q=covid},
	author = {Randy Guillot and James Crispino and Scot Latimer}
}
@article {9,
	title = {Detection of Air and Surface Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Hospital Rooms of Infected Patients},
	journal = {medRxiv},
	year = {2020},
	month = {4/9/2020},
	abstract = {Understanding the particle size distribution in the air and patterns of environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for infection prevention policies. We aimed to detect SARS-CoV-2 surface and air contamination and study associated patient-level factors. 245 surface samples were collected from 30 airborne infection isolation rooms of COVID-19 patients, and air sampling was conducted in 3 rooms. Air sampling detected SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive particles of sizes >4 μm and 1-4 μm in two rooms, which warrants further study of the airborne transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2. 56.7\% of rooms had at least one environmental surface contaminated. High touch surface contamination was shown in ten (66.7\%) out of 15 patients in the first week of illness, and three (20\%) beyond the first week of illness (p = 0.01).},
	url = {https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.29.20046557v2},
	author = {Po Ying Chia and Kristen K Coleman and Yian Kim Tan and Sean Wei Xiang Ong and Marcus Gum and Sok Kiang Lau and Stephanie Sutjipto and Pei Hua Lee and Than The Son and Barnaby E. Young and Donald K. Milton and Gregory C. Gray and Stephan Schuster and Timothy Barkham and Partha Prathim De and Shawn Vasoo and Monica Chan and Brenda Sze Peng Ang and Boon Huan Tan and Yee Sin Leo and Oon-Tek Ng and Michelle Su Yen Wong and Kalisvar Marimuthu}
}
@article {29,
	title = {Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Mobility: Empirical Evidence from the City of Santander (Spain)},
	journal = {Sustainability},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2020},
	month = {05/2020},
	chapter = {3870},
	abstract = {This article analyses the impact that the confinement measures or quarantine imposed in Spain on 15 March 2020 had on urban mobility in the northern city of Santander. Data have been collected from traffic counters, public transport ITS, and recordings from traffic control cameras and environmental sensors to make comparisons between journey flows and times before and during the confinement. This data has been used to re-estimate Origin-Destination trip matrices to obtain an initial diagnostic of how daily mobility has been reduced and how the modal distribution and journey purposes have changed. The impact on externalities such as NO2 emissions and traffic accidents have also been quantified. The analysis revealed an overall mobility fall of 76\%, being less important in the case of the private car. Public transport users dropped by up to 93\%, NO2 emissions were reduced by up to 60\%, and traffic accidents were reduced by up to 67\% in relative terms.},
	keywords = {confinement, Coronavirus, COVID-19, mobility, outbreak, quarantine, traffic},
	doi = {10.3390/su12093870},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/9/3870/htm},
	author = {Alfredo Aloi and Borja Alonso and Juan Benavente and Rub{\'e}n Cordera and Eneko Ech{\'a}niz and Felipe Gonz{\'a}lez and Claudio Ladisa and Raquel Lezama-Romanelli and {\'A}lvaro L{\'o}pez-Parra and Vittorio Mazzei and Luc{\'\i}a Perrucci and Dar{\'\i}o Prieto-Quintana and Andr{\'e}s Rodr{\'\i}guez and Roberto Sa{\~n}udo}
}
@article {70,
	title = {Evaluation of energy flexibility of low-energy residential buildings connected to district heating},
	journal = {Energy and Buildings},
	volume = {213},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {109804},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {Energy flexibility is a cost-effective solution to facilitate secure operation of the energy system while integrating large share of renewables. Thermal energy infrastructure is a great asset for flexibility in systems with widely developed district heating networks. The aim of the present work is to investigate the potential for low-energy residential buildings to be operated flexibly, according to the needs of district heating system. An apartment block is studied, utilizing the storage capacity of thermal mass as storage medium. Two sets of data are utilized: heat load of Greater Copenhagen and dynamic heat production cost which is used as a price signal for the scheduling of the heating use in the building. Scenarios with different control signals are determined in order to achieve load shifting. The findings show that pre-heating is highly effective for load shifting and peak load reduction. During morning peak load hours, energy use is reduced in all scenarios between 40\% and 87\%. Although with load shifting higher energy use may occur, it occurs mostly at times when the city heat load is lower and heat production is less expensive and less carbon-intensive. Indoor temperature has a wider range and/or more fluctuations, yet remains within acceptable limits.},
	keywords = {Building thermal mass, District heating, Energy flexibility, Heating demand},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109804},
	author = {Foteinaki, Kyriaki and Li, Rongling and Thibault Q. P{\'e}an and Rode, Carsten and Jaume Salom}
}
@article {121,
	title = {Everybody stacks: Lessons from household energy case studies to inform design principles for clean energy transitions},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	volume = {141},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {111468},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {Stove stacking (concurrent use of multiple stoves and/or fuels) is a poorly quantified practice in regions with ongoing efforts to transition household energy to cleaner options. Using biomass-burning stoves alongside clean stoves undermines health and environmental goals. This review synthesizes stove stacking data gathered from eleven case studies of clean cooking programs in low- and middle-income country settings. Analyzed data are from ministry and program records, research studies, and informant interviews. Thematic analysis identifiedy key drivers of stove stacking behavior in each setting. Significant (28\%{\textendash}100\%) stacking with traditional cooking methods was observed in all cases. Reasons for traditional fuel use included: costs of clean fuel; mismatches between cooking technologies and household needs; and unreliable fuel supply. National household surveys often focus on {\textquoteright}primary{\textquoteright} cookstoves and miss stove stacking data. Thus more attention should be paid to discontinuation of traditional stove use, not solely adoption of cleaner stoves/fuels. Future energy policies and programs should acknowledge the realities of stacking and incorporate strategies at the design stage to transition away from polluting stoves/fuels. Seven principles for clean cooking program design and policy are presented, focused on a shift toward "cleaner stacking" that could yield household air pollution reductions approaching WHO targets.},
	keywords = {Adoption, Clean cooking, Cookstoves, Household air pollution, Household energy},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111468},
	author = {Anita V. Shankar and Ashlinn K. Quinn and Katherine L. Dickinson and Kendra N. Williams and Masera, Omar and Charron, Dana and Jack, Darby and Hyman, Jasmine and Ajay Pillarisetti and Bailis, Rob and Praveen Kumar and Ilse Ruiz-Mercado and Joshua P. Rosenthalb}
}
@article {21,
	title = {EXPOSED: An occupant exposure model for confined spaces to retrofit crowd models during a pandemic},
	journal = {Safety Science},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Preprint},
	abstract = {Crowd models can be used for the simulation of people movement in the built environment. Crowd model outputs have been used for evaluating safety and comfort of pedestrians, inform crowd management and perform forensic investigations. Microscopic crowd models allow the representation of each person and the obtainment of information concerning their location over time and interactions with the physical space/other people. Pandemics such as COVID-19 have posed several questions on safe building usage, given the risk of disease transmission among building occupants. Here we show how crowd modelling can be used to assess occupant exposure in confined spaces. The policies adopted concerning building usage and social distancing during a pandemic can vary greatly, and they are mostly based on the macroscopic analysis of the spread of disease rather than a safety assessment performed at a building level. The proposed model allows the investigation of occupant exposure in buildings based on the analysis of microscopic people movement. Risk assessment is performed by retrofitting crowd models with a universal model for exposure assessment which can account for different types of disease transmissions. This work allows policy makers to perform informed decisions concerning building usage during a pandemic.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Crowd model, disease transmission, occupant exposure, people movement},
	url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04007},
	author = {Enrico Ronchi and Ruggiero Lovreglio}
}
@article {57,
	title = {The Future of Dining Out},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Siobhan Barry
Siobhan is a design director with 20 years of experience designing high-profile retail, restaurant, and hospitality environments. She has built a reputation for dynamic, modern interiors that delight the senses and capture the imagination. Siobhan is based in New York. Contact her at Siobhan_Barry@Gensler.com.},
	abstract = {The current health crisis has hit the restaurant industry harder than nearly any other sector. As many as 20\% of all U.S. restaurants could close permanently because of the coronavirus pandemic, according to UBS. In some hard-hit markets, like New York, that the number could be as high as 50\%, according to some estimates.

Beyond this devastating economic impact, the pandemic has also taken a toll on our social and personal well-being. The habit of breaking bread with one another has been a communal activity as long as we have existed. The shelter-in-place orders enacted to curb the spread of COVID-19 have prohibited this once vibrant and meaningful event from taking place outside the home. Once we{\textquoteright}re able to gather in larger groups again, we{\textquoteright}ll all be looking for the connection, community, and joy that comes from eating together.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Dining},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/the-future-of-dining-out},
	author = {Siobhan Barry}
}
@article {24,
	title = {Guidance for Building Operations During the COVID-19 Pandemic},
	journal = {ASHRAE Journal},
	year = {2020},
	month = {05/2020},
	abstract = {The HVAC systems in most non-medical buildings play only a small role in infectious disease transmission, including COVID-19. Knowledge is emerging about COVID-19, the virus that causes it (SARS-CoV-2), and how the disease spreads. Reasonable, but not certain, inferences about spread can be drawn from the SARS outbreak in 2003 (a virus genetically similar to SARS-CoV-2) and, to a lesser extent, from transmission of other viruses. Preliminary research has been recently released, due to the urgent need for information, but it is likely to take years to reach scientific consensus.},
	keywords = {Building operation, COVID-19},
	url = {https://www.ashrae.org/file\%20library/technical\%20resources/ashrae\%20journal/2020journaldocuments/72-74_ieq_schoen.pdf},
	author = {Lawrence J. Schoen P.E.}
}
@article {50,
	title = {How Companies Can Support Work-From-Home Best Practices in the Long Term},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Dieter Kursietis
Dieter is a consulting director who focuses on the firm{\textquoteright}s Consulting + Real Estate Services as well as its Education and Workplace practices. Dieter brings consulting expertise in design strategy, change management, operational planning, master planning, and urban design to global projects across a range of scales from workplaces and labs, to campuses and urban quarters. He is based in Hong Kong. Contact him at dieter_kursietis@gensler.com.},
	abstract = {Most organizations have adopted work-from-home practices in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and as Gensler and others eye a strategic and safe return to the office, many are now considering integrating modified schedules and partial remote working to accommodate physical distancing and other health and wellness practices.

While much of the workforce is now in a work-from-home groove, Gensler{\textquoteright}s recent U.S. Work From Home Survey found that the vast majority of people want to return to the office, albeit with critical changes. Many also want to continue to work from home at least some of the time.

The movement to a more permanent work-from-home reality has raised the possibility that residential design will need to offer new solutions. At the very least, multi-family buildings may need to rethink amenities to better suit the at-home worker. The need for flexibility in residential units could also boil to the surface. Future designs could allow people to add office space or master bedrooms (in case college-age children need to return home for remote learning during another health crisis).},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Work from home},
	author = {Dieter Kursietis}
}
@article {56,
	title = {How Should Contractors Properly Make Claims during the COVID-19 Pandemic},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Note that this bibliography may have characters in non-English languages that are not displayed correctly. We are aware of this issue and are looking to correct it. Apologies for the inconvenience.

English title translated by Qin Yin. The original Chinese title is "新型冠状病毒疫情下承包商如何恰当地实施工程索赔".},
	keywords = {Claim, Contractor, COVID-19},
	url = {https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/oyKlxVxUYeVZvA2S-UoB5Q},
	author = {Yongbo Zhang}
}
@article {33,
	title = {How the COVID-19 Pandemic Will Change the Built Environment},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {COVID-19},
	url = {https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/covid-19-design},
	author = {Alyssa Giacobbe}
}
@article {51,
	title = {How to Design Hospital-Ready Hotels},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Randy Guillot
Randy is a principal who serves as a global Health \& Wellness leader at Gensler with a portfolio of work spanning across five continents. Projects under his design leadership are celebrated for their critical design success and enhanced access to healthy, dignified, optimistic, and engaging environments for all. Randy is based in Chicago. Contact him at randy_guillot@gensler.com.

Steven R. Upchurch
Steven is a principal and co-managing director of Gensler Dallas and a global leader of Gensler{\textquoteright}s hospitality practice. Steven applies his knowledge of local and international markets to deliver impactful and memorable experiences to owners, developers, brands and guests. Contact him at steven_upchurch@gensler.com.},
	abstract = {From late February to early May of this year, occupancy rates in the top 25 U.S. urban hotel markets dropped from 70\% to below 30\%, according to Smith Travel Research. With so much uncertainty around the globe, it{\textquoteright}s clear the hospitality industry must reinvent itself if it is to survive in the emerging future.

In New York City, one of the hardest hit by the pandemic, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers deployed a system in March that allows contractors to convert nearly any hotel room, dorm room, or convention center into a makeshift hospital.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Hotel},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/how-to-design-hospital-ready-hotels},
	author = {Randy Guillot and Steven R. Upchurch}
}
@article {20,
	title = {How to restart? An agent-based simulation model towards the definition of strategies for COVID-19 "second phase" in public buildings},
	journal = {Building and Environment},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Preprint},
	abstract = {Restarting public buildings activities in the "second phase" of COVID-19 emergency should be supported by operational measures to avoid a second virus spreading. Buildings hosting the continuous presence of the same users and significant overcrowd conditions over space/time (e.g. large offices, universities) are critical scenarios due to the prolonged contact with infectors. Beside individual{\textquoteright}s risk-mitigation strategies performed (facial masks), stakeholders should promote additional strategies, i.e. occupants{\textquoteright} load limitation (towards "social distancing") and access control. Simulators could support the measures effectiveness evaluation. This work provides an Agent-Based Model to estimate the virus spreading in the closed built environment. The model adopts a probabilistic approach to jointly simulate occupants{\textquoteright} movement and virus transmission according to proximity-based and exposure-time-based rules proposed by international health organizations. Scenarios can be defined in terms of building occupancy, mitigation strategies and virus-related aspects. The model is calibrated on experimental data ("Diamond Princess" cruise) and then applied to a relevant case-study (a part of a university campus). Results demonstrate the model capabilities. Concerning the case-study, adopting facial masks seems to be a paramount strategy to reduce virus spreading in each initial condition, by maintaining an acceptable infected people{\textquoteright}s number. The building capacity limitation could support such measure by potentially moving from FFPk masks to surgical masks use by occupants (thus improving users{\textquoteright} comfort issues). A preliminary model to combine acceptable mask filters-occupants{\textquoteright} density combination is proposed. The model could be modified to consider other recurring scenarios in other public buildings (e.g. tourist facilities, cultural buildings).},
	keywords = {agent-based modelling, airborne disease transmission, COVID-19, infectious disease, simulation model},
	url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.12927},
	author = {Marco D{\textquoteright}Orazio and Gabriele Bernardini and Enrico Quagliarini}
}
@article {54,
	title = {The Impact of COVID-19 on Buildings and Infrastructure},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Note that this bibliography may have characters in non-English languages that are not displayed correctly. We are aware of this issue and are looking to correct it. Apologies for the inconvenience.

English title translated by Qin Yin. The original title is "新型冠状病毒疫情对建筑/基建的影响".},
	abstract = {短期冲击建筑工程复工，中长期对湖北省基建融资影响有限
一、疫情短期冲击建筑工程行业复工节奏
（1）疫情对建筑工程行业的冲击主要集中在供给侧
（2）野外作业为主的基建工程或将率先复苏
（3）西部地区的建筑施工行业或将率先复苏
（4）湖北省内疫情不利影响：水泥建材>施工民企>施工国企
二、基建融资能力：中期来看考虑转移支付等政策托举力度加大，疫情影响较为有限
（1）财政收入虽受拖累，但预计通过转移支付调节，疫情对政府基建投资支出影响较为有限
（2）政府投资平台受益于相关政策托举，预计再融资影响不大，关注黄冈市城投
},
	keywords = {China, COVID-19, Infrastructure},
	url = {http://pdf.dfcfw.com/pdf/H3_AP202002101374951278_1.pdf},
	author = {Ting Lei and Xue Xia}
}
@article {22,
	title = {The Impact of COVID-19 on Public Space: A Review of the Emerging Questions},
	volume = {2020},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Preprint},
	abstract = {Restrictions on the use of public space and social distancing have been key policy measures to reduce the transmission of SAR-CoV-2 and protect public health. At the time of writing, one half of the world{\textquoteright}s population has been asked to stay home and avoid many public places. What will be the long term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on public space once the restrictions have been lifted? The depth and extent of transformation is unclear, especially as it relates to the future design, use and perceptions of public space. This article aims to highlight emerging questions at the interface of COVID-19 and city design. It is possible that the COVID-19 crisis may fundamentally change our relationship with public space. In the ensuing months and years, it will be critical to study and measure these changes in order to inform urban planning and design in a post-COVID-19 world.},
	keywords = {Built Environment, COVID-19, Design, Health, Planning, Public Space, Urban},
	doi = {10.31219/osf.io/rf7xa},
	author = {Jordi Honey-Roses and Isabelle Anguelovski and Josep Bohigas and Vincent Chireh and Carolyn Daher and Cecil Konijnendijk and Jill Litt and Vrushti Mawani and Mike McCall and Arturo Orellana and Emilia Oscilowicz and Ulises S{\'a}nchez and Maged Senbel and Xueqi Tan and Erick Villagomez and Oscar Zapata and Mark Nieuwenhuijsen}
}
@article {134,
	title = {Incorporating injury prevention into energy weatherization programs},
	journal = {Journal of public health management and practice},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {80{\textendash}82},
	publisher = {LWW},
	abstract = {Clients receiving weatherization/energy services with an added injury prevention home assessment with modifications/repairs experienced a decline in falls and thus fall-related costs. Interventions in 35 homes were associated with significant reductions in falls from baseline to 6 months postintervention (from 94\% to 9\%; P < .001) and falls with calls for assistance (from 23\% to 3\%; P < .02). The decline in falls with calls for assistance in the intervention group was significant when adjusted for a comparison group effect (P = .07). At a median cost of $2058 per home, the addition of an injury prevention component led by an occupational therapist offers the potential to avoid expensive fall-related medical costs (lift assistance, hospital transport and admission, long-term care). Integration of injury prevention into weatherization work, which targets lower-income seniors with high energy use, offers potential to reduce costly hospitalizations and poor health outcomes.},
	keywords = {Energy efficiency, healthy homes, injury prevention, weatherization},
	doi = {10.1097/PHH.0000000000000947},
	author = {Tohn, Ellen and Jonathan Wilson and Van Oss, Tracy and Gurecka, Michael}
}
@article {48,
	title = {Insights From Gensler{\textquoteright}s U.S. Work From Home Survey 2020},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Andy Cohen
Andy is one of two Gensler Co-CEOs whose collaborative leadership is fundamental to setting the company apart as a leading design firm. For his innovative leadership, Andy, along with Co-CEO Diane Hoskins , ranks on Business Insider{\textquoteright}s elite {\textquotedblleft}Creators{\textquotedblright} list, a who{\textquoteright}s who of the world{\textquoteright}s 100 top creative visionaries. As a hands-on leader, Andy oversees Gensler{\textquoteright}s global platform and its day-to-day operations, some 6,300+ people networked across 50 offices, serving clients in 120+ countries. A champion of design, resiliency, and sustainability, Andy is a leader of the firm{\textquoteright}s Design \& Innovation Committee, directing design excellence strategies across Gensler{\textquoteright}s diverse practice areas around the globe.

Diane Hoskins
For her innovative leadership, Diane, along with Co-CEO Andy Cohen, ranks on Business Insider{\textquoteright}s elite {\textquotedblleft}Creators{\textquotedblright} list, a who{\textquoteright}s who of the world{\textquoteright}s 100 top creative visionaries. As a hands-on leader, Diane oversees Gensler{\textquoteright}s global platform and its day-to-day operations, some 6,300+ people networked across 50 offices, serving clients in 120+ countries. Diane is focused on Gensler{\textquoteright}s global talent strategies, performance, and organizational development to ensure that we serve our clients with the world{\textquoteright}s top talent.},
	abstract = {Fresh off the release of our "Back to the Office" guide on return strategies for building owners and organizations, the Gensler Research Institute has now published the findings of its study on the current experience of working from home during the pandemic and how this experience is influencing people{\textquoteright}s expectations for the future workplace.

Gensler{\textquoteright}s U.S. Work from Home Survey 2020 was conducted to help provide greater insight into the work from home experience and how the workplace will be designed in the post-COVID world. As a result, we are building a better understanding of how to address pre-pandemic workplace issues, including the need for more space, less desk sharing, and more autonomy.

The study that surveyed 2,300+ full-time U.S. office workers at companies of 100 or more people from April 16 to May 4 found that only 12\% of U.S. workers want to work from home full-time. Before this experience, only one in ten U.S. office workers had regularly worked from home, and less than a third previously had the option to work from home. What our research found is that people overwhelmingly want to return to the office. Most people want to return to the workplace, but with significant changes to address distancing as well as concerns over growing densification prior to the pandemic.

The study found that 70\% of people want to work in the office for the majority of their week. However, they want to see changes from the pre-pandemic density levels, ensuring there is more space for physical distancing while addressing noise and cleaning protocols.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Work from home},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/insights-from-genslers-u-s-work-from-home-survey-2020},
	author = {Andy Cohen and Diane Hoskins}
}
@article {58,
	title = {It{\textquoteright}s Time to Rethink Signage and Wayfinding for Transportation Hubs},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Beth Ready
Beth is a studio director in Gensler{\textquoteright}s Brand Design practice, with deep expertise in large-scale wayfinding and signage programs, brand strategy, and placemaking. With more than 20 years{\textquoteright} experience, her recent assignments have focused on building brand presence, creating future-proof strategies, and integrating digital technology for unusually complex projects. Beth is based in Washington, D.C. Contact her at Beth_Ready@Gensler.com.

Ty Osbaugh
Ty is a principal and leader in Gensler{\textquoteright}s Aviation practice. Ty has deep expertise in merging great design with careful technical leadership across a variety of global project types, including airport terminals, cargo facilities, and parking structures. He is based in Washington, D.C. Contact him at ty_osbaugh@gensler.com.},
	abstract = {A close alliance between environmental graphic design and airport architecture may seem unlikely at first, but these fields are remarkably interdependent. This post brings the two together to explore how to stay safe when the world starts traveling again.

Fast forward to when you{\textquoteright}re ready to take your next flight. Maybe that{\textquoteright}s six months from now. Maybe longer. Maybe, depending on your job, family situation, or other circumstances out of your control, your next flight is already on the horizon. When that day comes, what{\textquoteright}s it going to take to make you feel safe?

Transportation hubs {\textemdash} especially airports {\textemdash} were anxiety triggers long before we had to deal with a global pandemic. To dispel that unease, designers have successfully deployed signage and wayfinding strategies to guide travelers through unfamiliar environments while communicating across languages and cultures.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Signage, Transportation},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/time-to-rethink-signage-and-wayfinding-for-transportation},
	author = {Beth Ready and Ty Osbaugh}
}
@article {27,
	title = {Leverage {\textquoteleft}Smart City{\textquoteright} Technology and Automate Flattening the COVID-19 Curve},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Smart City, Technology},
	url = {https://www.hstoday.us/subject-matter-areas/infrastructure-security/leverage-smart-city-technology-and-automate-flattening-the-covid-19-curve/},
	author = {Michael Echols}
}
@article {12,
	title = {Literature REHVA COVID-19 guidance document (version April 3, 2020)},
	year = {2020},
	month = {4/3/2020},
	pages = {3 pages},
	author = {Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (REHVA)}
}
@article {125,
	title = {A Low-Carbon Future Could Improve Global Health and Achieve Economic Benefits},
	journal = {Jama},
	volume = {323},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Corresponding Author: Jonathan A. Patz, MD, MPH, University of Wisconsin{\textendash}Madison, Global Health Institute, Madison, Department of Population Health Sciences, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, Madison, 1710 University Ave, Madison, WI 53726 (patz@wisc.edu).},
	pages = {1247{\textendash}1248},
	publisher = {American Medical Association},
	keywords = {Environmental health, Global Health, Population Health},
	doi = {10.1001/jama.2020.1313},
	author = {Jonathan A. Patz and Valerie J. Stull and Vijay S. Limaye}
}
@article {167,
	title = {Making Health Count},
	year = {2020},
	publisher = {ACEEE},
	abstract = {KEY TAKEAWAYS
{\textbullet} Energy efficiency programs bring both energy savings and the potential for substantial health benefits to participating households.
{\textbullet} The large existing network of in-home energy efficiency programs could be modified to include measures that promote better health outcomes for program participants.
{\textbullet} If existing weatherization programs targeted four common health risks{\textemdash}asthma, falls, and exposure to extreme heat or cold{\textemdash}they could save more than $228 million due to avoided health harms. Those savings could reach $2.9 billion over 10 years.
{\textbullet} Monetized estimates of the health benefits of interventions can be leveraged to enable programmatic changes, help to build partnerships between the energy efficiency and health sectors and attract additional funding for in-home efficiency programs. },
	keywords = {Energy efficiency},
	url = {https://www.aceee.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/h2001.pdf},
	author = {Sara Hayes and Cassandra Kubes and Christine Gerbode}
}
@article {49,
	title = {Most People Want to Return to the Office {\textemdash} But They Expect Changes},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Janet Pogue McLaurin
Janet is a principal at Gensler who is responsible for co-leading the firm{\textquoteright}s Workplace practice. She is a widely published writer and speaker who is focused on the critical issues affecting the design of innovative work environments. Janet is based in Washington, D.C. Contact her at Janet_Pogue@Gensler.com.},
	abstract = {There{\textquoteright}s no place like work. Just before the pandemic hit, Gensler released the U.S. Workplace Survey 2020 research findings, the latest in our research series that measures how people work, as well as the effectiveness and experience of the workplace.

At the time that research was conducted, we asked a now-poignant question: where do people prefer to work? We gave respondents four choices: home, employer{\textquoteright}s workplace, a coworking site, or a coffee shop. When their workplace was well-designed to meet their needs, U.S. knowledge workers overwhelming chose the workplace. The workplace mattered.

When we return to the office, it will be anything but a return to normal. While we{\textquoteright}ve been working from home, we{\textquoteright}ve changed how we work. We{\textquoteright}ve built new skills in how to work virtually. We{\textquoteright}ve developed new ways to connect with our colleagues, clients, friends, and extended families. We{\textquoteright}ve learned that working from home has, in fact, been brutally efficient and productive for most, especially for those trying to work individually.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Work from home},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/most-people-want-to-return-to-the-office-but-expect-changes},
	author = {Janet Pogue McLaurin}
}
@article {98,
	title = {NABTU and CPWR COVID-19 Standards for U.S. Construction Sites},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {The Occupational Safety and Health Act requires construction employers to provide a safe and healthy workplace. To do this, construction industry employers should develop a comprehensive COVID-19 exposure control plan, which includes control measures, symptom checking, social distancing, hygiene and decontamination procedures, and training. An exposure control plan and the following recommendations should be followed before any onsite worker is found to have COVID-19 because many people with COVID-19 are asymptomatic and can potentially spread disease.
As work is reopening in parts of the United States where it has been shut down, for the continued protection of our members and in our capacity as the bargaining representative for those members, the Building Trades Unions believe the following are the minimum standards employers should implement as part of their COVID19 exposure control plan on all job sites.},
	keywords = {Construction, COVID-19, OSHA},
	url = {https://nabtu.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/NABTU_CPWR_Standards_COVID-19.pdf}
}
@article {36,
	title = {The Near Future of Casino and Gaming Design},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Author: Derek Sola
As Gensler{\textquoteright}s Gaming Leader, Derek plays a critical role in high-profile projects for international gaming operators, including MGM Resorts International, Las Vegas Sands Corporation, Caesars Entertainment, and Holland Casino. Planning and conceptualizing integrated resorts as Design Director for Gensler{\textquoteright}s Las Vegas office, Derek has a penchant for providing innovative design solutions that result in the greatest end-user impact. Contact him at Derek_Sola@gensler.com.},
	abstract = {For now, Las Vegas Boulevard is a scene of empty sidewalks, boarded up casino doors and entrances, and desolate establishments. On June 4, that{\textquoteright}s about to change, as Nevada Governor Steve Sisolak announced that casinos in the state can reopen for the first time since the coronavirus forced the gaming industry to shut down more than two months ago.

What will that look like? How will a city that has averaged 42 million visitors a year, typically in close confines, welcome people back in a way that makes them feel safe and at ease? Just like Las Vegas, other cities that rely heavily on tourism and the gaming industry are taking notes.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Design},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/the-near-future-of-casino-and-gaming-design},
	author = {Derek Sola}
}
@article {65,
	title = {OSHA Guidance for COVID-19 Prevention in Construction},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {As construction season ramps up amidst the threat of COVID-19 exposure,Construction foreman on a job site holding a tablet.  construction employers and workers need to understand how they can protect themselves on the job site. New OSHA guidance provides insights into assessing each worker{\textquoteright}s risk level and highlights controls to help prevent worker exposure to the virus.},
	keywords = {Construction, COVID-19, OSHA},
	url = {https://www.assp.org/resources/covid-19/articles/2020/06/01/osha-guidance-for-covid-19-prevention-in-construction?utm_source=MagnetMail\&utm_medium=email\&utm_term=eao4@psu.edu\&utm_content=Covid\%2DPD\%2DMembership\%206\%2D10\%2D20\&utm_campaign=membership}
}
@article {97,
	title = {OSHA Updates Enforcement Guidance and Enforcement Response Plan for COVID-19},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {One of the most important measures in preventing the spreadBusinesswoman writing on a clipboard of COVID-19 is ensuring that employers are taking the proper precautions to protect their workers. OSHA has revised two of its enforcement policies to assess an employer{\textquoteright}s actions as economies begin to reopen.

The new memoranda take effect May 26, 2020, at which time the previous memoranda will be rescinded. These new memoranda will remain in effect until further notice.},
	keywords = {Construction, COVID-19, OSHA},
	url = {https://www.assp.org/resources/covid-19/article/2020/05/21/osha-updates-enforcement-guidance-and-enforcement-response-plan-for-covid-19?utm_source=MagnetMail\&utm_medium=email\&utm_term=eao4@psu.edu\&utm_content=Covid\%2DPD\%2DMembership\%206\%2D10\%2D20\&utm_camp}
}
@booklet {105,
	title = {[Podcast] Safe and Sound: Elevating the conversation around construction safety},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Welcome to {\textquotedblleft}Safe and Sound: Elevating the conversation around construction safety,{\textquotedblright} a podcast series focused on looking globally to help contractors create better safety standards locally.

In this four-part series, Construction Dive{\textquoteright}s Brand Studio will explore how the latest technology systems provide a new level of transparency on the jobsite that{\textquoteright}s helping to elevate conversations around safety. This series will also explore how clients are using this technology to create dramatically safer job sites {\textemdash} and improve bottom lines with fewer injuries and quality issues.},
	keywords = {Construction, COVID-19, Podcast},
	url = {https://www.constructiondive.com/spons/podcast-safe-and-sound/573674/$\#$ep-three}
}
@article {34,
	title = {Rapid review of engineering factors that will influence the spread of COVID-19 in hospital environments},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {The spread of COVID-19 in hospitals is a complex problem influenced by the virus transmission routes, the hospital environment and how it is used, and how external people and services interact with it. In light of the challenges from COVID-19, Public Health England reviewed the infection protection and control (IPC) guidance to ensure best practice is deployed to help prevent the spread of COVID-19 in hospitals and keep people safe.1 The primary strategy for controlling transmission in hospitals is following this guidance on cleaning of surfaces, hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). However, engineering solutions play a role to enhance these measures at multiple points in the system, through environmental decontamination, personal and respiratory protective equipment, hand hygiene and environmental design.
Shining a light on this challenge has already created space for innovation but these solutions should not be developed with engineers alone. Instead it is critical that the engineering and healthcare communities collaborate on this challenge and include human factors expertise,
statisticians and epidemiologists for a holistic approach.
Taking time to understand/identify the lessons learned from this pandemic will be a critical step to inform how future hospitals are designed and built for resilience and how the healthcare system approaches preparedness.
This paper is a rapid review of engineering factors that will influence the spread of COVID-19 in hospital environments. The review is not meant to be comprehensive; it is part of the engineering community{\textquoteright}s input to government and is intended to inform further discussion and development of advice. The ideas and suggestions included in this document have been gathered from discussion with stakeholders, including partners to the National Engineering Policy Centre. It is not formal National Engineering Policy Centre guidance},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Engineering factor, Hospital},
	url = {https://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/briefings-statements-letters/engineering-factors-that-will-limit-covid}
}
@article {15,
	title = {Reducing Infectious Disease Transmission with UVGI},
	year = {2020},
	month = {4/21/2020},
	abstract = {The ASHRAE Learning Institute developed this FREE online course to help address the coronavirus disease in the operation and maintenance of healthcare HVAC systems.<br/>
This presentation provides an overview of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) to reduce risk of infectious disease transmission by inactivating pathogens in the air and on surfaces. Topics include fundamentals of microbial response to UVGI, inactivation rate constants of microorganisms and their importance to system design, germicidal light sources and their operating characteristics, UVGI system types and their applications in air, in occupied spaces, and for unoccupied surface decontamination. The presentation will also touch on safety, maintenance, and material compatibility issues.},
	url = {https://www.ashrae.org/File\%20Library/Technical\%20Resources/COVID-19/FINAL-4-21-2020-ASHRAE-One-Hour-UVGI-Course_BH-Copy.pdf},
	author = {William Bahnfleth}
}
@article {23,
	title = {Reflections on Pandemics, Civil Infrastructure and Sustainable Development: Five Lessons from COVID-19 through the Lens of Transportation},
	volume = {2020},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Preprint},
	abstract = {Humanity{\textquoteright}s social and economic development has been challenged by a range of adversities over the millennia that have caused widespread and unimaginable suffering. At the same time, these challenges have forced humans to evolve more wisely, overcoming adversity through creativity and leading to advancements in science and technology, medicine, ethics and legal systems, and socio-political systems. The dynamics of risks and opportunities caused by COVID-19, in the built, cyber, social and economic environments, present opportunities for deepening our understanding of resilient and sustainable development and infrastructure. This article reflects on five lessons that COVID-19 is teaching us about what it means to develop sustainably through the lens of transportation: (1) sustainable development planning and analytical frameworks must be comprehensive, for long-term sustainability; (2) multi-modal transportation is a superior vision for sustainable development than any one particular mode; (3) tele-activities are part of an effective infrastructure sustainability strategy; (4) economic capital is critically important to sustainable development even when it is not a critical existential threat, and, (5) effective social capital is essential in global disaster resistance and recovery, and can and must be leveraged between fast-moving and slow-moving disasters. Resilient and sustainable infrastructure will continue to be critical to addressing evolving natural and man-made hazards in the 21st Century.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, pandemics, resilient and sustainable infrastructure, sustainable development, system resilience},
	doi = {10.20944/preprints202004.0047.v1},
	url = {https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202004.0047/v1},
	author = {Adjo Amekudzi-Kennedy and Samuel Labi and Brian Woodall and Mikhail Chester and Prerna Singh}
}
@article {46,
	title = {Reports of the Death of the Workplace Have Been Greatly Exaggerated},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Randy Howder
As a leader in strategic consulting and workplace design initiatives for a diverse range of industry-leading clients, Randy focuses on transforming organizations through new approaches to design, research, and experience. A principal at the firm, he is Co-Managing Director of our San Francisco office. He can be reached at randy_howder@gensler.com.},
	abstract = {For millions of office workers around the world, work has been consciously uncoupled from its usual location for the first time. And what{\textquoteright}s been pleasantly surprising {\textemdash} interrupting children, pets, and roommates notwithstanding {\textemdash} is that most people are pretty good at working from home.

But why should we be surprised? Key corporate functions have been cloud-based for years and billions of frequent flyer miles show that lots of people have been working outside the office for a long time. In addition, we{\textquoteright}ve had smartphones firmly in our grasp for well over a decade, so Zooming, Slacking, and Dropboxing are second nature to a whole generation of workers.

As a result, numerous leaders are asking if their companies need workplaces at all. Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey recently told most of his employees they never need to come back to the workplace and Nationwide Insurance announced it{\textquoteright}s closing most of its office locations. The CEO of one client challenged his real estate team to prove that his company shouldn{\textquoteright}t sell off its entire real estate portfolio. Another exclaimed that COVID-19 is {\textquotedblleft}the 9/11 of workplace,{\textquotedblright} meaning just as travel and security were transformed in the wake of that tragedy, our workplaces will never be the same. As we enter the reopening phase of the pandemic and some defiantly demand haircuts, shopping trips, and nights out at the bar, there{\textquoteright}s no one in the streets protesting to get back to their office.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Workplace},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/reports-death-of-the-workplace-have-been-greatly-exaggerated},
	author = {Randy Howder}
}
@article {52,
	title = {Resilient Cities Rely on Resilient Food Systems},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Nayan Parekh
Nayan is a principal and a global leader in Gensler{\textquoteright}s Consulting practice with a focus on the firm{\textquoteright}s business in the Asian Pacific. Her 15 years of experience includes providing clients with workplace consultancy, real estate advice, and design and urban strategy services across projects in Asia, the U.K. and Europe. Nayan is based in Singapore. Contact her at Nayan_Parekh@gensler.com.

JinXi Ng
JinXi is a strategist with experience working on projects across Gensler{\textquoteright}s Consulting + Real Estate Services, Cities + Urban Design, and Hospitality practices. She has offered strategic expertise for a range of workplace, urban planning, mixed-use, and hospitality projects throughout Vietnam, Singapore, and Cambodia. JinXi is based in Singapore. Contact her at Jinxi_Ng@gensler.com.},
	abstract = {The coronavirus pandemic is disrupting already fragile food supply chains across the world, and our most vulnerable citizens {\textemdash} children, low-income families, and the elderly {\textemdash} are being impacted the most. Even before COVID-19, there was an urban food crisis in the world{\textquoteright}s cities. The pandemic is adding to the challenge.

The fact is, cities can only be resilient if they have resilient food systems. By 2050, two in three people in the world will be living in urban areas. This ongoing pattern of movement into cities has led to the loss of arable land, furthering reliance on imported food sources to support growing urban populations. As a city-state with 100\% of its population living in urban areas, Singapore currently imports 90\% of the food consumed. Its limited land area of approximately 720 square kilometers presents a challenge of access to space for agriculture and food production.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Food system, Resilient city},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/resilient-cities-rely-on-resilient-food-systems},
	author = {Nayan Parekh and JinXi Ng}
}
@article {26,
	title = {Responding to COVID-19 {\textendash} a framework for smart cities},
	volume = {2020},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Best Practices, COVID-19, Innovation Management, Product Management, product-market fit, Smart City, Smart Communities, Strategy},
	url = {https://strategyofthings.io/smart-cities-covid-19},
	author = {Benson Chan}
}
@article {103,
	title = {Restroom Design Trends Focused on Infection Control},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {While infection control will continue to be the top priority in restroom design, other trends focusing on privacy, ventilation, and more are gaining momentum.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Design},
	url = {https://www.facilitiesnet.com/plumbingrestrooms/article/Restroom-Design-Trends-Focused-on-Infection-Control--18947?source=next},
	author = {Ron Reim and Ali Summerford}
}
@article {25,
	title = {Role of Socially-Equitable Economic Development in Creating Resilient and Sustainable Systems: COVID-19-Related Reflections},
	volume = {2020},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Preprint},
	abstract = {This paper aims to provoke fundamental thinking and action around the value and importance of socially-equitable development to the economic advancement, resilience, and prosperity of communities, as we contend with the 21st Century grand challenge of the changing climate and disasters. As local communities and the global community have experienced an increased frequency, intensity and duration of natural and man-made disasters over the past several decades, opportunities have also grown to identify and reap the benefits of socially-equitable economic development. Reflecting on the COVID-19 pandemic, we discuss the critical importance of socially-equitable economic development to the resilience and sustainability of communities and the infrastructure that supports them. To this end, we: <ol><li> examine what constitutes socially-equitable economic development at different spatial scales of community; <li> explore whether socially-equitable development can occur at different scales of community; <li> explicate the importance of formally considering the inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes for socially-equitable development; <li> explain why the pursuit of equal distribution of the benefits and burdens of development is a necessary but not sufficient endeavor for socially-equitable economic development; <li> analyze the relationships between socially-equitable development, and resilient and sustainable infrastructure and communities;<li> explain why socially-equitable development should be a key component of infrastructure and community resilience strategies in the 21st Century; and,<li> explain why socially-equitable development can ultimately be viewed as a long-term strategy for prosperity.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, disaster management, economic development, equity, pandemic, resilient and sustainable communities, resilient and sustainable infrastructure, socially-equitable development},
	doi = {10.20944/preprints202004.0336.v1},
	url = {https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202004.0336/v1},
	author = {Adjo Amekudzi-Kennedy and Samuel Labi and Brian Woodall and Greg Marsden and Emily Grubert}
}
@article {31,
	title = {Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements},
	year = {2020},
	month = {04/2020},
	abstract = {The informal settlements of the Global South are the least prepared for the pandemic of COVID-19 since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent. Further, space constraints, violence, and overcrowding in slums make physical distancing and self-quarantine impractical, and the rapid spread of an infection highly likely. Residents of informal settlements are also economically vulnerable during any COVID-19 responses. Any responses to COVID-19 that do not recognize these realities will further jeopardize the survival of large segments of the urban population globally. Most top-down strategies to arrest an infectious disease will likely ignore the often-robust social groups and knowledge that already exist in many slums. Here, we offer a set of practice and policy suggestions that aim to (1) dampen the spread of COVID-19 based on the latest available science, (2) improve the likelihood of medical care for the urban poor whether or not they get infected, and (3) provide economic, social, and physical improvements and protections to the urban poor, including migrants, slum communities, and their residents, that can improve their long-term well-being. Immediate measures to protect residents of urban informal settlements, the homeless, those living in precarious settlements, and the entire population from COVID-19 include the following: (1) institute informal settlements/slum emergency planning committees in every urban informal settlement; (2) apply an immediate moratorium on evictions; (3) provide an immediate guarantee of payments to the poor; (4) immediately train and deploy community health workers; (5) immediately meet Sphere Humanitarian standards for water, sanitation, and hygiene; (6) provide immediate food assistance; (7) develop and implement a solid waste collection strategy; and (8) implement immediately a plan for mobility and health care. Lessons have been learned from earlier pandemics such as HIV and epidemics such as Ebola. They can be applied here. At the same time, the opportunity exists for public health, public administration, international aid, NGOs, and community groups to innovate beyond disaster response and move toward long-term plans.},
	isbn = {1468-2869},
	doi = {10.1007/s11524-020-00438-6},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-020-00438-6},
	author = {Corburn, Jason and Vlahov, David and Mberu, Blessing and Riley, Lee and Waleska Teixeira Caiaffa and Sabina Faiz Rashid and Ko, Albert and Patel, Sheela and Jukur, Smurti and Mart{\'\i}nez-Herrera, Eliana and Jayasinghe, Saroj and Agarwal, Siddharth and Nguendo-Yongsi, Blaise and Weru, Jane and Ouma, Smith and Edmundo, Katia and Oni, Tolu and Ayad, Hany}
}
@article {28,
	title = { Smart City Technologies Take on COVID-19},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {<ul> <li>AI-equipped big data and predictive analytics demonstrably play a vital role during an epidemic outbreak</li>
<li>Through smart city technologies, policy makers are able to enhance urban governance through informed decisions and responsive policies. This has amply been proven by China and South Korea during the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak</li>
<li>In light of this, Penang{\textquoteright}s Smart State vision and direction should be revisited, and the fundamental infrastructure laid for the deployment of certain technologies and for access to analytics</li>
<li>The functions of a smart city are closely tied to local needs and resource availability, and thus it is important to identify what are readily available in the local context, to possible pragmatic alternatives</li></ul> },
	keywords = {COVID-19},
	url = {https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/27_03_2020_TLI_download.pdf},
	author = {Tan Lii Inn}
}
@article {47,
	title = {Transitioning to a Virtual World of Health \& Wellness},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Randy Guillot
Randy is a principal who serves as a global Health \& Wellness leader at Gensler with a portfolio of work spanning across five continents. Projects under his design leadership are celebrated for their critical design success and enhanced access to healthy, dignified, optimistic, and engaging environments for all. Randy is based in Chicago. Contact him at randy_guillot@gensler.com.

Tama Duffy Day
Tama is a principal and serves as a leader in Gensler{\textquoteright}s Health \& Wellness practice. She is a global author, lecturer, and speaker who is dedicated to impacting lives and enriching communities through the power of design. She is based in Washington, D.C. Contact her at Tama_DuffyDay@Gensler.com.},
	abstract = {In early 2018, we reported that the number of telehealth or virtual health interactions {\textemdash} which can take the form of live video interface between patients and practitioners, remote patient monitoring, and remote storing and forwarding of patient data {\textemdash} would surpass the number of physical visits by 2024.

The COVID-19 pandemic has shattered those predictions. It is now predicted that virtual care visits will rise to more than one billion visits this year, catapulting us into what could be the largest change of workflow and expectations around patient-doctor interactions in the modern medicine era.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Virtual},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/transitioning-to-a-virtual-world-of-health-wellness},
	author = {Randy Guillot and Tama Duffy Day}
}
@article {104,
	title = {Understanding Restroom Design Shifts in Schools, Hospitality Facilities},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Healthcare restroom design and infection control strategies hold lessons for schools and hotels in this new era of COVD-19.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Design},
	url = {https://www.facilitiesnet.com/plumbingrestrooms/article/Understanding-Restroom-Design-Shifts-in-Schools-Hospitality-Facilities--18948?source=part},
	author = {Ron Reim and Ali Summerford}
}
@article {40,
	title = {Is the Virtual Fan Experience Ready for the Big Game?},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Jonathan Emmett
As a principal and design director of the Gensler Sports practice, Jonathan has spent the majority of his more-than-20-year career focusing on the design of prominent professional and collegiate sports venues and sports-anchored developments, both in the United States and worldwide. His award-winning designs exemplify his vision and expertise for creating exciting and unique fan experiences. Jonathan is based in Austin. Contact him at jonathan_emmett@gensler.com.

Greg Gallimore
A studio director and regional Digital Experience Design practice area leader, Greg specializes in the development of experiential design projects focused on media and technology for the built environment. With over 20 years of experience, Greg is responsible for designing immersive and experiential solutions for brands, commercial real estate retail environments, and corporate campuses using technology and dynamic media. Greg is based in San Francisco. Contact him at Greg_Gallimore@gensler.com.},
	abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic brought live sports and major sporting events around the world to an abrupt halt. But that was then. Today, some teams are considering getting back to the field, pitch, court, and ice, albeit inside empty arenas and stadiums, without fans.

In fact, we are still a long way from being able to safely fill up sports venues and get back to the live fan experience. To make that happen, sports teams will need to take critical measures, from revamped cleaning and sanitization measures, to maintaining physical distancing guidelines, and limiting the number of fans who can enter the stadium. Only then will returning fans be able to feel safe and at ease inside a stadium.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Sports},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/is-the-virtual-fan-experience-ready-for-the-big-game},
	author = {Jonathan Emmett and Greg Gallimore}
}
@article {96,
	title = {What Construction Workers Need to Know about COVID-19},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {CDC{\textquoteright}s suggestions for construction workers to cope with COVID-19},
	keywords = {CDC, Construction, COVID-19},
	url = {https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/organizations/construction-workers.html}
}
@article {53,
	title = {What Going Back to School Might Look Like},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Mark Thaler
Mark directs Gensler{\textquoteright}s Education practice area for the Northeast Region. He is one of Gensler{\textquoteright}s experts in the design of learning environments and student spaces. His projects span the academic spectrum, from K-12 through higher education. Mark is based in New York. Contact him at mark_thaler@gensler.com.

Patricia Nobre
Patricia is a senior design strategist who believes in the power of design to engage all learners. She brings over a decade of experience in designing innovative learning environments throughout Latin America, the Middle East, and the United States. Her academic background in architecture and education give her the tools to affect substantive and effective change in how we learn. Patricia is based in Boston. Contact her at Patricia_Nobre@Gensler.com.},
	abstract = {It has been almost two months since U.S. schools closed their doors to stem the spread of the coronavirus, and doors to classrooms won{\textquoteright}t open any time soon. As recently as last week, several state governments have mandated that schools shall remain closed for the rest of the academic year while also directing academic institutions to submit re-entry plans for approval before being allowed to open in the fall.

What does the future of education look like, and what should schools be doing now to prepare?},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Education},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/what-going-back-to-school-might-look-like},
	author = {Mark Thaler and Patricia Nobre}
}
@article {35,
	title = {What Matters Most for Hospitality in Asia Pacific and the Middle East?},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Author: Diane Thorsen
Diane is a design director in Gensler{\textquoteright}s hospitality practice with over 30 years{\textquoteright} experience creating international workplace, hospitality, healthcare, and mixed-use developments that exhibit attention to detail, a love of local art, and quality of craftsmanship. Diane is based in Abu Dhabi. Contact her at Diane_Thorsen@Gensler.com.},
	abstract = {Our hospitality and leisure clients constantly face challenges, but the entire industry is reeling from the unprecedented impact of COVID-19. In the attempt to contain the spread of the virus, our region in Asia Pacific and Middle East reacted swiftly. Flights were suspended, events and tours postponed; including the Dubai Expo 2020 in the UAE. However, as seen in the previous financial crisis, the most agile thinkers rise and this industry is showing their true hospitality commitments, making hotels available for hospital beds and hospital employees. This is true hospitality {\textemdash} it{\textquoteright}s simply enhancing the interaction from pure service to an unforgettable human gesture.},
	keywords = {Asia-pacific, COVID-19, Hospitality, Middle east},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/what-matters-most-hospitality-in-asia-pacific-middle-east},
	author = {Diane Thorsen and Julijana Mitic and Angela Spathonis}
}
@article {45,
	title = {Why Today{\textquoteright}s Universities Need to Be Global Institutions},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Sunny Velikova
Sunny is an architectural designer in Gensler{\textquoteright}s Education practice, with experience ranging from designing kindergartens and schools, to campuses for leading higher education providers, transnational education for schools and universities, and corporate learning for leading financial firms. Sunny is based in London. Contact her at Stanimira_Velikova@gensler.com.},
	abstract = {Across the globe, universities that are grappling with the COVID-19 health crisis are also facing a potential financial crisis due to the loss of international students that many of these institutions have come to rely upon as a vital source of funding. In the U.K., a fifth of all higher education students {\textemdash} roughly 500,000 in 2017-2018 {\textemdash} are international. This has great economic benefit to universities and economies. In the U.K., the higher fees that international students pay for tuition, living expenses, and other spending, have a net economic impact of around {\textsterling}20 billion a year, according to the Higher Education Policy Institute. And international students contributed $45 billion to the U.S. economy in 2018, according to the U.S. Department of Commerce.

As universities and schools have closed temporarily to curb the spread of COVID-19, heads of institutions and other educational leaders have had to quickly innovate and switch to online learning, while many students are unsure if they will graduate. These impacts, along with Brexit, could may well mean that there will be a decline in the next four to five years in the number of international students.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Global, Universities},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/why-todays-universities-need-to-be-global-institutions},
	author = {Sunny Velikova}
}
@article {59,
	title = {Will There Be a Climate Change Vaccine?},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Diane Hoskins
For her innovative leadership, Diane, along with Co-CEO Andy Cohen, ranks on Business Insider{\textquoteright}s elite {\textquotedblleft}Creators{\textquotedblright} list, a who{\textquoteright}s who of the world{\textquoteright}s 100 top creative visionaries. As a hands-on leader, Diane oversees Gensler{\textquoteright}s global platform and its day-to-day operations, some 6,300+ people networked across 50 offices, serving clients in 120+ countries. Diane is focused on Gensler{\textquoteright}s global talent strategies, performance, and organizational development to ensure that we serve our clients with the world{\textquoteright}s top talent.},
	abstract = {Crises are not announced ahead of time. Instead, they arrive unexpectedly and without warning. The COVID-19 pandemic, in the matter of a few weeks, went from a trickle of cases to a tsunami of loss and uncertainty. As of today, the human impact is hundreds of thousands of lives, with an estimated economic impact of about 22 trillion US dollars. The toll on human life and economic value is beyond comprehension. The world will never be the same.

One lesson we have learned through this storm is that time matters. The places that reacted quicker to the outbreak with quarantines and shutdown orders were more resilient and resulted in both a less steep curve and better containment of cases.},
	keywords = {Climate change, COVID-19},
	url = {https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/will-there-be-a-climate-change-vaccine},
	author = {Diane Hoskins}
}
@article {126,
	title = {Air quality-related health benefits of energy efficiency in the United States},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {3987{\textendash}3998},
	publisher = {ACS Publications},
	abstract = {While it is known that energy efficiency (EE) lowers power sector demand and emissions, study of the air quality and public health impacts of EE has been limited. Here, we quantify the air quality and mortality impacts of a 12\% summertime (June, July, and August) reduction in baseload electricity demand. We use the AVoided Emissions and geneRation Tool (AVERT) to simulate plant-level generation and emissions, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to simulate air quality, and the Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP) to quantify mortality impacts. We find EE reduces emissions of NOx by 13.2\%, SO2 by 12.6\%, and CO2 by 11.6\%. On a nationwide, summer average basis, ambient PM2.5 is reduced 0.55\% and O3 is reduced 0.45\%. Reduced exposure to PM2.5 avoids 300 premature deaths annually (95\% CI: 60 to 580) valued at $2.8 billion ($0.13 billion to $9.3 billion), and reduced exposure to O3 averts 175 deaths (101 to 244) valued at $1.6 billion ($0.15 billion to $4.5 billion). This translates into a health savings rate of $0.049/kWh ($0.031/kWh for PM2.5 and $0.018/kWh for O3). These results illustrate the importance of capturing the health benefits of EE and its potential as a strategy to achieve air standards.},
	keywords = {Atmospheric chemistry, Energy, Particulate matter, Power, Quality management},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.est.8b06417},
	author = {David W. Abel and Holloway, Tracey and Mart{\'\i}nez-Santos, Javier and Harkey, Monica and Tao, Madankui and Cassandra Kubes and Sara Hayes}
}
@article {113,
	title = {CDC{\textquoteright}s Lead Poisoning Prevention Program: A Long-standing Responsibility and Commitment to Protect Children From Lead Exposure},
	journal = {Public Health Management and Practice},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2019},
	month = {02/2019},
	pages = {S5-S12},
	publisher = {CDC Lead Poisoning Prevention Program},
	abstract = {The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention{\textquoteright}s (CDC{\textquoteright}s) Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (CLPPP) serves as the nation{\textquoteright}s public health leader and resource on strategies, policies, and practices aimed at preventing lead exposure in young children. CDC supports and advises state and local public health agencies and works with other federal agencies and partners to achieve the Healthy People 2020 objective of eliminating childhood lead exposure as a public health concern. Primary prevention-the removal of lead hazards from the environment before a child is exposed-is the most effective way to ensure that children do not experience the harmful effects of lead exposure. Blood lead screening tests and secondary prevention remain an essential safety net for children who may be exposed to lead. CDC{\textquoteright}s key programmatic strategy is to strengthen blood lead surveillance by supporting state and local programs to improve blood lead screening test rates, identify high-risk populations, and ensure effective follow-up for children with elevated blood lead levels. Surveillance plays a central role in helping measure the collective progress of federal, state, and local public health agencies in protecting children from lead, as well as enhancing our ability to target population-based interventions for primary prevention to those areas at highest risk. The CDC CLPPP has been at the front line of efforts to protect children from lead exposure and the resulting adverse health effects over the last 3 decades. As we chart our path for the future, we will continue to learn from past successes and challenges, incorporate new evidence and lessons learned, and work closely with federal, state, local, and nonprofit partners, experts in academia, and the community to advance the overarching goal of eliminating lead exposure in children.},
	keywords = {blood lead level, Children, lead poisoning, prevention, public health},
	doi = {10.1097/PHH.0000000000000868},
	url = {https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/Fulltext/2019/01001/CDC_s_Lead_Poisoning_Prevention_Program__A.3.aspx},
	author = {Adrienne S. Ettinger and Monica L. Leonard and Jacquelyn Mason}
}
@article {135,
	title = {Climate and health benefits of increasing renewable energy deployment in the United States},
	journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {114010},
	publisher = {IOP Publishing},
	abstract = {The type, size, and location of renewable energy (RE) deployment dramatically affects benefits to climate and health. Here, we develop a ten-region model to assess the magnitude of health and climate benefits across the US We then use this model to assess the benefits of deploying varying capacities of wind, utility-scale solar photovoltaics (PV), and rooftop solar PV in different regions in the US{\textemdash}a total of 284 different scenarios. Total benefits ranged from $2.2 trillion for 3000 MW of wind in the Upper Midwest to $4.2 million for 100 MW of wind in California. Total benefits and highest cost effectiveness for CO2 reduction were generally highest for RE deployment in the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes and Mid-Atlantic US and lowest in California. Health was a substantial portion of total benefits in nearly all regions of the US Benefits were sensitive to methane leakage throughout the gas supply chain.},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ab49bc},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1088\%2F1748-9326\%2Fab49bc},
	author = {Jonathan J. Buonocore and Ethan J. Hughes and Drew R. Michanowicz and Jinhyok Heo and Joseph G. Allen and Augusta Williams}
}
@article {133,
	title = {Combating EPA rollbacks{\textemdash}health care{\textquoteright}s response to a retreat on climate},
	journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},
	volume = {381},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {696{\textendash}698},
	publisher = {Mass Medical Soc},
	doi = {10.1056/NEJMp1909643},
	author = {McCarthy, Gina and Aaron S. Bernstein}
}
@article {14,
	title = {Designing for Airborne Infection Control},
	journal = {ASHRAE JOURNAL},
	year = {2019},
	month = {7/1/2019},
	pages = {2 pages},
	abstract = {The estimated total annual cost of hospital-acquired infections in the United States, is ~$7 billion, with airborne transmission contributing 10\% to 20\%.1 This is a significant issue and these numbers increase when we consider commercial and transportation indoor environments. However, the proper design of the HVAC system can mitigate airborne infection transmission and help to control these costs. This article reviews ASHRAE{\textquoteright}s HVAC Design Manual for Hospital and Clinics and HVAC from the perspective of infectious source strength and air change rate, one of the key parameters in healthcare design.},
	author = {Jovan Pantelic}
}
@article {69,
	title = {Determinants of energy flexibility in residential hot water systems},
	journal = {Energy and Buildings},
	volume = {188},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {286{\textendash}296},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {With increasing proliferation levels of variable energy sources, flexible energy loads will become increasingly important to help stabilize the energy grid. Increasing electrification of heating systems means that the thermal inertia of buildings and hot water vessels can provide a ubiquitous, low cost alternative to electrical storage for providing this energy flexibility. However, it is unclear how this flexibility fluctuates with various factors such as occupant behaviour and ambient conditions in the real world. This paper quantifies the effect of different influencing factors on the energy flexibility of residential hot water systems using data from a large scale real world pilot. All the houses considered in this analysis feature identical air source heat pump hot water systems, along with 200 l storage vessels. It is shown that ambient conditions, control algorithm and occupant behaviour, all influence the available energy flexibility of the hot water system, albeit in different ways. Available capacity for energy flexibility and the corresponding recovery periods can differ by as much as two to four times for identical storage, meaning that these differences should be taken into account during operational planning with flexible loads. Additionally, it is shown that the implemented control strategy provides a meaningful avenue to alter the available energy flexibility. The paper also highlights key differences in the way these factors influence the overall energy demand when compared to available flexibility.},
	keywords = {Control algorithm, Energy flexibility, Heat pumps, Hot water systems, Occupant behaviour, Residential buildings},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.02.016},
	author = {Balint, Attila and Kazmi, Hussain}
}
@article {84,
	title = {Direct quantification of multiple-source energy flexibility in a residential building using a new model predictive high-level controller},
	journal = {Energy conversion and management},
	volume = {180},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1109{\textendash}1128},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {This article presents a new energy management system (EMS) for a variety of energy flexibility conversion, routing and storage options in buildings. The EMS uses an efficient nonlinear optimization-based model-predictive control (MPC) method, which achieves low computational complexity by utilizing successive linear programming (SLP) for continuous approximations of discrete (two-level) control problems. Whole-year simulation runs demonstrate that the method is applicable to a residential building system that has multiple energy generation, conversion and storage units with significant nonlinear interactions. Both qualitative and quantitative comparison of the simulation results with a rule-based reference control showed strong dependencies between cost and CO2 emission flexibility goals, energy selling prices and forecasting accuracy. This study shows that significant cost savings can be obtained by taking advantage of energy price fluctuations, increasing the average coefficient of performance (COP) of the heating system, and reducing passive losses in heat storage. In the simulated case study the EMS was able to improve the average COP of a heating system from 2.20 to 2.43{\textendash}2.74, depending on energy cost assumptions, when compared against a rule-based control (RBC). With a performance bound of perfect forecasting the EMS was able to improve net economic outcome by 38{\textendash}168\%, or by 21{\textendash}75\% of the cost of imported electricity.},
	keywords = {Energy cost minimization, Energy flexibility, Energy management, Model predictive control, Nonlinear optimization, Smart buildings},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enconman.2018.11.026},
	author = {Ruusu, Reino and Cao, Sunliang and Benjamin Manrique Delgado and Hasan, Ala}
}
@article {71,
	title = {Economic model predictive control for demand flexibility of a residential building},
	journal = {Energy},
	volume = {176},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {365{\textendash}379},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {Future building energy management systems will have to be capable of adapting to variation in the rate of production of energy from renewable sources. Controllers employing a model predictive control (MPC) framework can optimise and schedule energy usage based on the availability of renewably generated energy. In this paper, an MPC using artificial neural networks (ANNs) was implemented in a residential building. The ANN-MPC was successfully tested and demonstrated good performance predicting the building{\textquoteright}s energy consumption. The controller was then modified to function as an economic MPC (EMPC) to optimise demand flexibility (i.e., the ability to adapt energy demands to fluctuations in supply). The operational costs of energy usage were associated with this demand flexibility, which was represented by three flexibility indicators: flexibility factor, supply cover factor, and load cover factor. The results from a day-long test showed that these flexibility indicators were maximised (flexibility factor ranged from -0.88 to 0.67, supply cover factor from 0.04 to 0.13, and load cover factor from 0.07 to 0.16) when the EMPC controller{\textquoteright}s demand flexibility was compared to that of a conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller. The EMPC framework for demand flexibility can be used to regulate on-site energy generation, grid consumption, and grid feed-in and can thus serve as a basis for overall optimisation of the operation of heating systems to achieve greater demand flexibility.},
	keywords = {Artificial neural network, Demand flexibility, Economic model predictive control, Experimental case study, Optimal control, Residential building},
	doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.171},
	author = {Finck, Christian and Li, Rongling and Zeiler, Wim}
}
@article {123,
	title = {Energy and air pollution benefits of household fuel policies in northern China},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {16773{\textendash}16780},
	publisher = {National Acad Sciences},
	abstract = {In addition to many recent actions taken to reduce emissions from energy production, industry, and transportation, a new campaign substituting residential solid fuels with electricity or natural gas has been launched in Beijing, Tianjin, and 26 other municipalities in northern China, aiming at solving severe ambient air pollution in the region. Quantitative analysis shows that the campaign can accelerate residential energy transition significantly, and if the planned target can be achieved, more than 60\% of households are projected to remove solid fuels by 2021, compared with fewer than 20\% without the campaign. Emissions of major air pollutants will be reduced substantially. With 60\% substitution realized, emission of primary PM2.5 and contribution to ambient PM2.5 concentration in 2021 are projected to be 30\% and 41\% of those without the campaign. With 60\% substitution, average indoor PM2.5 concentrations in living rooms in winter are projected to be reduced from 209 (190 to 230) μg/m3 to 125 (99 to 150) μg/m3. The population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations can be reduced from 140 μg/m3 in 2014 to 78 μg/m3 or 61 μg/m3 in 2021 given that 60\% or 100\% substitution can be accomplished. Although the original focus of the campaign was to address ambient air quality, exposure reduction comes more from improved indoor air quality because \~{}90\% of daily exposure of the rural population is attributable to indoor air pollution. Women benefit more than men.},
	keywords = {ambient and indoor air pollution, coal substitution, exposure, PM2.5, residential energy},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1904182116},
	author = {Meng, Wenjun and Zhong, Qirui and Chen, Yilin and Shen, Huizhong and Yun, Xiao and Kirk R. Smith and Li, Bengang and Liu, Junfeng and Wang, Xilong and Ma, Jianmin and Hefa Cheng and Eddy Y. Zeng and Dabo Guan and Armistead G. Russell and Shu Tao}
}
@article {152,
	title = {Energy efficiency as energy justice: addressing racial inequities through investments in people and places},
	journal = {Energy Efficiency},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1{\textendash}14},
	publisher = {Springer},
	abstract = {Structural racism in the form of racial residential segregation and the series of laws, policies, and practices that continue to reinforce it have robbed generations of African Americans of socioeconomic opportunity, wealth accumulation, safe, secure or energy efficient housing, and full societal inclusion. Research indicates that African Americans are more likely to live in older, energy-inefficient homes with structural deficiencies, outdated appliances, and faulty energy systems. These conditions lead to a disproportionate burden of energy insecurity, defined as Bthe inability to adequately meet household energy needs^ among African Americans across the economic spectrum. This, in turn, generates increased costs and decreased comfort, conditions closely linked to adverse physical and mental health outcomes. Persistent income inequality, wealth gaps, and entrenched racial residential segregation have disenfranchised African Americans and reduced their ability to escape this pernicious cycle. Weatherization, which is the practice of protecting a building{\textquoteright}s interior from the elements while enhancing its energy efficiency and reducing costs, could be a catalyst for reducing the disproportionate energy burden affecting low-income individuals and ultimately improve health and social
outcomes among African Americans. We argue for investing in policies that provide energy efficiency and weatherization assistance{\textemdash}and not only energy bill assistance{\textemdash}to provide a long-term and equitable solution to energy insecurity that is also a critical step toward restorative justice.},
	keywords = {African Americans, Energy burden, Energy efficiency, Energy insecurity, Energy justice, Racial justice, Restorative justice, weatherization},
	doi = {10.1007/s12053-019-09820-z},
	author = {Jamal Lewis and Diana Hern{\'a}ndez and Arline T. Geronimus}
}
@article {77,
	title = {Energy flexibility of domestic thermal loads{\textendash}a building typology approach of the residential building stock in Austria},
	journal = {Advances in Building Energy Research},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {122{\textendash}137},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	abstract = {Due to a high share of fluctuating renewables in the energy system and many grid-connected heating systems, Austria is facing a growing problem of peak loads in electric and thermal grids [E-Control Austria (2015). Market Report {\textendash} National Report to the European Commission, Retrieved from https://www.econtrol.at/documents/20903/443907/EC_Marktbericht15_ENGL.pdf/e22b1ce5-a8c9-44bf-a701-0a73af678735]. Based on the research done in the framework of EBC Annex 67 Energy Flexible Buildings [Jensen, S. (2015). IEA EBC Annex 67 Energy Flexible Buildings {\textendash} Annex Text. www.annex67.org], theoretical and practical considerations about the potential contributions of domestic heat loads to energy flexibility are drawn for building typologies in Austria TABULA. (2009{\textendash}2012). Typology approach for building stock energy assessment/IEE EPISCOPE Project. Retrieved from http://www.episcope.eu/ieeproject/tabula/]. In order to explore the potential of energy flexibility of residential buildings that can be used without jeopardizing building comfort, various building models have been simulated in IDA ICE. Connections between energy flexibility related to the building{\textquoteright}s technical equipment, its construction period, physical characteristics, climate and user comfort are analysed. The evaluation shows which individual technologies and parametric optimizations are recommended for load management. The results show that in buildings built according to Austrian standards after 1980 at least 50\% of domestic heating peak loads can be shifted to off-peak periods.},
	keywords = {Demand response, Demand-side management, energy efficient architecture, Energy flexible buildings, load control, residential building typology, thermal mass},
	doi = {10.1080/17512549.2017.1420606},
	author = {Tobias Wei{\ss} and Anna Maria Fulterer and Knotzer, Armin}
}
@article {162,
	title = {Energy, Poverty, and Health in Climate Change: A Comprehensive Review of an Emerging Literature},
	journal = {Frontiers in public health},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019/12/12},
	pages = {357 - 357},
	publisher = {Frontiers Media S.A.},
	abstract = {Household energy is increasingly vital for maintaining good health. Unaffordable and inadequate household energy presents adverse consequences that are amplified by poverty and a changing climate. To date, the connections between energy, socioeconomic disadvantage, and well-being are generally underappreciated, and household energy connection with climate change is under-researched. Building on the energy insecurity framework, this review explores literature related to household energy, poverty, and health in order to highlight the disproportionate burdens borne by vulnerable populations in adequately meeting household energy needs. This paper is based on a comprehensive review of books, peer-reviewed articles, and reports published between 1990 and 2019, identified via databases including JSTOR and PubMed. A total of 406 publications were selected as having potential for full review, 203 received full review, and 162 were included in this paper on the basis of set inclusion criteria. From the literature review, we created an original heuristic model that describes energy insecurity as either acute or chronic, and we further explore the mediators and pathways that link energy insecurity to health. In the discussion, we posit that the extant literature does not sufficiently consider that vulnerable communities often experience energy insecurity bundled with other hardships. We also discuss energy, poverty, and health through the lens of climate change, making the criticism that most research on household energy does not consider climate change. This evidence is important for enhancing research in this field and developing programmatic and policy interventions as they pertain to energy access, affordability, and health, with special emphasis on vulnerable populations, climate change, and social inequality.},
	keywords = {Climate change, Energy insecurity, Health, Housing, Vulnerable populations},
	isbn = {2296-25652296-2565},
	doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2019.00357},
	url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31921733},
	author = {Jessel, Sonal and Sawyer, Samantha and Diana Hern{\'a}ndez}
}
@article {166,
	title = {Energy-Plus-Health Playbook},
	year = {2019},
	publisher = {veic},
	abstract = {As the energy efficiency industry faces disruptive market changes, program administrators (PAs) seek new strategies for reaching and engaging low- and middle-income customers. In parallel, the health industry is undergoing structural changes to make the transition from a feefor-service reimbursement system to payment models that are increasingly tied to outcomes.
Many health care providers treating patients with chronic respiratory illnesses such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) are testing new approaches that include inhome assessment of patients{\textquoteright} housing conditions. Energy efficiency PAs have the technical
knowledge and trained workforce to conduct the in-home assessments and upgrades needed to address substandard housing conditions that affect health.
The transformations taking place for both industries create new program design opportunities that target a shared barrier: unhealthy and substandard housing conditions that cause high energy burdens and compromise household health. By leveraging each other{\textquoteright}s resources,
customer access, workforce, and policy frameworks, the energy and health industries can achieve mutually beneficial outcomes.
New collaborations nationwide are addressing these challenges by coordinating energy efficiency and health resources. This Playbook is designed to help energy efficiency PAs develop or expand healthy home programming, referred to as Energy-Plus-Health programs.
Integrated Energy-Plus-Health programs offer PAs the opportunity to:
{\textbullet} Reach more customers and provide more extensive services,
{\textbullet} Increase participation in weatherization and residential retrofit programs,
{\textbullet} Improve the quality of life of low-income households and communities,
{\textbullet} Improve health outcomes and reduce health care utilization rates and costs, and
{\textbullet} Unlock new health-related funding streams to leverage utility ratepayer dollars for improved program outcomes.
This Playbook starts off in Section 1 by describing how the document is organized, with the intent to make this a user-friendly, easy-to-follow guidebook that walks the reader through key concepts, steps, and options for developing and implementing Energy-Plus-Health programs. 
},
	keywords = {Energy efficiency},
	url = {https://www.veic.org/Media/default/documents/resources/manuals/energy-plus-health-playbook.pdf},
	author = {Laura Capps and Liz Curry and Emily Levin}
}
@article {66,
	title = {Health and related economic effects of residential energy retrofitting in Spain},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	year = {2019},
	month = {04/2019},
	pages = {375-388},
	abstract = {More than 50\% of the existing housing stock in Spain is over 50 years old and was built according to the construction standards of its time, and nowadays shows poor energy performance compared to the current standards, meaning higher energy consumption due to the lack of energy retrofitting interventions (no insulation materials, low window performance, high infiltration and thermal bridges). The link between homes and health has been well established by the scientific community and research results illustrate how the condition of existing buildings is one of the most decisive influences on population{\textquoteright}s health. However, the role of energy retrofitting in improving health of occupants has still to be thoroughly and comprehensively documented. Normally, benefits of energy retrofitting are calculated only in terms of energy savings and associated economic savings. Long pay-back periods and high investment make energy retrofitting not attractive enough to many homeowners. Highlighting the health benefits may help to improve the rate at which the housing stock undergoes energy retrofitting. The aim of this research is to estimate the effect that energy efficiency improvements made to vulnerable housing has on the health of the occupants and to assess the potential economic savings for the Spanish healthcare system.

},
	keywords = {Economic impact, Energy poverty, Energy retrofitting, Health inequalities, Healthcare system, Indoor low temperature},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2019.04.013},
	author = {Joana Ortiz and N{\'u}ria Casquero-Modrego and Jaume Salom}
}
@article {73,
	title = {Influence of envelope, structural thermal mass and indoor content on the building heating energy flexibility},
	journal = {Energy and Buildings},
	volume = {183},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {325{\textendash}339},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {This article presents the results of a numerical study investigating the influence of the main building parameters on the indoor space heating energy flexibility of a Danish house. The focus is placed here on the envelope insulation level, the structural thermal mass, the additional thermal mass of indoor content (indoor items/furniture, PCM integrated in furnishing, PCM wallboards) and the type of heating system. The heating energy flexibility is defined as the dwelling{\textquoteright}s ability to shift heating use in time without jeopardizing indoor comfort and technical constraints. A heat storage strategy with indoor temperature set point modulation controlled by a price signal is implemented in the building model. It is shown that the insulation level of the envelope is the building{\textquoteright}s characteristic with the largest effect on the heating energy flexibility. To a lesser extent, the total thermal inertia also presents a significant influence. It was also found that the presence of indoor items and furniture in the built environment can increase the building time constant and energy flexibility potential by up to 42\% and 21\% respectively, in the case of dwellings with low structural thermal mass. Finally, phase change materials integrated in wallboards or in furnishing elements can increase substantially the time constant and heating energy flexibility of a house.},
	keywords = {Building energy flexibility, Demand-side management, Envelope thermal inertia, Furniture, Indoor space heating, Indoor thermal mass, Phase change material},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.11.012},
	author = {Johra, Hicham and Heiselberg, Per and Le Dr{\'e}au, J{\'e}r{\^o}me}
}
@article {74,
	title = {Integration of a magnetocaloric heat pump in an energy flexible residential building},
	journal = {Renewable energy},
	volume = {136},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {115{\textendash}126},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {The main goal of the ENOVHEAT project is to develop, build and test a prototype of an innovative heat pump based on active magnetic regenerator technology. This device can be coupled to a ground source heat exchanger and an under-floor heating system to provide for the space heating needs of a low-energy house in Denmark. However, the use of a simple controller leads to modest performances because the heating system is running mostly part-load. This numerical study has tested the possibility of using heat storage in the indoor environment and building thermal mass as an effective strategy to improve the operation of the magnetocaloric heat pump. Indoor temperature set point modulation can take advantage of the building energy flexibility potential to maximize the full-load operation time of the heating system and therefore improve its seasonal COP. Results show that this control strategy can significantly increase the seasonal COP, ranging from 2.90 to 3.51 depending on the building thermal mass. Although the indoor temperature stability is reduced, it allows the magnetocaloric heat pump to reach energy use efficiencies which are similar to the ones of conventional vapour-compression heat pumps.},
	keywords = {Active magnetic regenerator, Building energy flexibility, Demand-side management, Innovative heating system, Magnetic heating, Magnetocaloric heat pump},
	doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2018.12.102},
	author = {Johra, Hicham and Filonenko, Konstantin and Heiselberg, Per and Veje, Christian and Dall{\textquoteright}Olio, Stefano and Engelbrecht, Kurt and Bahl, Christian}
}
@article {119,
	title = {Lead seasonality in humans, animals, and the natural environment},
	journal = {Environmental Research },
	volume = {180},
	year = {2019},
	month = {10/2019},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {Lead adversely impacts the health of humans, animals, and the natural environment. Higher lead burdens in warm weather occur in humans, domesticated and wild animals; land and water species; urban and rural, developed and pristine environments. The array of evidence suggests that lead seasonality is multifactorial within the natural world, including humans. Seasonally higher temperatures, solar radiation, humidity and anthropogenic pollution result in lower pH (acidification) in air, water and soil. Environmental acidification increases lead{\textquoteright}s bioavailability and mobility thus intensifying human, animal and plant exposures. In addition, lead seasonality in the biosphere is influenced by higher growth rates, slightly increased exposures, and more Vitamin D metabolism. Methodologically, we applied a One Health perspective to EPA{\textquoteright}s Integrated Science Assessments of Lead to review the published literature, supplemented with subsequent and related publications to assess data on the seasonality of lead exposure across species and through the earth{\textquoteright}s systems. Our integrated assessment suggests that: 1) {\textquoteleft}Seasonality{\textquoteright} is a multifactorial, terrestrial phenomenon affecting the natural world; human activities have exacerbated natural cyclicities that impact lead exposures across species. 2) To be sustainable, human lead remediation strategies must consider the total environment. 3) Global warming and climate change events may increase lead exposures and toxicity to all species throughout the natural environment.},
	keywords = {Av gas, Hunting seasons, Lead exposure, Lead seasonality, One health},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2019.108797},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935119305948},
	author = {Ronnie Levin and Carolina L. Zilli Vieira and Daniel C. Mordarski and Marieke H. Rosenbaum}
}
@article {149,
	title = {Let the {\textquotedblleft}a{\textquotedblright} in WASH stand for air: integrating research and interventions to improve household air pollution (HAP) and water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) in low-income settings},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	volume = {127},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {025001},
	abstract = {Background:
Research often suffers from overspecialization, a practice nurtured in academia and reinforced by funders. Indeed, investigators in household air pollution (HAP) and water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH), working in poor parts of the world, rarely interact despite having similar training and using similar methods to evaluate interventions in the same vulnerable populations. Disappointing results from recent trials of improved cookstoves and traditional approaches to WaSH suggest the need for alternative approaches.

Objectives:
We argue that bringing these two areas together would improve the effectiveness and efficiency of interventions to reduce the massive disease burden associated with HAP and poor WaSH, including pneumonia and diarrhea, the leading killers of young children in low-income countries.

Results:
HAP and WaSH face similar challenges in designing, implementing, and securing the sustained and exclusive use of scalable interventions such as clean fuel and water.

Discussion:
Research can advance greater coordination of these areas by demonstrating their interactions and wider impacts on well-being as well as the potential for programmatic synergies. Integrated solutions to clean households and communities can benefit from the contribution in multiple disciplines, including economics and policy analysis; business and finance; engineering and technology; lab sciences, environmental health, and biomedical sciences; and behavioral and implementation sciences.

Conclusion:
There are compelling reasons to overcome the artificial and unproductive segregation of HAP and WaSH. Researchers should encourage integration by expanding the scope of their collaborations and projects. Policy makers, funders, and implementers can help by supporting comprehensive solutions, encouraging innovation, and requiring rigorous evaluations of their effects.},
	doi = {10.1289/EHP4752},
	author = {Thomas Clasen and Kirk R. Smith}
}
@article {68,
	title = {Multi-agent reinforcement learning for modeling and control of thermostatically controlled loads},
	journal = {Applied energy},
	volume = {238},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1022{\textendash}1035},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {Increasing energy efficiency of thermostatically controlled loads has the potential to substantially reduce domestic energy demand. However, optimizing the efficiency of thermostatically controlled loads requires either an existing model or detailed data from sensors to learn it online. Often, neither is practical because of real-world constraints. In this paper, we demonstrate that this problem can benefit greatly from multi-agent learning and collaboration. Starting with no thermostatically controlled load specific information, the multi-agent modelling and control framework is evaluated over an entire year of operation in a large scale pilot in The Netherlands, constituting over 50 houses, resulting in energy savings of almost 200 kW h per household (or 20\% of the energy required for hot water production). Theoretically, these savings can be even higher, a result also validated using simulations. In these experiments, model accuracy in the multi-agent frameworks scales linearly with the number of agents and provides compelling evidence for increased agency as an alternative to additional sensing, domain knowledge or data gathering time. In fact, multi-agent systems can accelerate learning of a thermostatically controlled load{\textquoteright}s behaviour by multiple orders of magnitude over single-agent systems, enabling active control faster. These findings hold even when learning is carried out in a distributed manner to address privacy issues arising from multi-agent cooperation.},
	keywords = {Distributed learning, Domestic hot water storage vessel, Heat pumps, Multi agent reinforcement learning, Optimal control, Thermostatically controlled loads},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.140},
	author = {Kazmi, Hussain and Suykens, Johan and Balint, Attila and Driesen, Johan}
}
@article {120,
	title = {Population allocation at the housing unit level: estimates around underground natural gas storage wells in PA, OH, NY, WV, MI, and CA},
	journal = {Environmental Health},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {58},
	publisher = {BioMed Central},
	abstract = {Background
Spatially accurate population data are critical for determining health impacts from many known risk factors. However, the utility of the increasing spatial resolution of disease mapping and environmental exposures is limited by the lack of receptor population data at similar sub-census block spatial scales.

Methods
Here we apply an innovative method (Population Allocation by Occupied Domicile Estimation {\textendash} ABODE) to disaggregate U.S. Census populations by allocating an average person per household to geospatially-identified residential housing units (RHU). We considered two possible sources of RHU location data: address point locations and building footprint centroids. We compared the performance of ABODE with the common proportional population allocation (PPA) method for estimating the nighttime residential populations within 200 m radii and setback areas (100 {\textendash} 300 ft) around active underground natural gas storage (UGS) wells (n = 9834) in six U.S. states.

Results
Address location data generally outperformed building footprint data in predicting total counts of census residential housing units, with correlations ranging from 0.67 to 0.81 at the census block level. Using residentially-sited addresses only, ABODE estimated upwards of 20,000 physical households with between 48,126 and 53,250 people living within 200 m of active UGS wells {\textendash} likely encompassing the size of a proposed UGS Wellhead Safety Zone. Across the 9834 active wells assessed, ABODE estimated between 5074 and 10,198 more people living in these areas compare to PPA, and the difference was significant at the individual well level (p = < 0.0001). By either population estimation method, OH exhibits a substantial degree of hyperlocal land use conflict between populations and UGS wells {\textendash} more so than other states assessed. In some rare cases, population estimates differed by more than 100 people for the small 200 m2 well-areas. ABODE{\textquoteright}s explicit accounting of physical households confirmed over 50\% of PPA predictions as false positives indicated by non-zero predictions in areas absent physical RHUs.

Conclusions
Compared to PPA {\textendash} in allocating identical population data at sub-census block spatial scales {\textendash}ABODE provides a more precise population at risk (PAR) estimate with higher confidence estimates of populations at greatest risk. 65\% of UGS wells occupy residential urban and suburban areas indicating the unique land use conflicts presented by UGS systems that likely continue to experience population encroachment. Overall, ABODE confirms tens of thousands of homes and residents are likely located within the proposed UGS Wellhead Safety Zone {\textendash} and in some cases within state{\textquoteright}s oil and gas well surface setback distances {\textendash} of active UGS wells.},
	keywords = {Environmental health, Oil and gas, Population at risk, Safety, Setbacks, U.S. Census, Underground natural gas storage},
	doi = {10.1186/s12940-019-0497-z},
	author = {Drew R. Michanowicz and Samuel R. Williams and Jonathan J. Buonocore and Sebastian T. Rowland and Katherine E. Konschnik and Shaun A. Goho and Aaron S. Bernstein}
}
@article {67,
	title = {Predictive rule-based control to activate the energy flexibility of Norwegian residential buildings: Case of an air-source heat pump and direct electric heating},
	journal = {Applied energy},
	volume = {237},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {500{\textendash}518},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {The building energy flexibility potential of a Norwegian single-family detached house is investigated using predictive rule-based control (PRBC) and building performance simulation (using IDA ICE). Norwegian timber buildings are lightweight and four different insulation levels are considered. Both on-off and modulating air-source heat pumps are analyzed and compared to direct electric heating which is the most common heating system for Norwegian residential buildings. A detailed model for both the heat pump system and the building is implemented, a level of detail not found in previous research on building energy flexibility. The three PRBC investigated have the following objectives: reduce energy costs for heating, reduce annual CO2eq. emissions and reduce energy use for heating during peak hours. This last objective is probably the most strategic in the Norwegian context where cheap electricity is mainly produced by hydropower. The results show that the price-based control does not generate cost savings because lower electricity prices are outweighed by the increase in electricity use for heating. The implemented price-based control would create cost savings in electricity markets with higher daily fluctuations in electricity prices, such as Denmark. For the same reasons, the carbon-based control cannot reduce the yearly CO2eq. emissions due to limited daily fluctuations in the average CO2eq. intensity of the Norwegian electricity mix. On the contrary, the PRBC that reduces the energy use for heating during peak hours turns out to be very efficient, especially for direct electric heating. For air-source heat pumps, the control of the heat pump system is complex and reduces the performance of the three PRBC. Therefore, results suggest that a heat pump system should be modeled with enough detail for a proper assessment of the building energy flexibility. First, by varying temperature set-points there is a clear interaction between the prioritization of domestic hot water and the control of auxiliary heaters which increases energy use significantly. Second, the hysteresis of the heat pump control and the minimum cycle duration prevent the heat pump from stopping immediately after the PRBC requires it. Finally, the paper shows that the influence of thermal zoning, investigated here by cold bedrooms with closed doors, has a limited impact on the building energy flexibility potential and the risk of opening bedroom windows.},
	keywords = {Building energy flexibility, CO2eq. intensity, Demand response, Direct electric heating, Heat pump, Predictive rule-based control},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.12.074},
	author = {Clau{\ss}, John and Stinner, Sebastian and Sartori, Igor and Georges, Laurent}
}
@article {75,
	title = {Review of control strategies for improving the energy flexibility provided by heat pump systems in buildings},
	journal = {Journal of Process Control},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {35{\textendash}49},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {The present work constitutes a review of the existing literature on supervisory control for improving the energy flexibility provided by heat pumps in buildings. A distinction was drawn between rule-based controls (RBC) and model predictive controls (MPC), given the clear differences in their concept and complexity. For both kinds, the different objectives claimed by these strategies have been reviewed, as well as the control inputs, disturbances and constraints. Notably in MPC, the monetary objective (reduction of the energy costs) has been the most utilized in the literature, therefore the authors advocate for the further study of other objectives related to energy flexibility. Further than the control strategies themselves, the different thermal storage options (necessary to activate the flexibility) have also been reviewed, the built-in thermal mass seeming more cost-effective than water buffer tanks in this regard. Based on these conclusions, recommendations for further research topics are drawn.},
	keywords = {Demand-side management, Energy flexibility in buildings, Heat pump systems, Literature review, Model predictive control, Rule-based control},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jprocont.2018.03.006},
	author = {Thibault Q. P{\'e}an and Jaume Salom and Costa-Castell{\'o}, Ramon}
}
@article {72,
	title = {A standardised flexibility assessment methodology for demand response},
	journal = {International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation},
	year = {2019},
	publisher = {Emerald Publishing Limited},
	abstract = {Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to standardised four-step flexibility assessment methodology for evaluating the available electrical load reduction or increase a building can provide in response to a signal from an aggregator or grid operator.

Design/methodology/approach
The four steps in the methodology consist of Step 1: systems, loads, storage and generation identification; Step 2: flexibility characterisation; Step 3: scenario modelling; and Step 4: key performance indicator (KPI) label.

Findings
A detailed case study for one building, validated through on-site experiments, verified the feasibility and accuracy of the approach.

Research limitations/implications
The results were benchmarked against available demonstration studies but could benefit from the future development of standardised benchmarks.

Practical implications
The ease of implementation enables building operators to quickly and cost effectively evaluate the flexibility of their building. By clearly defining the flexibility range, the KPI label enables contract negotiation between stakeholders for demand side services. It may also be applicable as a smart readiness indicator.

Social implications
The novel KPI label has the capability to operationalise the concept of building flexibility to a wider spectrum of society, enabling smart grid demand response roll-out to residential and small commercial customers.

Originality/value
This paper fulfils an identified need for an early stage flexibility assessment which explicitly includes source selection that can be implemented in an offline manner without the need for extensive real-time data acquisition, ICT platforms or additional metre and sensor installations.},
	keywords = {Demand response, Demand side management, Demonstration study, Energy flexible buildings, Smart grid, Smart readiness indicator},
	issn = {2398-4708},
	doi = {10.1108/IJBPA-01-2019-0011},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Connell, Sarah and Reynders, Glenn and Seri, Federico and Sterling, Raymond and Marcus M. Keane}
}
@article {124,
	title = {Air-quality-related health impacts from climate change and from adaptation of cooling demand for buildings in the eastern United States: An interdisciplinary modeling study},
	journal = {PLoS medicine},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Why was this study done?
As temperature rises, the adaptive response of using air conditioning increases electricity demand and subsequent emissions of harmful pollutants from electric power plants.
Independent of emissions from the electric power sector, climate change is known to worsen air quality through changes in atmospheric chemistry and natural biogenic emissions.
We examine the effects of climate change on air quality and human health through the combined impacts of increased emissions from power plants due to altered air conditioning demand and from direct effects on atmospheric chemistry.

What did the researchers do and find?
We used computer models to calculate the air pollution and health impacts of a warmer climate with and without greater use of air conditioning and subsequent increases in harmful emissions from power plants.
We found that concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) increase in a warmer climate and that 3.8\% of the total increase in PM2.5 and 6.7\% of the total increase in ozone (O3) are attributable to extra air conditioning use.
We calculated that climate change alone increases summer air-pollution-related premature mortality by about 13,000 deaths due to PM2.5 and 3,000 deaths due to O3 (consistent with other studies).
Increased air conditioning, specifically, accounts for 654 future summer PM2.5-related deaths (approximately $6 billion cost{\textemdash}based on a value of statistical life calculated from 26 studies{\textemdash}and a 4.8\% increase above climate change impacts alone) and 315 O3-related deaths (approximately $3 billion cost and an 8.7\% increase above climate change impacts alone).

What do these findings mean?
This is the first study to our knowledge to examine future air-pollution-related health damages of power plant emissions driven by increased electricity demand for air conditioning, a primary adaptation to warmer temperatures.
Quantifying the extent to which air conditioning adaptation exacerbates climate-change-related air quality can improve decision-making, especially in both the health and electric power sectors.
This analysis highlights the need for cleaner energy sources, energy efficiency, and energy conservation to meet our growing dependence on buildings{\textquoteright} cooling systems, while simultaneously mitigating the extent of climate change.},
	pages = {e1002599},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},
	abstract = {Background
Climate change negatively impacts human health through heat stress and exposure to worsened air pollution, amongst other pathways. Indoor use of air conditioning can be an effective strategy to reduce heat exposure. However, increased air conditioning use increases emissions of air pollutants from power plants, in turn worsening air quality and human health impacts. We used an interdisciplinary linked model system to quantify the impacts of heat-driven adaptation through building cooling demand on air-quality-related health outcomes in a representative mid-century climate scenario.

Methods and findings
We used a modeling system that included downscaling historical and future climate data with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, simulating building electricity demand using the Regional Building Energy Simulation System (RBESS), simulating power sector production and emissions using MyPower, simulating ambient air quality using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, and calculating the incidence of adverse health outcomes using the Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP). We performed simulations for a representative present-day climate scenario and 2 representative mid-century climate scenarios, with and without exacerbated power sector emissions from adaptation in building energy use. We find that by mid-century, climate change alone can increase fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations by 58.6\% (2.50 μg/m3) and ozone (O3) by 14.9\% (8.06 parts per billion by volume [ppbv]) for the month of July. A larger change is found when comparing the present day to the combined impact of climate change and increased building energy use, where PM2.5 increases 61.1\% (2.60 μg/m3) and O3 increases 15.9\% (8.64 ppbv). Therefore, 3.8\% of the total increase in PM2.5 and 6.7\% of the total increase in O3 is attributable to adaptive behavior (extra air conditioning use). Health impacts assessment finds that for a mid-century climate change scenario (with adaptation), annual PM2.5-related adult mortality increases by 13,547 deaths (14 concentration{\textendash}response functions with mean incidence range of 1,320 to 26,481, approximately US$126 billion cost) and annual O3-related adult mortality increases by 3,514 deaths (3 functions with mean incidence range of 2,175 to 4,920, approximately US$32.5 billion cost), calculated as a 3-month summer estimate based on July modeling. Air conditioning adaptation accounts for 654 (range of 87 to 1,245) of the PM2.5-related deaths (approximately US$6 billion cost, a 4.8\% increase above climate change impacts alone) and 315 (range of 198 to 438) of the O3-related deaths (approximately US$3 billion cost, an 8.7\% increase above climate change impacts alone). Limitations of this study include modeling only a single month, based on 1 model-year of future climate simulations. As a result, we do not project the future, but rather describe the potential damages from interactions arising between climate, energy use, and air quality.

Conclusions
This study examines the contribution of future air-pollution-related health damages that are caused by the power sector through heat-driven air conditioning adaptation in buildings. Results show that without intervention, approximately 5\%{\textendash}9\% of exacerbated air-pollution-related mortality will be due to increases in power sector emissions from heat-driven building electricity demand. This analysis highlights the need for cleaner energy sources, energy efficiency, and energy conservation to meet our growing dependence on building cooling systems and simultaneously mitigate climate change.},
	keywords = {Air-quality, Climate change, health impacts, interdisciplinary modeling},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1002599},
	author = {David W. Abel and Holloway, Tracey and Harkey, Monica and Meier, Paul and Ahl, Doug and Vijay S. Limaye and Jonathan A. Patz}
}
@article {129,
	title = {Building evidence for health: green buildings, current science, and future challenges},
	journal = {Annual Review of Public Health},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {291{\textendash}308},
	publisher = {Annual Reviews},
	abstract = {Civilizational challenges have questioned the status quo of energy and material consumption by humans. From the built environment perspective, a response to these challenges was the creation of green buildings. Although the revolutionary capacity of the green building movement has elevated the expectations of new commercial construction, its rate of implementation has secluded the majority of the population from its benefits. Beyond reductions in energy usage and increases in market value, the main strength of green buildings may be the procurement of healthier building environments. Further pursuing the right to healthy indoor environments could help the green building movement to attain its full potential as a transformational public health tool. On the basis of 40 years of research on indoor environmental quality, we present a summary of nine environment elements that are foundational to human health. We posit the role of green buildings as a critical research platform within a novel sustainability framework based on social-environmental capital assets.

},
	keywords = {Built Environment, Green buildings, Health, human rights, Indoor environmental quality, Sustainability},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044420},
	author = {J. G. Cedeno-Laurent and A Williams and P MacNaughton and Xiaodong Cao and Erika Sita Eitland and John D. Spengler and Joseph G. Allen}
}
@article {79,
	title = {Characterizing the energy flexibility of buildings and districts},
	journal = {Applied energy},
	volume = {225},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {175{\textendash}182},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {The large penetration rate of renewable energy sources leads to challenges in planning and controlling the energy production, transmission, and distribution in power systems. A potential solution is found in a paradigm shift from traditional supply control to demand control. To address such changes, a first step lays in a formal and robust characterization of the energy flexibility on the demand side. The most common way to characterize the energy flexibility is by considering it as a static function at every time instant. The validity of this approach is questionable because energy-based systems are never at steady-state. Therefore, in this paper, a novel methodology to characterize the energy flexibility as a dynamic function is proposed, which is titled as the Flexibility Function. The Flexibility Function brings new possibilities for enabling the grid operators or other operators to control the demand through the use of penalty signals (e.g., price, CO2, etc.). For instance, CO2-based controllers can be used to accelerate the transition to a fossil-free society. Contrary to previous static approaches to quantify Energy Flexibility, the dynamic nature of the Flexibility Function enables a Flexibility Index, which describes to which extent a building is able to respond to the grid{\textquoteright}s need for flexibility. In order to validate the proposed methodologies, a case study is presented, demonstrating how different Flexibility Functions enable the utilization of the flexibility in different types of buildings, which are integrated with renewable energies.},
	keywords = {Demand response, Energy flexibility, Flexibility function, Flexibility index, Smart building, Smartness},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.037},
	author = {Rune Gr{\o}nborg Junker and Armin Ghasem Azar and Rui Amaral Lopes and Karen Byskov Lindberg and Reynders, Glenn and Relan, Rishi and Madsen, Henrik}
}
@article {82,
	title = {Development of a data driven approach to explore the energy flexibility potential of building clusters},
	journal = {Applied Energy},
	volume = {232},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {89{\textendash}100},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {With the growing use of renewable energy sources, the stability of electrical power systems can be seriously affected by fluctuations in the available power. As one of the potential solutions for this new challenge, the energy flexibility of buildings has become a focus for research and technological development. Most studies have focused on single buildings, with only a few studies on building clusters in which the building models were usually oversimplified in that they did not consider different building types or their thermal characteristics, their occupancy or their occupants{\textquoteright} behaviour. In this paper, we describe a data driven approach to simulating a generic building cluster that could resemble any mix of building archetypes and occupancy. The energy flexibility potential of apartment building clusters was estimated by using data from surveys and available statistics in Denmark for the worst case scenario, i.e. when the end users do not allow any disturbance when they are at home, so that energy flexibility is only available when residents are not at home. In this scenario, no energy flexibility is assumed when buildings are occupied, which yields a conservative estimation. The uncertainty of the energy flexibility potential due to uncertain occupancy and various archetypes was quantified for different scales of building cluster. The resulting hybrid-model is a combination of a building model and an occupancy model and includes the different factors that influence the potential energy flexibility of buildings. The results show that the uncertainty of the energy flexibility decreases when the aggregated number of buildings increases. The uncertainty of energy flexibility was less than 10\%, when about 700 households were aggregated. This approach can be used to simulate building energy flexibility for district or even regional level energy planning when the intention is to use the available flexibility to address the challenges caused by fluctuation in the power available from renewable energy sources.},
	keywords = {Building cluster, Energy flexibility, Occupancy, Space heating, Uncertainty},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.187},
	author = {Wang, Andong and Li, Rongling and You, Shi}
}
@article {83,
	title = {Energetic, cost, and comfort performance of a nearly-zero energy building including rule-based control of four sources of energy flexibility},
	journal = {Buildings},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {172},
	publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	abstract = {A focal point of ongoing research is matching the energy demand in the built environment to the energy supply from onsite generation, to maximize the self-consumption, and from the energy grids, to lower energy costs and reduce peak loads on the system. Energy flexibility addresses this task by modulating the energy demand in a building according to dynamic criteria such as electricity prices or onsite generation. This study addresses the potential of building performance simulation with real time rule-based control that provides energy flexibility based on onsite generation and hourly electricity prices, prioritizing energy matching, and reducing costs. The novelty relies on investigating four sources of energy flexibility simultaneously: shiftable machine loads, charging/discharging of batteries, hot-water storage tanks, and the building{\textquoteright}s mass. The energy matching and flexibility actions provided a decrease of up to 4\% in annual energy costs, yet risk increasing the cost by 9\% when the savings are offset by the increase in the energy demand. As well, the method for price categorization strongly influences the cost performance of the flexibility actions. The outcomes of this study provide insight to energy flexibility sources in nearly-zero energy buildings and how their outcomes are affected by price thresholds.},
	keywords = {Energy flexibility, energy matching, nearly-zero energy buildings, Rule-based control},
	doi = {10.3390/buildings8120172},
	author = {Benjamin Manrique Delgado and Ruusu, Reino and Hasan, Ala and Kilpel{\"a}inen, Simo and Cao, Sunliang and Sir{\'e}n, Kai}
}
@article {153,
	title = {Energy Efficiency as a Tool for Preservation of Affordable Rental Housing: Evaluation of the Efficiency Emphasis in the MacArthur Foundation{\textquoteright}s Window of Opportunity Initiative},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {RAND Corporation},
	abstract = {In response to the predicted potential loss of nearly a million affordable rental homes in the United States, the MacArthur Foundation in 2000 launched a large philanthropic initiative called Window of Opportunity (WOO) to preserve privately owned affordable rental housing. By 2011, the foundation had learned from its WOO recipients and affiliates that improvements in energy efficiency (EE) could enable residential building energy costs to be lowered, improving cash flow and, by extension, the viability of multifamily affordable rental housing. As a consequence, the foundation decided to invest in energy efficiency. From 2012 to 2015, the MacArthur Foundation awarded 39 grants and loans totaling $27.5 million to promote the energy efficiency of multifamily affordable rental housing. Awardees for these grants and loans spanned the real estate, energy, and environmental sectors. This evaluation confirms that there have been marked increases nationally since 2010 in investments in the energy efficiency of multifamily rental housing, including in the subset that is affordable. Interviews, grantee accomplishments, and two case studies indicate that, of the seven desired outcomes the foundation outlined for Window of Opportunity-Energy Efficiency (WOO-EE), the initiative{\textquoteright}s greatest contributions were to help improve cross-sector collaboration and to increase awareness of EE as a preservation tool for affordable multifamily rental housing. WOO-EE activities had a smaller positive influence on three more of the outcomes, had no appreciable influence on one of them, and had an unknown influence on another.},
	keywords = {Energy efficiency},
	url = {https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2293.html},
	author = {Heather L. Schwartz and Aimee E. Curtright and Ogletree, Cordaye and Thornton, Elizabeth and Jonsson, Lisa}
}
@article {78,
	title = {Energy flexible buildings: An evaluation of definitions and quantification methodologies applied to thermal storage},
	journal = {Energy and Buildings},
	volume = {166},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {372{\textendash}390},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {As demand response and energy flexibility are often suggested as key principles to facilitate high levels of renewable energy sources into energy markets, different studies evaluated the potential impact of energy flexibility in buildings. Nonetheless, due to differences in definition and quantification methodologies for energy flexibility, comparing results between such studies is difficult. With a review and applied evaluation of existing definitions and quantification methodologies this paper aims at assessing the applicability, benefits and drawbacks of each quantification methodology.

The conducted review shows that energy flexibility definitions found in the literature have their particularities despite sharing the same principle that energy flexibility is the ability to adapt the energy profile without jeopardizing technical and comfort constraints. The survey of quantification methodologies reveals two main approaches to quantify energy flexibility. A first approach quantifies energy flexibility indirectly using past data and assuming a specific energy system and/or energy market context. The second approach directly predicts the energy flexibility that a building can offer to the energy system in a bottom-up manner. While applications for both approaches were identified, this paper focuses on the latter. By applying methodologies that follow this second approach to a common case study, three common properties of energy flexibility were observed: i) the temporal flexibility; ii) the amplitude of power modulation; iii) and the associated cost.},
	keywords = {Demand response, Demand side management, Energy flexible buildings, load control, Smart grid},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.02.040},
	author = {Reynders, Glenn and Rui Amaral Lopes and Marszal-Pomianowska, Anna and Aelenei, Daniel and Martins, Jo{\~a}o and Saelens, Dirk}
}
@article {144,
	title = {Energy savings, emission reductions, and health co-benefits of the green building movement},
	journal = {Journal of Exposure Science \& Environmental Epidemiology},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {307{\textendash}318},
	publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
	abstract = {Buildings consume nearly 40\% of primary energy production globally. Certified green buildings substantially reduce energy consumption on a per square foot basis and they also focus on indoor environmental quality. However, the co-benefits to health through reductions in energy and concomitant reductions in air pollution have not been examined.We calculated year by year LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification rates in six countries (the United States, China, India, Brazil, Germany, and Turkey) and then used data from the Green Building Information Gateway (GBIG) to estimate energy savings in each country each year. Of the green building rating schemes, LEED accounts for 32\% of green-certified floor space and publically reports energy efficiency data. We employed Harvard{\textquoteright}s Co-BE Calculator to determine pollutant emissions reductions by country accounting for transient energy mixes and baseline energy use intensities. Co-BE applies the social cost of carbon and the social cost of atmospheric release to translate these reductions into health benefits. Based on modeled energy use, LEED-certified buildings saved $7.5B in energy costs and averted 33MT of CO2, 51 kt of SO2, 38 kt of NOx, and 10 kt of PM2.5 from entering the atmosphere, which amounts to $5.8B (lower limit = $2.3B, upper limit = $9.1B) in climate and health co-benefits from 2000 to 2016 in the six countries investigated. The U.S. health benefits derive from avoiding an estimated 172{\textendash}405 premature deaths, 171 hospital admissions, 11,000 asthma exacerbations, 54,000 respiratory symptoms, 21,000 lost days of work, and 16,000 lost days of school. Because the climate and health benefits are nearly equivalent to the energy savings for green buildings in the United States, and up to 10 times higher in developing countries, they provide an important and previously unquantified societal value. Future analyses should consider these co-benefits when weighing policy decisions around energy-efficient buildings.},
	keywords = {Ambient air pollution, Green buildings, Health co-benefits, Premature mortality},
	doi = {10.1038/s41370-017-0014-9},
	author = {Piers MacNaughton and Xiaodong Cao and Jonathan J. Buonocore and J. G. Cedeno-Laurent and John D. Spengler and Aaron S. Bernstein and Joseph G. Allen}
}
@article {81,
	title = {Heating system energy flexibility of low-energy residential buildings},
	journal = {Energy and Buildings},
	volume = {180},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {95{\textendash}108},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {Energy flexibility is proposed as a cost-effective solution facilitating secure operation of the energy system while integrating large share of renewables. With strict building regulations in Denmark, newly built buildings are low-energy buildings. In order to identify the role of low-energy buildings in the energy system, we investigated the physical potential for flexibility and analysed the thermal storage capacity existing inherently in the structural mass. Two building types were studied: single-family house and apartment block. The aim is to quantify the energy that can be added to or curtailed from each building during a time period without compromising thermal comfort. Different scenarios (starting time and duration), building design characteristics and boundary conditions were studied. The findings showed that low-energy buildings are highly robust and can remain autonomous for several hours. Although for individual buildings the available energy for curtailment is limited, if many buildings are aggregated energy flexibility becomes significant. The potential for storage in the thermal mass is considerable. The analysis presented high dependence of flexibility potential on boundary conditions (ambient temperature, solar radiation, internal gains) and underlined the importance of envelope insulation. Heat losses govern the potential for flexibility, while the walls{\textquoteright} thermal mass has a secondary influence.},
	keywords = {Building thermal mass, Demand response, Energy flexibility, Low-energy building, Thermal energy storage},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.09.030},
	author = {Foteinaki, Kyriaki and Li, Rongling and Heller, Alfred and Rode, Carsten}
}
@article {145,
	title = {Housing Quality and Mental Health: the Association between Pest Infestation and Depressive Symptoms among Public Housing Residents},
	journal = {Journal of Urban Health},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2018},
	month = {10/2018},
	pages = {691 - 702},
	abstract = {Housing quality, which includes structural and environmental risks, has been associated with multiple physical health outcomes including injury and asthma. Cockroach and mouse infestations can be prime manifestations of diminished housing quality. While the respiratory health effects of pest infestation are well documented, little is known about the association between infestation and mental health outcomes. To address this gap in knowledge and given the potential to intervene to reduce pest infestation, we assessed the association between household pest infestation and symptoms of depression among public housing residents. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 16 Boston Housing Authority (BHA) developments from 2012 to 2014 in Boston, Massachusetts. Household units were randomly selected and one adult (n = 461) from each unit was surveyed about depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiologic Study-Depression (CES-D) Scale, and about pest infestation and management practices. In addition, a home inspection for pests was performed. General linear models were used to model the association between pest infestation and high depressive symptoms. After adjusting for important covariates, individuals who lived in homes with current cockroach infestation had almost three times the odds of experiencing high depressive symptoms (adjusted OR = 2.9, 95\% CI 1.9{\textendash}4.4) than those without infestation. Dual infestation (cockroach and mouse) was associated with over five times the odds (adjusted odds = 5.1, 95\% CI 3.0{\textendash}8.5) of experiencing high depressive symptoms. Using a robust measure of cockroach and mouse infestation, and a validated depression screener, we identified associations between current infestation and depressive symptoms. Although the temporal directionality of this association remains uncertain, these findings suggest that the health impact of poor housing conditions extend beyond physical health to include mental health. The study adds important information to the growing body of evidence that housing contributes to population health and improvements in population health may not be possible without addressing deficiencies in the housing infrastructure.},
	keywords = {Cockroach infestation, Depression, Housing quality, Integrated pest management, Mouse infestation, Public housing},
	isbn = {1468-2869},
	doi = {10.1007/s11524-018-0298-7},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-0298-7},
	author = {Snehal N. Shah and Fossa, Alan and Abigail S. Steiner and Kane, John and Jonathan I. Levy and Gary Adamkiewicz and Willie Mae Bennett-Fripp and Reid, Margaret}
}
@article {161,
	title = {How Citizen Potawatomi Nation utilizes energy efficiency and renewable energy to address its high energy burden},
	journal = {The Electricity Journal},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {16 - 22},
	abstract = {Tribal lands comprise 2\% of the United States but contain 5\% of the potential renewable resources totaling over 14 billion MWh of energy generation potential. A vast majority of this potential has been undeveloped. Challenges such as difficulty accessing capital, securing interconnection and power purchase agreements, and persistent poverty have hindered energy development. The Citizen Potawatomi Nation is recognized for utilizing energy efficiency and renewable energy to address its high energy burden.},
	keywords = {Energy efficiency, Geothermal, Housing development, Indian energy, Tribal housing},
	issn = {1040-6190},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2018.07.005},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040619018301908},
	author = {Sandra K. Begay}
}
@article {115,
	title = {Impacts of energy-efficiency investments on internal conditions in low-income households},
	journal = {Building Research \& Information},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {653{\textendash}667},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	abstract = {Living in cold conditions poses a risk to health, in particular to low-income, fuel-poor households. Improving the energy efficiency of the housing stock may bring multiple positive health gains through improved indoor temperatures and reduced fuel consumption. This study used a multilevel interrupted time-series approach to evaluate a policy-led energy-performance investment programme. Long-term monitoring data were collected for intervention and control households at baseline (n = 99) and follow-up (n = 88), creating a dataset with 15,771 data points for a series of daily-averaged hydrothermal outcome variables. The study found that the intervention raised indoor air temperature by on average 0.84 K as compared with control households, thereby bringing the majority of indoor temperature measurements within the {\textquoteleft}healthy{\textquoteright} comfort zone of 18{\textendash}24{\textdegree}C, while average daily gas usage dropped by 37\%. External wall insulation was the most effective measure to increase indoor air temperature. The greatest increases were found in the evening and at night, in the bedroom, and in British steel-framed buildings. No evidence was found that the intervention substantially increased indoor relative humidity levels when accompanied by mechanical ventilation. The study concludes that the multilevel interrupted time-series approach offers a useful model for evaluating housing improvement programmes.},
	keywords = {Energy efficiency, Housing, humidity measurements, monitoring, public health, public policy, retrofit, temperature measurements},
	doi = {10.1080/09613218.2017.1314641},
	author = {Poortinga, Wouter and Jiang, Shiyu and Grey, Charlotte and Tweed, Chris}
}
@article {142,
	title = {The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: from 25 years of inaction to a global transformation for public health},
	volume = {391},
	year = {2018},
	month = {02/2018},
	pages = {581 - 630},
	isbn = {0140-6736},
	doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32464-9},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673617324649},
	author = {Watts, Nick and Amann, Markus and Ayeb-Karlsson, Sonja and Belesova, Kristine and Bouley, Timothy and Boykoff, Maxwell and Byass, Peter and Cai, Wenjia and Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid and Chambers, Jonathan and Peter M. Cox and Daly, Meaghan and Dasandi, Niheer and Davies, Michael and Michael Depledge and Depoux, Anneliese and Dominguez-Salas, Paula and Drummond, Paul and Ekins, Paul and Flahault, Antoine and Frumkin, Howard and Georgeson, Lucien and Ghanei, Mostafa and Grace, Delia and Graham, Hilary and Grojsman, R{\'e}becca and Andrew Haines and Hamilton, Ian and Hartinger, Stella and Johnson, Anne and Kelman, Ilan and Kiesewetter, Gregor and Kniveton, Dominic and Liang, Lu and Lott, Melissa and Lowe, Robert and Mace, Georgina and Maquins Odhiambo Sewe and Maslin, Mark and Mikhaylov, Slava and Milner, James and Ali Mohammad Latifi and Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar and Morrissey, Karyn and Murray, Kris and Neville, Tara and Nilsson, Maria and Tadj Oreszczyn and Owfi, Fereidoon and Pencheon, David and Pye, Steve and Rabbaniha, Mahnaz and Robinson, Elizabeth and Rockl{\"o}v, Joacim and Sch{\"u}tte, Stefanie and Shumake-Guillemot, Joy and Steinbach, Rebecca and Tabatabaei, Meisam and Wheeler, Nicola and Paul Wilkinson and Gong, Peng and Montgomery, Hugh and Costello, Anthony}
}
@article {136,
	title = {Modeling the potential health benefits of lower household air pollution after a hypothetical liquified petroleum gas (LPG) cookstove intervention},
	journal = {Environment International},
	volume = {111},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {71 - 79},
	abstract = {Introduction: Improved biomass and advanced fuel cookstoves can lower household air pollution (HAP), but levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) often remain above the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended interim target of 35μg/m3. Methods: Based on existing literature, we first estimate a range of likely levels of personal PM2.5 before and after a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) intervention. Using simulations reflecting uncertainty in both the exposure estimates and exposure-response coefficients, we estimate corresponding expected health benefits for systolic blood pressure (SBP) in adults, birthweight, and pneumonia incidence among children <2years old. We also estimate potential avoided premature mortality among those exposed. Results: Our best estimate is that an LPG stove intervention would decrease personal PM2.5 exposure from approximately 270μg/m3 to approximately 70μg/m3, due to likely continued use of traditional open-fire stoves. We estimate that this decrease would lead to a 5.5mmHg lower SBP among women over age 50, a 338g higher birthweight, and a 37\% lower incidence of severe childhood pneumonia. We estimate that decreased SBP, if sustained, would result in a 5\%{\textendash}10\% decrease in mortality for women over age 50. We estimate that higher birthweight would reduce infant mortality by 4 to 11 deaths per 1000 births; for comparison, the current global infant mortality rate is 32/1000 live births. Reduced exposure is estimated to prevent approximately 29 cases of severe pneumonia per year per 1000 children under 2, avoiding approximately 2{\textendash}3 deaths/1000 per year. However, there are large uncertainties around all these estimates due to uncertainty in both exposure estimates and in exposure-response coefficients; all health effect estimates include the null value of no benefit. Conclusions: An LPG stove intervention, while not likely to lower exposure to the WHO interim target level, is still likely to offer important health benefits.},
	keywords = {Birthweight, Blood pressure, Gas stove, Intervention, PM, Pneumonia},
	issn = {0160-4120},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.018},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412017310978},
	author = {Kyle Steenland and Ajay Pillarisetti and Miles Kirby and Jennifer Peel and Maggie Clark and Will Checkley and Howard H. Chang and Thomas Clasen}
}
@article {131,
	title = {Modeling the resiliency of energy-efficient retrofits in low-income multifamily housing},
	journal = {Indoor air},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {459{\textendash}468},
	publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	abstract = {Residential energy efficiency and ventilation retrofits (eg, building weatherization, local exhaust ventilation, HVAC filtration) can influence indoor air quality (IAQ) and occupant health, but these measures{\textquoteright} impact varies by occupant activity. In this study, we used the multizone airflow and IAQ analysis program CONTAM to simulate the impacts of energy retrofits on indoor concentrations of PM2.5 and NO2 in a low-income multifamily housing complex in Boston, Massachusetts (USA). We evaluated the differential impact of residential activities, such as low- and high-emission cooking, cigarette smoking, and window opening, on IAQ across two seasons. We found that a comprehensive package of energy and ventilation retrofits was resilient to a range of occupant activities, while less holistic approaches without ventilation improvements led to increases in indoor PM2.5 or NO2 for some populations. In general, homes with simulated concentration increases included those with heavy cooking and no local exhaust ventilation, and smoking homes without HVAC filtration. Our analytical framework can be used to identify energy-efficient home interventions with indoor retrofit resiliency (ie, those that provide IAQ benefits regardless of occupant activity), as well as less resilient retrofits that can be coupled with behavioral interventions (eg, smoking cessation) to provide cost-effective, widespread benefits.},
	keywords = {building simulation, CONTAM, energy-efficient retrofits, Healthy housing, Indoor air quality, indoor retrofit resiliency, multifamily housing},
	doi = {10.1111/ina.12446},
	author = {Lindsay Jeanne Underhill and Maria Patricia Fabian and Kimberly Vermeer and Megan T. Sandel and Gary Adamkiewicz and Jessica H. Leibler and Jonathan I. Levy}
}
@article {76,
	title = {New domain for promoting energy efficiency: Energy Flexible Building Cluster},
	journal = {Sustainable cities and society},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {526{\textendash}533},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {The ongoing energy system shift{\textemdash}from traditional centralized fossil fuel based to decentralized renewable energy sources based{\textemdash}requires a strengthened control of energy matching. Smart buildings represent the latest step in building energy evolution and perform as active participants in the cluster/energy infrastructure scale, becoming energy prosumers. In this framework, the IEA EBC Annex 67 introduces the concept of {\textquoteleft}Energy Flexible Building{\textquoteright}, defined as a building able to manage its demand and generation in accordance with local climate conditions, user needs and grid requirements. Currently, there is no insight into how much flexibility a building may offer, and this study aims to overview the theoretical approaches and existing indicators to evaluate the Energy Flexibility of building clusters. The focus on cluster scale allows for the exploitation of the variation in energy consumption patterns between different types of buildings and the coordination of load shifting for the improvement of renewable energy use. The reviewed indicators can contribute to the definition of the Smart Readiness Indicator, introduced in the European Commission proposal for the EPBD revision, in order to test a building{\textquoteright}s technological readiness to adapt to the needs of the occupants and the energy environment, as well as to operate more efficiently.},
	keywords = {Building cluster, Energy efficiency, Energy flexibility, Indicators, Smart readiness indicator},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scs.2018.01.038},
	author = {Vigna, Ilaria and Roberta Pernetti and Wilmer Pasut and Roberto Lollini}
}
@article {92,
	title = {Quantifying demand flexibility of power-to-heat and thermal energy storage in the control of building heating systems},
	journal = {Applied Energy},
	volume = {209},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {409{\textendash}425},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {In the future due to continued integration of renewable energy sources, demand-side flexibility would be required for managing power grids. Building energy systems will serve as one possible source of energy flexibility. The degree of flexibility provided by building energy systems is highly restricted by power-to-heat conversion such as heat pumps and thermal energy storage possibilities of a building. To quantify building demand flexibility, it is essential to capture the dynamic response of the building energy system with thermal energy storage. To identify the maximum flexibility a building{\textquoteright}s energy system can provide, optimal control is required. In this paper, optimal control serves to determine in detail demand flexibility of an office building equipped with heat pump, electric heater, and thermal energy storage tanks. The demand flexibility is quantified using different performance indicators that sufficiently characterize flexibility in terms of size (energy), time (power) and costs. To fully describe power flexibility, the paper introduces the instantaneous power flexibility as power flexibility indicator. The instantaneous power flexibility shows the potential power flexibility of TES and power-to-heat in any case of charging, discharging or idle mode. A simulation case study is performed showing that a water tank, a phase change material tank, and a thermochemical material tank integrated with building heating system can be designed to provide flexibility with optimal control.},
	keywords = {Demand flexibility, Optimal control, Phase change material, Thermal energy storage, Thermochemical material},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.036},
	author = {Finck, Christian and Li, Rongling and Kramer, Rick and Zeiler, Wim}
}
@article {80,
	title = {Reducing the carbon footprint of house heating through model predictive control{\textendash}A simulation study in Danish conditions},
	journal = {Sustainable Cities and Society},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {558{\textendash}573},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {Around the world, electricity systems are transitioning towards renewable energy to meet humanity{\textquoteright}s climate change mitigation targets. However, in a pre-transition system, the carbon intensity of power exhibits strong variations over time, which calls for load shifting to times when its impact is lower. In this work, the case of heating in single-family houses is studied, using Model Predictive Control (MPC) to optimise multi-zone operation. Low inertia heating is used, and simulations are made upon three different insulation level using historical grid and climate data from Denmark. The results show that energy and CO2 optimisation are relevant objectives for predictive control for lowering the carbon footprint of heating, while SPOT price optimisation is comparatively undesirable. However, benefits of energy optimisation were questioned, as a well-tuned PID control might have had similar performance. Nevertheless, gains from CO2 optimisation in recent houses highlight the importance of considering the average carbon intensity of energy used, in addition to the amount of energy itself, when aiming to reduce the carbon footprint.},
	keywords = {Carbon footprint, Heating, Model predictive control, Single-family house},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scs.2018.07.027},
	author = {Pierre Jacques Ca Vogler-Finck and Wisniewski, Rafal and Popovski, Petar}
}
@article {90,
	title = {Aggregation potentials for buildings{\textemdash}business models of demand response and virtual power plants},
	journal = {Energies},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1646},
	publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	abstract = {Buildings as prosumers have an important role in the energy aggregation market due to their potential flexible energy consumption and distributed energy resources. However, energy flexibility provided by buildings can be very complex and depend on many factors. The immaturity of the current aggregation market with unclear incentives is still a challenge for buildings to participate in the aggregation market. However, few studies have investigated business models for building participation in the aggregation market. Therefore, this paper develops four business models for buildings to participate in the energy aggregation market: (1) buildings participate in the implicit Demand Response (DR) program via retailers; (2) buildings with small energy consumption participate in the explicit DR via aggregators; (3) buildings directly access the explicit DR program; (4) buildings access energy market via Virtual Power Plant (VPP) aggregators by providing Distributed Energy Resources (DER)s. This paper also determines that it is essential to understand building owners{\textquoteright} needs, comforts, and behaviours to develop feasible market access strategies for different types of buildings. Meanwhile, the incentive programs, national regulations and energy market structures strongly influence buildings{\textquoteright} participation in the aggregation market. Under the current Nordic market regulation, business model one is the most feasible one, and business model two faces more challenges due to regulation barriers and limited monetary incentives.},
	keywords = {aggregators, Building energy flexibility, business model, Demand response, energy flexibility potential, virtual power plant},
	doi = {10.3390/en10101646},
	author = {Ma, Zheng and Joy Dalmacio Billanes and Bo N{\o}rregaar J{\o}rgensen}
}
@article {86,
	title = {Are building users prepared for energy flexible buildings?{\textemdash}A large-scale survey in the Netherlands},
	journal = {Applied Energy},
	volume = {203},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {623{\textendash}634},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {Building energy flexibility might play a crucial role in demand side management for integrating intermittent renewables into smart grids. The potential of building energy flexibility depends not only on the physical characteristics of a building but also on occupant behaviour in the building. Building users will have to adopt smart technologies and to change their daily energy use behaviours or routines, if energy flexibility is to be achieved. The willingness of users to make changes will determine how much demand flexibility can be achieved in buildings and whether energy flexible buildings can be realized. This will have a considerable impact on the transition to smart grids. This study is thus to assess the perception of smart grids and energy flexible buildings by building users, and their readiness for them on a large scale. We attempted to identify the key characteristics of the ideal user of flexible buildings. A questionnaire was designed and administered as an online survey in the Netherlands. The questionnaire consisted of questions about the sociodemographic characteristics of the current users, house type, household composition, current energy use behaviour, willingness to use smart technologies, and willingness to change energy use behaviour. The survey was completed by 835 respondents, of which 785 (94\%) were considered to have provided a genuine response. Our analysis showed that the concept of smart grids is an unfamiliar one, as more than 60\% of the respondents had never heard of smart grids. However, unfamiliarity with smart grids increased with age, and half of the respondents aged 20{\textendash}29 years old were aware of the concept. Monetary incentives were identified as the biggest motivating factor for adoption of smart grid technologies. It was also found that people would be most in favour of acquiring smart dishwashers (65\% of the respondents) and refrigerator/freezers (60\%). Statistical analysis shows that people who are willing to use smart technologies are also willing to change their behaviour, and can thus be categorised as potentially flexible building users. Given certain assumptions, 11\% of the respondents were found to be potentially flexible building users. To encourage people to be prepared for energy flexible buildings, awareness of smart grids will have to be increased, and the adoption of smart technologies may have to be promoted by providing incentives such as financial rewards.},
	keywords = {Building energy flexibility, Building occupant, Demand side, Questionnaire, Smart building, Smart grids, Smart technology},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.067},
	author = {Li, Rongling and Dane, Gamze and Finck, Christian and Zeiler, Wim}
}
@article {137,
	title = {Assessment of neighbourhood-level socioeconomic status as a modifier of air pollution{\textendash}asthma associations among children in Atlanta},
	journal = {J Epidemiol Community Health},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {129{\textendash}136},
	publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group Ltd},
	abstract = {Background: A broad literature base provides evidence of association between air pollution and paediatric asthma. Socioeconomic status (SES) may modify these associations; however, previous studies have found inconsistent evidence regarding the role of SES.

Methods: Effect modification of air pollution-paediatric asthma morbidity by multiple indicators of neighbourhood SES was examined in Atlanta, Georgia. Emergency department (ED) visit data were obtained for 5-18 years old with a diagnosis of asthma in 20-county Atlanta during 2002-2008. Daily ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA)-level concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, fine particulate matter and elemental carbon were estimated using ambient monitoring data and emissions-based chemical transport model simulations. Pollutant-asthma associations were estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for temporal trends and meteorology. Effect modification by ZCTA-level (neighbourhood) SES was examined via stratification.

Results: We observed stronger air pollution-paediatric asthma associations in {\textquoteright}deprivation areas{\textquoteright} (eg, >=20\% of the ZCTA population living in poverty) compared with {\textquoteright}non-deprivation areas{\textquoteright}. When stratifying analyses by quartiles of neighbourhood SES, ORs indicated stronger associations in the highest and lowest SES quartiles and weaker associations among the middle quartiles.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that neighbourhood-level SES is a factor contributing vulnerability to air pollution-related paediatric asthma morbidity in Atlanta. Children living in low SES environments appear to be especially vulnerable given positive ORs and high underlying asthma ED rates. Inconsistent findings of effect modification among previous studies may be partially explained by choice of SES stratification criteria, and the use of multiplicative models combined with differing baseline risk across SES populations.},
	keywords = {AIR POLLUTION, ASTHMA, CHILD HEALTH, Environmental epidemiology, SOCIO-ECONOMIC},
	doi = {10.1136/jech-2015-206530},
	author = {Cassandra R. O{\textquoteright}Lenick and Winquist, Andrea and James A. Mulholland and Mariel D. Friberg and Howard H. Chang and Michael R. Kramer and Lyndsey A. Darrow and Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat}
}
@article {91,
	title = {Consumer central energy flexibility in office buildings},
	journal = {Journal of Energy and Power Engineering},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {David Publishing Co., Inc.},
	abstract = {Energy flexibility in buildings will play an important role in the smart energy system. Office buildings have more potentials to provide energy flexibility to the grid compared to other types of buildings, due to the existing building management, control systems and large energy consumption. Consumers in office buildings (building owners/managers and occupants) take a main role for adopting and engaging in building energy flexibility. This paper provides a systematic review of consumer central energy flexibility in office buildings with the discussion of social, technical and business aspects. This paper clarifies the correlations of consumers" concerns, external influential factors, energy flexibility resources and technology with eight hypotheses. This paper suggests that technical solutions with the integration of distributed energy resources, building management and control system can boost energy flexibility in the office buildings. },
	keywords = {building managers, Energy flexibility, hypotheses, occupants, office buildings},
	doi = {10.17265/1934-8975/2017.10.001},
	author = {Joy Dalmacio Billanes and Ma, Zheng and Bo N{\o}rregaar J{\o}rgensen}
}
@article {87,
	title = {An exploration of load-shifting potential in real in-situ heat-pump/gas-boiler hybrid systems},
	journal = {Building Services Engineering Research and Technology},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {450{\textendash}460},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England},
	abstract = {Monitoring data from two hybrid air-source heat-pump/gas-boiler systems were used to explore the systems{\textquoteright} potential for energy flexibility, i.e. the potential for shifting electrical load in response to grid requirements while maintaining acceptable performance in the overall hybrid system. In both cases, a significant proportion of the heat-pump load could potentially be shifted to the gas boiler with only a modest increase in the overall energy consumption, provided certain operational conditions were met. Furthermore, under these operational conditions, it is possible to estimate this additional energy consumption for a given system from simple heat output, and gas and electricity consumption data. This provides a potential basis for groups of similar systems equipped with smart technology to offer flexibility to the grid, while minimising the resulting energy penalty by choosing to use the most appropriate systems at any given time with respect to their operating conditions at that time. In addition, this type of flexibility means that the thermal comfort within the dwelling remains unaffected since overall heating requirement is met at all times by one of the two heating sub-systems.

Practical application: The ability to shift or shed electrical load in response to grid requirements is likely to become a significant, commercially incentivised aspect of building energy systems in the future, to mitigate the stress on electrical grids at times of peak consumption. For domestic systems, aggregation will be a key factor, requiring {\textquoteleft}smart{\textquoteright} systems to provide real-time information to potential aggregators or grid operators. This article explores what type of system information may be necessary in the case of hybrid heat-pump/gas-boiler systems if loads are to be shifted from the heat-pump to the gas-boiler element, while minimising the resulting energy penalties.},
	keywords = {Air-source heat pumps, Demand-side management, electricity grid, Energy flexibility},
	doi = {10.1177/0143624416688727},
	author = {Stafford, Anne}
}
@article {89,
	title = {IEA EBC annex 67 energy flexible buildings},
	journal = {Energy and Buildings},
	volume = {155},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {25{\textendash}34},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {The increasing global energy demand, the foreseen reduction of available fossil fuels and the increasing evidence off global warming during the last decades have generated a high interest in renewable energy sources. However, renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, have an intrinsic variability that can seriously affect the stability of the energy system if they account for a high percentage of the total generation.

The Energy Flexibility of buildings is commonly suggested as part of the solution to alleviate some of the upcoming challenges in the future demand-respond energy systems (electrical, district heating and gas grids). Buildings can supply flexibility services in different ways, e.g. utilization of thermal mass, adjustability of HVAC system use (e.g. heating/cooling/ventilation), charging of electric vehicles, and shifting of plug-loads. However, there is currently no overview or insight into how much Energy Flexibility different building may be able to offer to the future energy systems in the sense of avoiding excess energy production, increase the stability of the energy networks, minimize congestion problems, enhance the efficiency and cost effectiveness of the future energy networks. Therefore, there is a need for increasing knowledge on and demonstration of the Energy Flexibility buildings can provide to energy networks. At the same time, there is a need for identifying critical aspects and possible solutions to manage this Energy Flexibility, while maintaining the comfort of the occupants and minimizing the use of non-renewable energy.

In this context, the IEA (International Energy Agency) EBC (Energy in Buildings and Communities program) Annex 67: {\textquotedblleft}Energy Flexible Buildings{\textquotedblright} was started in 2015. The article presents the background and the work plan of IEA EBC Annex 67 as well as already obtained results.

Annex 67 is a corporation between participants from 16 countries: Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and UK.},
	keywords = {Demand response, Demand side management, Energy flexible buildings, Flexibility indicators, load control, Smart Energy Networks},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.08.044},
	author = {S{\o}ren {\O}stergaar Jensen and Marszal-Pomianowska, Anna and Roberto Lollini and Wilmer Pasut and Knotzer, Armin and Engelmann, Peter and Stafford, Anne and Reynders, Glenn}
}
@article {85,
	title = {Impact of demand-side management on thermal comfort and energy costs in a residential nZEB},
	journal = {Buildings},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {37},
	publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	abstract = {In this study, simulation work has been carried out to investigate the impact of a demand-side management control strategy in a residential nZEB. A refurbished apartment within a multi-family dwelling representative of Mediterranean building habits was chosen as a study case and modelled within a simulation framework. A flexibility strategy based on set-point modulation depending on the energy price was applied to the building. The impact of the control strategy on thermal comfort was studied in detail with several methods retrieved from the standards or other literature, differentiating the effects on day and night living zones. It revealed a slight decrease of comfort when implementing flexibility, although this was not prejudicial. In addition, the applied strategy caused a simultaneous increase of the electricity used for heating by up to 7\% and a reduction of the corresponding energy costs by up to around 20\%. The proposed control thereby constitutes a promising solution for shifting heating loads towards periods of lower prices and is able to provide benefits for both the user and the grid sides. Beyond that, the activation of energy flexibility in buildings (nZEB in the present case) will participate in a more successful integration of renewable energy sources (RES) in the energy mix.},
	keywords = {Demand-side management, Energy flexibility in buildings, nearly-zero energy building, price-based control, thermal comfort, TRNSYS simulation},
	doi = {10.3390/buildings7020037},
	author = {Thibault Q. P{\'e}an and Joana Ortiz and Jaume Salom}
}
@article {11,
	title = {Implementing a negative-pressure isolation ward for a surge in airborne infectious patients},
	journal = {American Journal of Infection Control},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2017},
	month = {6/1/2017},
	pages = {652-659, 8 pages},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {<p><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong><br />During a large-scale airborne infectious disease outbreak, the number of patients needing hospital-based health care services may exceed available negative-pressure isolation room capacity.</p><p><strong>METHODS:</strong><br />To test one method of increasing hospital surge capacity, a temporary negative-pressure isolation ward was established at a fully functioning hospital. Negative pressure was achieved in a 30-bed hospital ward by adjusting the ventilation system. Differential pressure was continuously measured at 22 locations, and ventilation airflow was characterized throughout the ward.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong><br />The pressure on the test ward relative to the main hospital hallway was -29 Pa on average, approximately 10 times higher than the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance for airborne infection control. No occurrences of pressure reversal occurred at the entrances to the ward, even when staff entered the ward. Pressures within the ward changed, with some rooms becoming neutrally or slightly positively pressurized.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong><br />This study showed that establishing a temporary negative-pressure isolation ward is an effective method to increase surge capacity in a hospital.</p>},
	issn = {1527-3296},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28330710},
	author = {Shelly L. Miller PhD and Nicholas Clements and Steven A. Elliott and Shobha S. Subhash MS and Aaron Eagan MS and Lewis J. Radonovich MD}
}
@article {160,
	title = {The intersection of energy and justice: Modeling the spatial, racial/ethnic and socioeconomic patterns of urban residential heating consumption and efficiency in Detroit, Michigan},
	journal = {Energy and Buildings},
	volume = {143},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {25 - 34},
	abstract = {Residential energy conservation and efficiency programs are strategic interventions to reduce consumption and increase affordability. However, the inability to identify and distinguish between high energy consumers and highly energy inefficient households has led to ineffective program targeting. Additionally, little is known about the spatial, racial and socioeconomic patterns of urban residential energy consumption and efficiency. Publicly available data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration and the U.S. Census Bureau are used with bottom-up modeling and small-area estimation techniques to predict mean annual heating consumption and energy use intensity (EUI), an energy efficiency proxy, at the census block group level in Detroit (Wayne County), Michigan. Using geographic information systems, results illustrate spatial disparities in energy consumption and EUI. Bivariate analysis show no statistical relationship between race/ethnicity and energy consumption; however, EUI is correlated with racial/ethnic makeup; percent White (-0.28), African American (0.24) and Hispanic (0.16). Income and housing tenure reveal inverse relationships with consumption and efficiency. Though areas with higher median incomes and homeownership exhibited higher consumption (0.28 and 0.56, respectively), they had lower EUIs (-0.48 and -0.38, respectively). This study provides evidence supporting approaches for conservation and energy efficiency program targeting that recognizes the significance of race, ethnicity, place and class.},
	keywords = {Energy consumption, Energy efficiency, Energy justice, Fuel poverty, Residential buildings, Space heating, Spatial analysis},
	issn = {0378-7788},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.028},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778817308435},
	author = {Dominic J. Bednar and Tony Gerard Reames and Gregory A. Keoleian}
}
@article {93,
	title = {Multi-market demand response using economic model predictive control of space heating in residential buildings},
	journal = {Energy and Buildings},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {253{\textendash}261},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {Several studies have evaluated the potential for residential buildings participating in demand response programs based on the day-ahead electricity market prices. However, little is known about the benefits of residential buildings providing demand response by engaging in trading on the intraday market. This paper presents a simulation-based study of the performance of an economic model predictive control scheme used to enable demand response through parallel utilization of day-ahead market prices and intraday market trading. The performance of the control scheme was evaluated by simulating ten apartments in a residential building located in Denmark through a heating season (four months) using historical market data. The results showed that the addition of intraday trading to the more conventional day-ahead market price-based control problem increased the total cost savings from 2.9\% to 5.6\% in the existing buildings, and 13\%{\textendash}19\% in retrofitted buildings with higher energy-efficiency. In the existing building the proposed control scheme traded on average 12.7 kWh/m2 on the intraday market throughout the simulation corresponding to 21\% of the reference consumption. For a retrofitted building the traded volume was 9.6 kWh/m2 which corresponds to 52\% of the reference consumption. These results suggest that the benefits of considering intraday market trading as a demand response incentive mechanism apply to a wide range of buildings.},
	keywords = {Economic model predictive control, Energy flexibility, Intraday market trading, Residential demand response},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.05.059},
	author = {Rasmus Elb{\ae}k Hedegaard and Theis Heidmann Pedersen and Petersen, Steffen}
}
@article {150,
	title = {NIAID, NIEHS, NHLBI, and MCAN Workshop Report: The indoor environment and childhood asthma{\textemdash}implications for home environmental intervention in asthma prevention and management},
	journal = {Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology},
	volume = {140},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {933 - 949},
	abstract = {Environmental exposures have been recognized as critical in the initiation and exacerbation of asthma, one of the most common chronic childhood diseases. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; and Merck Childhood Asthma Network sponsored a joint workshop to discuss the current state of science with respect to the indoor environment and its effects on the development and morbidity of childhood asthma. The workshop included US and international experts with backgrounds in allergy/allergens, immunology, asthma, environmental health, environmental exposures and pollutants, epidemiology, public health, and bioinformatics. Workshop participants provided new insights into the biologic properties of indoor exposures, indoor exposure assessment, and exposure reduction techniques. This informed a primary focus of the workshop: to critically review trials and research relevant to the prevention or control of asthma through environmental intervention. The participants identified important limitations and gaps in scientific methodologies and knowledge and proposed and prioritized areas for future research. The group reviewed socioeconomic and structural challenges to changing environmental exposure and offered recommendations for creative study design to overcome these challenges in trials to improve asthma management. The recommendations of this workshop can serve as guidance for future research in the study of the indoor environment and on environmental interventions as they pertain to the prevention and management of asthma and airway allergies.},
	keywords = {allergy, ASTHMA, CHILD HEALTH, clinical trials, environmental intervention, indoor allergens, pollutants},
	issn = {0091-6749},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.024},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674917307480},
	author = {Diane R. Gold and Gary Adamkiewicz and Syed Hasan Arshad and Juan C. Celed{\'o}n and Martin D. Chapman and Ginger L. Chew and Donald N. Cook and Adnan Custovic and Ulrike Gehring and James E. Gern and Christine C. Johnson and Suzanne Kennedy and Petros Koutrakis and Brian Leaderer and Herman Mitchell and Augusto A. Litonjua and Geoffrey A. Mueller and George T. O{\textquoteright}Connor and Dennis Ownby and Wanda Phipatanakul and Victoria Persky and Matthew S. Perzanowski and Clare D. Ramsey and P{\"a}ivi M. Salo and Julie M. Schwaninger and Joanne E. Sordillo and Avrum Spira and Shakira F. Suglia and Alkis Togias and Darryl C. Zeldin and Elizabeth C. Matsui}
}
@article {165,
	title = {Saving Lives through Energy Efficiency: Valuing the Health- and Safety-Related Benefits of Weatherization in Low-Income Homes},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {2017 International Energy Program Evaluation Conference},
	address = { Baltimore, MD},
	abstract = {{\textquotedblleft}Non-energy benefits{\textquotedblright} (NEBs) {\textendash} such as improved comfort, health, safety, and productivity {\textendash} are an important, yet often difficult to measure, component of determining and recognizing the full, {\textquotedblleft}real{\textquotedblright} value of the country{\textquoteright}s energy efficiency (EE) programs. A comprehensive, integrative study was conducted to reexamine and quantify the health and safety-related NEBs of the single-family lowincome (LI) weatherization program in Massachusetts (MA), which include reduced asthma, thermal stress, home fire, and carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning; reduced losses in work income; reduced use of short-term predatory loans; and increased home productivity. This study employed the methodology developed in a 2015 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) study of its Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP).
Applying the occupant survey data and methodology of the well-designed and large-scope national WAP study, which had passed review by a national expert panel, along with a robust set of secondary medical and wage data resulted in a much improved quantification of these NEBs. Although not all the occupant survey findings are statistically significant, supplemental evidence from the literature and previous study sufficiently supports their application. The study produced NEB values that are substantially higher and considered more robust than their previous 
 counterparts, which is due primarily to the study{\textquoteright}s ability to better detect, quantify, and monetize improvements in health status
and mortality from weatherization. In particular, the value of the avoided lives lost from exposure to dangerously cold or hot temperatures and unsafe heating equipment, while subject to considerable uncertainty, is substantial. The total value of the health-related NEBs is $769 per weatherized home annually and $172 without including the avoided death benefit.
},
	keywords = {Energy efficiency},
	url = {http://www.nmrgroupinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Gregs-paper.pdf},
	author = {Christopher Chan and Greg Clendenning and Beth Hawkins and Erin Rose and Bruce Tonn}
}
@article {88,
	title = {Space heating demand response potential of retrofitted residential apartment blocks},
	journal = {Energy and Buildings},
	volume = {141},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {158{\textendash}166},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {In future and smarter energy systems, time varying energy prices enable indirect demand response (DR) to assist the electricity supply system to meet demand. This simulation-based study investigates how economic model predictive control (E-MPC) schemes for space heating operation can utilize the thermal mass in an existing multi-story apartment block and eight retrofit scenarios to provide DR. The performance of the E-MPC scheme was evaluated in terms of its ability to enable end-user cost savings, reduce CO2 emissions and to perform load shift of the heating demand compared to a conventional PI controller. Two E-MPC approaches were considered: centralized E-MPC where inter-zonal effects were considered and decentralized E-MPC that neglected heat transfer between adjacent apartments. The E-MPC schemes led to increasing cost savings (up to approx. 6\%) and reduced CO2 emissions (up to approx. 3\%) as a function of increasing energy efficiency of the retrofit scenarios. The absolute amount of shifted power from peak load periods was rather consistent (approx. 2 kWh/m2 heated net area) across all retrofit scenarios compared to the existing building. The centralized E-MPC scheme led to marginally better results than the decentralized E-MPC. The added complexity involved in establishing a centralized E-MPC compared to a decentralized E-MPC may therefore not be worth the effort.},
	keywords = {Demand response, Economic model predictive control, Energy flexibility, Residential space heating, Structural thermal storage},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.035},
	author = {Theis Heidmann Pedersen and Rasmus Elb{\ae}k Hedegaard and Petersen, Steffen}
}
@article {122,
	title = {Ambient air pollution and emergency department visits for asthma: a multi-city assessment of effect modification by age},
	journal = {Journal of exposure science \& environmental epidemiology},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {180{\textendash}188},
	publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
	abstract = {Previous studies have found strong associations between asthma morbidity and major ambient air pollutants. Relatively little research has been conducted to assess whether age is a factor conferring susceptibility to air pollution-related asthma morbidity. We investigated the short-term relationships between asthma emergency department (ED) visits and ambient ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Atlanta (1993{\textendash}2009), Dallas (2006{\textendash}2009), and St. Louis (2001{\textendash}2007). City-specific daily time-series analyses were conducted to estimate associations by age group (0{\textendash}4, 5{\textendash}18, 19{\textendash}39, 40{\textendash}64, and 65+ years). Sub-analyses were performed stratified by race and sex. City-specific rate ratios (RRs) were combined by inverse-variance weighting to provide an overall association for each strata. The overall RRs differed across age groups, with associations for all pollutants consistently strongest for children aged 5{\textendash}18 years. The patterns of association across age groups remained generally consistent when models were stratified by sex and race, although the strong observed associations among 5{\textendash}18 year olds appeared to be partially driven by non-white and male patients. Our findings suggest that age is a susceptibility factor for asthma exacerbations in response to air pollution, with school-age children having the highest susceptibility.},
	keywords = {child exposure/health, criteria pollutants, epidemiology, population-based studies, pulmonary disease},
	doi = {10.1038/jes.2015.57},
	author = {Brooke A. Alhanti and Howard H. Chang and Winquist, Andrea and James A. Mulholland and Lyndsey A. Darrow and Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat}
}
@article {94,
	title = {Energy Flexibility: the challenge for last generation buildings},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Note that this bibliography may have characters in non-English languages that are not displayed correctly. We are aware of this issue and are looking to correct it. Apologies for the inconvenience.

The English title is translated by EBC. The original title in Italian is "Flessibilit{\`a} energetica: la sfida per gli edifici di ultima generazione".},
	abstract = {Con il termine {\textquotedblleft}flessibilit{\`a} energetica{\textquotedblright} si intende la capacit{\`a} di un edificio di reagire a una o pi{\`u} forzanti esterne, minimizzandone gli effetti in termini di emissioni di CO2 in un dato intervallo di tempo},
	keywords = {Energy flexibility},
	author = {Wilmer Pasut and Roberta Pernetti and Roberto Lollini}
}
@article {116,
	title = {Health and climate benefits of different energy-efficiency and renewable energy choices},
	journal = {Nature Climate Change},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {100{\textendash}105},
	publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
	abstract = {Energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE) can benefit public health and the climate by displacing emissions from fossil-fuelled electrical generating units (EGUs). Benefits can vary substantially by EE/RE installation type and location, due to differing electricity generation or savings by location, characteristics of the electrical grid and displaced power plants, along with population patterns. However, previous studies have not formally examined how these dimensions individually and jointly contribute to variability in benefits across locations or EE/RE types. Here, we develop and demonstrate a high-resolution model to simulate and compare the monetized public health and climate benefits of four different illustrative EE/RE installation types in six different locations within the Mid-Atlantic and Lower Great Lakes of the United States. Annual benefits using central estimates for all pathways ranged from US$5.7{\textendash}US$210 million (US$14{\textendash}US$170 MWh-1), emphasizing the importance of site-specific information in accurately estimating public health and climate benefits of EE/RE efforts.},
	keywords = {Climate-change mitigation, Climate-change policy, Decision making, Sustainability},
	doi = {10.1038/nclimate2771},
	author = {Jonathan J. Buonocore and Luckow, Patrick and Norris, Gregory and John D. Spengler and Biewald, Bruce and Fisher, Jeremy and Jonathan I. Levy}
}
@article {148,
	title = {Home Rx: The Health Benefits of Home Performance},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {OSTI},
	abstract = {Evidence in a new, groundbreaking U.S. Department of Energy report, Home Rx: The Health Benefits of Home Performance, shows that home performance upgrades can improve the quality of a home{\textquoteright}s indoor environment by reducing the prevalence of harmful indoor air pollutants and contaminants. Until recently, no systematic review of this evidence had been conducted, limiting full understanding of the link between home performance and health. This new report summarizes current knowledge and identifies research gaps. The design characteristics and results of each of the 40 studies considered in the report are summarized in a searchable matrix.},
	doi = {10.2172/1420234},
	author = {Jonathan Wilson and David E. Jacobs and Reddy, Amanda and Tohn, Ellen and Jonathan Cohen and Jacobsohn, Ely}
}
@article {151,
	title = {Indoor environmental control practices and asthma management},
	journal = {Pediatrics},
	volume = {138},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Am Acad Pediatrics},
	abstract = {Indoor environmental exposures, particularly allergens and pollutants, are major contributors to asthma morbidity in children; environmental control practices aimed at reducing these exposures are an integral component of asthma management. Some individually tailored environmental control practices that have been shown to reduce asthma symptoms and exacerbations are similar in efficacy and cost to controller medications. As a part of developing tailored strategies regarding environmental control measures, an environmental history can be obtained to evaluate the key indoor environmental exposures that are known to trigger asthma symptoms and exacerbations, including both indoor pollutants and allergens. An environmental history includes questions regarding the presence of pets or pests or evidence of pests in the home, as well as knowledge regarding whether the climatic characteristics in the community favor dust mites. In addition, the history focuses on sources of indoor air pollution, including the presence of smokers who live in the home or care for children and the use of gas stoves and appliances in the home. Serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin E antibody tests can be performed or the patient can be referred for allergy skin testing to identify indoor allergens that are most likely to be clinically relevant. Environmental control strategies are tailored to each potentially relevant indoor exposure and are based on knowledge of the sources and underlying characteristics of the exposure. Strategies include source removal, source control, and mitigation strategies, such as high-efficiency particulate air purifiers and allergen-proof mattress and pillow encasements, as well as education, which can be delivered by primary care pediatricians, allergists, pediatric pulmonologists, other health care workers, or community health workers trained in asthma environmental control and asthma education.},
	doi = {10.1542/peds.2016-2589},
	author = {Elizabeth C. Matsui and Stuart L. Abramson and Megan T. Sandel}
}
@article {157,
	title = {Lifting the high energy burden in America{\textquoteright}s largest cities: How energy efficiency can improve low income and underserved communities},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {This report provides a snapshot of energy burdens in cities across the US. We focus on the high home energy burdens faced by select groups in major metropolitan areas. Years of analysis by the firm of Fisher Sheehan \& Colton determined that low-income households pay proportionally more than the average household for energy costs. Our analysis builds on this research as we take a closer look at energy burden in specific household groups. In the first half of this report, we analyze data from the US Census Bureau{\textquoteright}s 2011 and 2013 American Housing Survey to determine energy burden values for 48 of the largest US cities and specific households within each city. In the second half of the report, we discuss strategies for alleviating high energy burdens, with a focus on policies and programs to increase the impact of energy efficiency initiatives in these communities. },
	keywords = {Energy efficiency},
	url = {https://assets.ctfassets.net/ntcn17ss1ow9/1UEmqh5l59cFaHMqVwHqMy/1ee1833cbf370839dbbdf6989ef8b8b4/Lifting_the_High_Energy_Burden_0.pdf},
	author = {Drehobl, Ariel and Ross, Lauren}
}
@article {146,
	title = {Quantifying the impact of traffic-related air pollution on the indoor air quality of a naturally ventilated building},
	journal = {Environment International},
	volume = {89-90},
	year = {2016},
	month = {04/2106},
	pages = {138 - 146},
	abstract = {Improper natural ventilation practices may deteriorate indoor air quality when in close proximity to roadways, although the intention is often to reduce energy consumption. In this study, we employed a CFD-based air quality model to quantify the impact of traffic-related air pollution on the indoor air quality of a naturally ventilated building. Our study found that the building envelope restricts dispersion and dilution of particulate matter. The indoor concentration in the baseline condition located 10m away from the roadway is roughly 16{\textendash}21\% greater than that at the edge of the roadway. The indoor flow recirculation creates a well-mixed zone with little variation in fine particle concentration (i.e., 253nm). For ultrafine particles (<100nm), a noticeable decrease in particle concentrations indoors with increasing distance from the road is observed due to Brownian and turbulent diffusion. In addition, the indoor concentration strongly depends on the distance between the roadway and building, particle size, wind condition, and window size and location. A break-even point is observed at D'~2.1 (normalized distance from the roadway by the width of the road). The indoor particle concentration is greater than that at the highway where D'<2.1, and vice versa. For new building planning, the distance from the roadway and the ambient wind condition need to be considered at the early design stage whereas the size and location of the window openings, the interior layout, and the placement of fresh air intakes are important to the indoor air quality of existing buildings adjacent to roadways.},
	keywords = {Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), I/O ratio, Indoor air quality, Natural ventilation, Particulate matter, Ultrafine particles (UFPs)},
	isbn = {0160-4120},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2016.01.016},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412016300162},
	author = {Tong, Zheming and Chen, Yujiao and Malkawi, Ali and Gary Adamkiewicz and John D. Spengler}
}
@article {155,
	title = {Targeting energy justice: Exploring spatial, racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in urban residential heating energy efficiency},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	volume = {97},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {549 - 558},
	abstract = {Fuel poverty, the inability of households to afford adequate energy services, such as heating, is a major energy justice concern. Increasing residential energy efficiency is a strategic fuel poverty intervention. However, the absence of easily accessible household energy data impedes effective targeting of energy efficiency programs. This paper uses publicly available data, bottom-up modeling and small-area estimation techniques to predict the mean census block group residential heating energy use intensity (EUI), an energy efficiency proxy, in Kansas City, Missouri. Results mapped using geographic information systems (GIS) and statistical analysis, show disparities in the relationship between heating EUI and spatial, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic block group characteristics. Block groups with lower median incomes, a greater percentage of households below poverty, a greater percentage of racial/ethnic minority headed-households, and a larger percentage of adults with less than a high school education were, on average, less energy efficient (higher EUIs). Results also imply that racial segregation, which continues to influence urban housing choices, exposes Black and Hispanic households to increased fuel poverty vulnerability. Lastly, the spatial concentration and demographics of vulnerable block groups suggest proactive, area- and community-based targeting of energy efficiency assistance programs may be more effective than existing self-referral approaches.},
	keywords = {Energy efficiency, Energy justice, Fuel poverty, Residential heating, Spatial analysis},
	issn = {0301-4215},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.07.048},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421516304098},
	author = {Tony Gerard Reames}
}
@article {156,
	title = {Understanding {\textquoteleft}energy insecurity{\textquoteright} and why it matters to health},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	volume = {167},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1 - 10},
	abstract = {Energy insecurity is a multi-dimensional construct that describes the interplay between physical conditions of housing, household energy expenditures and energy-related coping strategies. The present study uses an adapted grounded theory approach based on in-depth interviews with 72 low-income families to advance the concept of energy insecurity. Study results illustrate the layered components of energy insecurity by providing rich and nuanced narratives of the lived experiences of affected households. Defined as an inability to adequately meet basic household energy needs, this paper outlines the key dimensions of energy insecurity-economic, physical and behavioral- and related adverse environmental, health and social consequences. By thoroughly examining this understudied phenomenon, this article serves to raise awareness of an increasingly relevant issue that merits more attention in research and policy.},
	keywords = {Economic and environmental determinants of health, Energy insecurity, Grounded theory, Housing and health, In-depth interviews, Social, United States, Vulnerable populations},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.08.029},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953616304658},
	author = {Diana Hern{\'a}ndez}
}
@article {127,
	title = {Urban sprawl and public health},
	journal = {Public health reports},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Address correspondence to: Howard Frumkin, MD, DrPH, Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322; tel 404-727-3697; fax 404-727-8744; e-mail <medhf@sph.emory.edu>},
	publisher = {SAGE PublicationsSage CA: Los Angeles, CA},
	doi = {10.1093/phr/117.3.201},
	author = {Frumkin, Howard}
}
@book {140,
	title = {Climate change and public health},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Levy, Barry and Jonathan A. Patz}
}
@article {177,
	title = {Exploring Potential Impacts of Weatherization and Healthy Homes Interventions on Asthma-related Medicaid Claims and Costs in a Small Cohort in Washington State},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Prepared by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, managed by UT-Battelle, Llc for the US Department Of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725},
	abstract = {This report presents results from an analysis of the asthma-related health impacts of weatherization and healthy homes interventions using data collected from 49 households in Northwestern Washington State covering the period from 2006 to 2013. This study was performed as part of a broader evaluation of the U.S. Department of Energy{\textquoteright}s Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) that Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) conducted for the Department of Energy (DOE).
},
	keywords = {Enhanced energy efficiency},
	url = {https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub55625.pdf},
	author = {Erin Rose and Beth Hawkins and Bruce Tonn and Paton, Debbie and Shah, Lorena}
}
@article {128,
	title = {Green buildings and health},
	journal = {Current Environmental Health Reports},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {250{\textendash}258},
	publisher = {Springer},
	abstract = {Green building design is becoming broadly adopted, with one green building standard reporting over 3.5 billion square feet certified to date. By definition, green buildings focus on minimizing impacts to the environment through reductions in energy usage, water usage, and minimizing environmental disturbances from the building site. Also by definition, but perhaps less widely recognized, green buildings aim to improve human health through design of healthy indoor environments. The benefits related to reduced energy and water consumption are well-documented, but the potential human health benefits of green buildings are only recently being investigated. The objective of our review was to examine the state of evidence on green building design as it specifically relates to indoor environmental quality and human health. Overall, the initial scientific evidence indicates better indoor environmental quality in green buildings versus non-green buildings, with direct benefits to human health for occupants of those buildings. A limitation of much of the research to date is the reliance on indirect, lagging and subjective measures of health. To address this, we propose a framework for identifying direct, objective and leading {\textquotedblleft}Health Performance Indicators{\textquotedblright} for use in future studies of buildings and health.},
	keywords = {Green buildings, Health, Indoor environmental quality, Systematic review},
	doi = {10.1007/s40572-015-0063-y},
	author = {Joseph G. Allen and Piers MacNaughton and Jose Guillermo Laurent and Skye S. Flanigan and Erika Sita Eitland and John D. Spengler}
}
@article {170,
	title = {Indoor environmental quality in mechanically ventilated, energy-efficient buildings vs. conventional buildings},
	journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {14132{\textendash}14147},
	publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	abstract = {Energy-efficient buildings need mechanical ventilation. However, there are concerns that inadequate mechanical ventilation may lead to impaired indoor air quality. Using a semi-experimental field study, we investigated if exposure of occupants of two types of buildings (mechanical vs. natural ventilation) differs with regard to indoor air pollutants and climate factors. We investigated living and bedrooms in 123 buildings (62 highly energy-efficient and 61 conventional buildings) built in the years 2010 to 2012 in Austria (mainly Vienna and Lower Austria). Measurements of indoor parameters (climate, chemical pollutants and biological contaminants) were conducted twice. In total, more than 3000 measurements were performed. Almost all indoor air quality and room climate parameters showed significantly better results in mechanically ventilated homes compared to those relying on ventilation from open windows and/or doors. This study does not support the hypothesis that occupants in mechanically ventilated low energy houses are exposed to lower indoor air quality.},
	keywords = {energy-efficient buildings, Enhanced energy efficiency, Indoor air quality, measurements, mechanical ventilation, Natural ventilation},
	doi = {10.3390/ijerph121114132},
	author = {Wallner, Peter and Munoz, Ute and Tappler, Peter and Wanka, Anna and Kundi, Michael and Janie F. Shelton and Hutter, Hans-Peter}
}
@article {181,
	title = {The IVAIRE project {\textendash} a randomized controlled study of the impact of ventilation on indoor air quality and the respiratory symptoms of asthmatic children in single family homes},
	journal = {Indoor Air},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {582-597},
	abstract = {A randomized controlled trial was carried out to measure the impact of an intervention on ventilation, indoor air contaminants, and asthma symptoms of children. Eighty-three asthmatic children living in low-ventilated homes were followed over 2~years. Several environmental parameters were measured during the summer, fall, and winter. The children were randomized after Year 1 (43 Intervention; 40 Control). The intervention included the installation of either a Heat Recovery Ventilator (HRV) or Energy Recovery Ventilator (ERV). During the fall and winter seasons, there was a significant increase in the mean ventilation rate in the homes of the intervention group. A statistically significant reduction in mean formaldehyde, airborne mold spores, toluene, styrene, limonene, and α-pinene concentrations was observed in the intervention group. There was no significant group difference in change in the number of days with symptoms per 14~days. However, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of children who experienced any wheezing (>=1 episode) and those with >=4 episodes in the 12-month period in the intervention group. This study indicates that improved ventilation reduces air contaminants and may prevent wheezing. Due to lack of power, a bigger study is needed.},
	keywords = {ASTHMA, Children, Field study, Home, Indoor air, Respiratory symptoms, ventilation},
	doi = {10.1111/ina.12181},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ina.12181},
	author = {Lajoie, P. and Aubin, D. and Gingras, V. and Daigneault, P. and Ducharme, F. and Gauvin, D. and Fugler, D. and Leclerc, J.-M. and Won, D. and Courteau, M. and Gingras, S. and H{\'e}roux, M.-{\`E}. and Yang, W. and Schleibinger, H.}
}
@article {141,
	title = {Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities for Global Health},
	journal = {JAMA},
	volume = {312},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1565-1580},
	abstract = {Health is inextricably linked to climate change. It is important for clinicians to understand this relationship in order to discuss associated health risks with their patients and to inform public policy.To provide new US-based temperature projections from downscaled climate modeling and to review recent studies on health risks related to climate change and the cobenefits of efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.We searched PubMed and Google Scholar from 2009 to 2014 for articles related to climate change and health, focused on governmental reports, predictive models, and empirical epidemiological studies. Of the more than 250 abstracts reviewed, 56 articles were selected. In addition, we analyzed climate data averaged over 13 climate models and based future projections on downscaled probability distributions of the daily maximum temperature for 2046-2065. We also compared maximum daily 8-hour average ozone with air temperature data taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climate Data Center.By 2050, many US cities may experience more frequent extreme heat days. For example, New York and Milwaukee may have 3 times their current average number of days hotter than 32{\textdegree}C (90{\textdegree}F). High temperatures are also strongly associated with ozone exceedance days, for example, in Chicago, Illinois. The adverse health aspects related to climate change may include heat-related disorders, such as heat stress and economic consequences of reduced work capacity; respiratory disorders, including those exacerbated by air pollution and aeroallergens, such as asthma; infectious diseases, including vectorborne diseases and waterborne diseases, such as childhood gastrointestinal diseases; food insecurity, including reduced crop yields and an increase in plant diseases; and mental health disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, that are associated with natural disasters. Substantial health and economic cobenefits could be associated with reductions in fossil fuel combustion. For example, greenhouse gas emission policies may yield net economic benefit, with health benefits from air quality improvements potentially offsetting the cost of US and international carbon policies.Evidence over the past 20 years indicates that climate change can be associated with adverse health outcomes. Health care professionals have an important role in understanding and communicating the related potential health concerns and the cobenefits from policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.},
	issn = {0098-7484},
	doi = {10.1001/jama.2014.13186},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.13186},
	author = {Jonathan A. Patz and Frumkin, Howard and Holloway, Tracey and Daniel J. Vimont and Andrew Haines}
}
@article {164,
	title = {Effect of Weatherization Combined With Community Health Worker In-Home Education on Asthma Control},
	journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
	volume = {104},
	year = {2014},
	note = {PMID: 24228661

Jill Breysse, Sherry Dixon, and David E. Jacobs are with the National Center for Healthy Housing, Columbia, MD. Joel Gregory is with the King County Housing Authority, Tukwila, WA. Miriam Philby and James Krieger are with Public Health{\textendash}Seattle and King County, Seattle, WA.
Correspondence should be sent to Jill Breysse, MHS, CIH, National Center for Healthy Housing, 10320 Little Patuxent Parkway, Suite 500, Columbia, MD 21042 (e-mail: jbreysse@nchh.org).},
	pages = {e57-e64},
	abstract = {Objectives. We assessed the benefits of adding weatherization-plus-health interventions to an in-home, community health worker (CHW) education program on asthma control.Methods. We used a quasi-experimental design to compare study group homes (n = 34) receiving CHW education and weatherization-plus-health structural interventions with historical comparison group homes (n = 68) receiving only education. Data were collected in King County, Washington, from October 2009 to September 2010.Results. Over the 1-year study period, the percentage of study group children with not-well-controlled or very poorly controlled asthma decreased more than the comparison group percentage (100\% to 28.8\% vs 100\% to 51.6\%; P = .04). Study group caregiver quality-of-life improvements exceeded comparison group improvements (P = .002) by 0.7 units, a clinically important difference. The decrease in study home asthma triggers (evidence of mold, water damage, pests, smoking) was marginally greater than the comparison group decrease (P = .089). Except for mouse allergen, the percentage of study group allergen floor dust samples at or above the detection limit decreased, although most reductions were not statistically significant.Conclusions. Combining weatherization and healthy home interventions (e.g., improved ventilation, moisture and mold reduction, carpet replacement, and plumbing repairs) with CHW asthma education significantly improves childhood asthma control.},
	keywords = {ASTHMA, Enhanced energy efficiency, weatherization},
	doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2013.301402},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301402},
	author = {Jill Breysse and Sherry L. Dixon and Gregory, Joel and Philby, Miriam and David E. Jacobs and Krieger, James}
}
@article {169,
	title = {Health and Household-Related Benefits Attributable to the Weatherization Assistance Program},
	year = {2014},
	abstract = {This report describes and monetizes numerous health and household related benefits attributable to the weatherization of low-income homes by the U.S. Department of Energy{\textquoteright}s (DOE) Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP). WAP was created by Congress in 1976 under Title IV of the Energy
Conservation and Production Act. The purpose and scope of the Program as currently stated in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 10 CFR 440.1 is {\textquotedblleft}to increase the energy efficiency of dwellings owned or occupied by low-income persons, reduce their total residential energy expenditures, and improve their health and safety, especially low-income persons who are particularly vulnerable such as the elderly, persons with disabilities, families with children, high residential energy users, and households with high energy burden.{\textquotedblright} (Code of Federal Regulations, 2011)
To achieve these goals, DOE provides grants to states, territories, tribes, and the government of Washington, DC; these grantees then fund local agencies (known as Subgrantees) to weatherize homes of low-income American householders. The Grantees and Subgrantees often leverage the DOE funding to obtain additional funding from states and utilities. Weatherization measures most frequently installed in homes are: air sealing; insulation (e.g., wall and attic); furnace repair and replacement; refrigerator replacement; and ventilation. The weatherization process itself is simply described: income-eligible households enter the Program; energy audits are performed on the homes; energy efficiency measures that
meet a savings-to-ratio test, along with appropriate health and safety measures, are installed in the homes; and final inspections are conducted. Sometimes agencies need to defer weatherization if homes are in extremely poor physical condition or present health and safety risks to their personnel.
},
	keywords = {weatherization},
	url = {https://weatherization.ornl.gov/wp-content/uploads/pdf/WAPRetroEvalFinalReports/ORNL_TM-2014_345.pdf},
	author = {Bruce Tonn and Erin Rose and Beth Hawkins and Brian Conlon}
}
@article {114,
	title = {The impact of household energy efficiency measures on health: A meta-analysis},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {583{\textendash}593},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {It is widely accepted that interventions designed to promote household energy efficiency, like insulation, central heating and double glazing, can help to reduce cold-related illnesses and associated stress by making it easier for residents to keep their homes warm. However, these interventions may also have a detrimental effect on health. For example, the materials used or lower ventilation rates could result in poorer indoor air quality. The present research sought to systematically quantify the impact of household energy efficiency measures on health and wellbeing. Thirty-six studies, involving more than 33,000 participants were meta-analysed. Effect sizes (d) ranged from -0.43 (a negative impact on health) to 1.41 (a substantial positive impact on health), with an overall sample-weighted average effect size (d+) of 0.08. On average, therefore, household energy efficiency interventions led to a small but significant improvement in the health of residents. The findings are discussed in the context of the health improvements experienced by different groups of participants and the study design factors that influence health outcomes. The need for future studies to investigate the long term health benefits of interventions designed to promote household energy efficiency is identified.

},
	keywords = {Energy efficiency, Health, Housing improvements, Meta-analysis, Wellbeing},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.054},
	author = {Christopher D. Maidment and Christopher R. Jones and Thomas L. Webb and Abigail Hathway and Jan M. Gilbertson}
}
@booklet {185,
	title = {National Weatherization Assistance Program Impact Evaluation: Impact of Exhaust-Only Ventilation on Radon and Indoor Humidity{\textendash}A Field Investigation},
	year = {2014},
	abstract = {The study described here sought to assess the impact of exhaust-only ventilation on indoor radon and humidity in single-family homes that had been treated by the Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP). The study involved 18 homes in Colorado, Iowa, Minnesota and Ohio that had already been involved in a prior indoor-air-quality study, and had been shown to have moderately elevated radon levels.
},
	keywords = {ventilation},
	url = {https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/files/Pub51451.pdf},
	author = {Pigg, Scott}
}
@article {174,
	title = {Watts-to-Wellbeing: does residential energy conservation improve health?},
	journal = {Energy Efficiency},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014/02/01},
	pages = {151 - 160},
	abstract = {Residential energy conservation has been increasing in number of houses treated, frequency, and scope, but few studies have examined whether modern energy conservation measures improve the health status of the occupants. We measured self-reported general, respiratory, cardiovascular, and mental health via structured telephone interviews using an adaptation of the National Health Interview Survey at baseline and follow-up in 2009{\textendash}2012 [n = 248 households in Boston, Chicago, and New York City (248 adults and 75 children)]. Housing included buildings with one to three units (n = 106 units) located in Boston and buildings with >3 units/building (n = 142) located in Chicago and New York. The energy conservation typically included insulation, heating equipment, and ventilation improvements. Adult respondents reported a 0.29-point improvement in the mean general health score (1 = excellent, 2 = very good, 3 = good, 4 = fair, 5 = poor) (3.07 to 2.78, p < 0.001). Sinusitis, hypertension, overweight, and reduced use of asthma medication during asthma attacks showed 5~\%, 14~\%, 11~\%, and 20~\% differentials between improvement and worsening (p = 0.038, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.077, respectively). Forty-two adult respondents reported doctor-diagnosed asthma at baseline. Two measures of asthma severity worsened (days with problems sleeping{\textemdash}differential between improvement and worsening -28~\%, p = 0.009; and frequency of symptoms such as cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath{\textemdash}differential between improvement and worsening -26~\%, p = 0.031). Nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide were low and showed no significant changes from baseline to follow-up in 41 housing units. This study found that residential energy conservation work conducted by trained professionals that balances energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality improves general health, sinusitis, and reduced asthma medication. Further research is needed to understand asthma-related outcomes.},
	keywords = {Energy efficiency},
	isbn = {1570-6478},
	doi = {10.1007/s12053-013-9216-8},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-013-9216-8},
	author = {Jonathan Wilson and Sherry L. Dixon and David E. Jacobs and Jill Breysse and Judith Y. Akoto and Tohn, Ellen and Isaacson, Margorie and Evens, Anne and Hernandez, Yianice}
}
@article {154,
	title = {Energy efficiency, housing, equity and health},
	journal = {International Journal of Public Health},
	volume = {58},
	year = {2013},
	month = {06/2013},
	pages = {331 - 332},
	keywords = {Energy efficiency},
	isbn = {1661-8564},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0441-2},
	author = {Braubach, Matthias and Ferrand, Arnaud}
}
@article {159,
	title = {Energy Insecurity: A Framework for Understanding Energy, the Built Environment, and Health Among Vulnerable Populations in the Context of Climate Change},
	journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
	volume = {103},
	year = {2013},
	note = {PMID: 23409876},
	pages = {e32-e34},
	keywords = {Energy insecurity},
	doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2012.301179},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301179},
	author = {Diana Hern{\'a}ndez}
}
@article {130,
	title = {HVAC filtration for controlling infectious airborne disease transmission in indoor environments: Predicting risk reductions and operational costs},
	journal = {Building and environment},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {150{\textendash}160},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {This work describes and applies a methodology for estimating the impact of recirculating heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) particle filters on the control of size-resolved infectious aerosols in indoor environments using a modified version of the Wells-Riley model for predicting risks of infectious disease transmission. Estimates of risk reductions and associated operational costs of both HVAC filtration and equivalent outdoor air ventilation are modeled and compared using a case study of airborne transmission of influenza in a hypothetical office space. Overall, recirculating HVAC filtration was predicted to achieve risk reductions at lower costs of operation than equivalent levels of outdoor air ventilation, particularly for MERV 13{\textendash}16 filters. Medium efficiency filtration products (MERV 7{\textendash}11) are also inexpensive to operate but appear less effective in reducing infectious disease risks.},
	keywords = {Droplet nuclei, Indoor air quality, Infectious aerosols, Infectious disease risk, Influenza, Wells-Riley},
	doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.08.025},
	author = {Azimi, Parham and Stephens, Brent}
}
@article {184,
	title = {Indoor air quality in the Swedish housing stock and its dependence on building characteristics},
	journal = {Building and Environment},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {44 - 54},
	abstract = {Data from a recent Swedish survey on the status of the housing stock and indoor air quality were placed in the public domain by the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning in 2011. The available parameters included the year of construction, dwelling location, type of ventilation system, temperature, relative humidity, air exchange rate (AER), and concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), formaldehyde and Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) from 157 single-family houses and 148 apartments. The median AER was lower in the single-family houses than in apartments (0.33~h-1 vs. 0.47~h-1). The majority of houses (80\%) did not comply with the building code that requires 0.5 air changes per hour. The median concentrations in single-family houses and apartments were 6.0 and 10~μg/m3, respectively, for NO2, 22 and 13~μg/m3 for formaldehyde, and 236 and 143~μg/m3 for TVOC. All of these differences between single-family houses and apartments were statistically significant. The median values for AER and the median values for the concentrations of NO2, formaldehyde and TVOC were similar to those found in other Scandinavian studies. Multivariate linear regression models revealed that air exchange rate was a significant predictor of the concentrations of all three indoor pollutants. While ventilation seemed to be a source of NO2, increased ventilation rate appeared to decrease the indoor concentrations of formaldehyde and TVOC.},
	keywords = {Air exchange rate, Building characteristics, Formaldehyde, Indoor climate, NO, TVOC, ventilation},
	issn = {0360-1323},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.07.013},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132313002102},
	author = {Sarka Langer and Gabriel Bek{\"o}}
}
@article {147,
	title = {Lungs in a Warming World: Climate Change and Respiratory Health},
	journal = {Chest},
	volume = {143},
	year = {2013},
	month = {05/2013},
	pages = {1455 - 1459},
	abstract = {Climate change is a health threat no less consequential than cigarette smoking. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases, and especially CO2, in the earth{\textquoteright}s atmosphere have already warmed the planet substantially, causing more severe and prolonged heat waves, temperature variability, air pollution, forest fires, droughts, and floods, all of which put respiratory health at risk. These changes in climate and air quality substantially increase respiratory morbidity and mortality for patients with common chronic lung diseases such as asthma and COPD and other serious lung diseases. Physicians have a vital role in addressing climate change, just as they did with tobacco, by communicating how climate change is a serious, but remediable, hazard to their patients.},
	isbn = {0012-3692},
	doi = {10.1378/chest.12-2384},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012369213603463},
	author = {Aaron S. Bernstein and Mary B. Rice}
}
@article {178,
	title = {Protocol for maximizing energy savings and indoor environmental quality improvements when retrofitting apartments},
	journal = {Energy and Buildings},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {378 - 386},
	abstract = {The current focus on building energy retrofit provides an opportunity to simultaneously improve indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Toward this end, we developed a protocol for selecting packages of retrofits that both save energy and improve IEQ in apartments. The protocol specifies the methodology for selecting retrofits from a candidate list while addressing expected energy savings, IEQ impacts, and costs in an integrated manner. Interviews, inspections and measurements are specified to collect the needed input information. The protocol was applied to 17 apartments in three buildings in two different climates within California. Diagnostic measurements and surveys conducted before and after retrofit implementation indicate enhanced apartment performance.},
	keywords = {Apartments, Buildings, Costs, Energy, Enhanced energy efficiency, Indoor environmental quality, Protocol, Retrofits, Selection},
	issn = {0378-7788},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.02.046},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778813001394},
	author = {Federico Noris and William W. Delp and Kimberly Vermeer and Gary Adamkiewicz and Brett C. Singer and William J. Fisk}
}
@article {108,
	title = {Window replacement and residential lead paint hazard control 12 years later},
	journal = {Environmental Research},
	volume = {113},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2/2012},
	pages = {14-20},
	publisher = {Elsevier Inc. },
	abstract = {Window replacement is a key method of reducing childhood lead exposure, but the long-termeffectiveness has not been previously evaluated. Windows have the highest levels of interior leadpaint and dust compared to other building components. Our objective was to conduct a follow-up studyof residential window replacement and lead hazard control 12 years after homes were enrolled in anevaluation of the HUD Lead Hazard Control Grant Program, sampling settled lead dust in housing infour cities (n{\textonequarter}189 homes). Previous work evaluated lead hazard controls up to 6 years afterintervention using dust lead measurements and two years after intervention using both dust andblood lead data. But the earlier work could not examine the effect of window replacement over thelonger time period examined here: 12 years. The individual homes were assigned to one of threecategories, based on how many windows had been replaced: all replacement, some replacement, ornon-replacement. Windows that were not replaced were repaired. We controlled for covariates such assite, housing condition, presence of lead paint, and season using longitudinal regression modeling.Adjusted floor and sill dust lead geometric mean dust lead loadings declined at least 85\% from pre-intervention to 12 years after the intervention for homes with all replacement windows, some windowsreplaced and no windows replaced. Twelve years after intervention, homes with all replacementwindows had 41\% lower interior floor dust lead, compared to non-replacement homes (1.4 versus2.4mg/ft2,po0.001), and window sill dust lead was 51\% lower (25 versus 52mg/ft2,p{\textonequarter}0.006) whilecontrolling for covariates. Homes with some windows replaced had interior floor and window sill dustlead loadings that were 28\% (1.7 versus 2.4mg/ft2,p{\textonequarter}0.19) and 37\% (33 versus 52mg/ft2,p{\textonequarter}0.07)lower, respectively, compared to non-replacement homes. The net economic benefit of windowreplacement compared to window repair (non-replacement) is $1700{\textendash}$2000 per housing unit. Homesin which all windows were replaced had significantly lower lead dust. New windows are also likely toreduce energy use and improve home value. Lead-safe window replacement is an important element oflead hazard control, weatherization, renovation and housing investment strategies and should beimplemented broadly to protect children.},
	keywords = {Housing, Intervention, Lead paint, lead poisoning, Renovation, Windows},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2012.01.005},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935112000618},
	author = {Sherry L. Dixon and David E. Jacobs and Jonathan Wilson and Judith Y. Akoto and Rick Nevin and Scott Clark}
}
@article {179,
	title = {Enhancing ventilation in homes of children with asthma: pragmatic randomised controlled trial},
	journal = {British Journal of General Practice},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {e724{\textendash}e732},
	publisher = {Royal College of General Practitioners},
	abstract = {{Background Few robust studies have tested whether enhancing housing also improves health.Aim To evaluate the effectiveness of installing ventilation systems, and central heating where necessary, in the homes of children with moderate or severe asthma.Design and setting Pragmatic randomised controlled trial (RCT) in homes within Wrexham County Borough, Wales, UK.Method A pragmatic RCT was carried out, of a tailored package of housing improvements providing adequate ventilation and temperature, following inspection by a housing officer. One hundred and ninety-two children with asthma aged 5 to 14 years, identified from general practice registers, were randomised to receive this package, either immediately or a year after recruitment. At baseline, and after 4 and 12 months, parents reported their child{\textquoteright}s asthma-specific and generic quality of life, and days off school.Results The package improved parent-reported asthma-specific quality of life significantly at both 4 and 12 months. At 12 months, this showed an adjusted mean difference between groups of 7.1 points (95\% confidence interval [CI] = 2.8 to 11.4},
	keywords = {ventilation},
	issn = {0960-1643},
	doi = {10.3399/bjgp11X606636},
	url = {https://bjgp.org/content/61/592/e724},
	author = {Woodfine, Louise and Richard D. Neal and Bruce, Nigel and Rhiannon T. Edwards and Linck, Pat and Mullock, Linda and Nelhans, Nick and Pasterfield, Diana and Russell, Daphne and Russell, Ian}
}
@article {163,
	title = {Health Outcomes and Green Renovation of Affordable Housing},
	journal = {Public Health Reports},
	volume = {126},
	year = {2011},
	note = {PMID: 21563714},
	pages = {64-75},
	abstract = {Objective.This study sought to determine whether renovating low-income housing using {\textquotedblleft}green{\textquotedblright} and healthy principles improved resident health and building performance.Methods.We investigated resident health and building performance outcomes at baseline and one year after the rehabilitation of low-income housing using Enterprise Green Communities green specifications, which improve ventilation; reduce moisture, mold, pests, and radon; and use sustainable building products and other healthy housing features. We assessed participant health via questionnaire, provided Healthy Homes training to all participants, and measured ventilation, carbon dioxide, and radon.Results.Adults reported statistically significant improvements in overall health, asthma, and non-asthma respiratory problems. Adults also reported that their children{\textquoteright}s overall health improved, with significant improvements in non-asthma respiratory problems. Post-renovation building performance testing indicated that the building envelope was tightened and local exhaust fans performed well. New mechanical ventilation was installed (compared with no ventilation previously), with fresh air being supplied at 70\% of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers standard. Radon was <2 picocuries per liter of air following mitigation, and the annual average indoor carbon dioxide level was 982 parts per million. Energy use was reduced by 45\% over the one-year post-renovation period.Conclusions.We found significant health improvements following low-income housing renovation that complied with green standards. All green building standards should include health requirements. Collaboration of housing, public health, and environmental health professionals through integrated design holds promise for improved health, quality of life, building operation, and energy conservation.},
	keywords = {Affordable housing},
	doi = {10.1177/00333549111260S110},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549111260S110},
	author = {Jill Breysse and David E. Jacobs and William Weber and Sherry L. Dixon and Carol Kawecki and Susan Aceti and Jorge Lopez}
}
@article {110,
	title = {Effects of HUD-supported lead hazard control interventions in housing on children{\textquoteright}s blood lead},
	journal = {Environmental Research},
	volume = {111},
	year = {2010},
	month = {12/2010},
	pages = {301-311},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {The Evaluation of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program studied the effectiveness of the housing intervention performed in reducing the blood lead of children at four post-intervention times (6-months, 1-year, 2-years, and 3-years). A repeat measures analysis showed that blood lead levels declined up to three-years post-intervention. The results at each successive collection time were significantly lower than at the previous post-intervention time except for the difference between the levels at two and three years. At two-years post-intervention, geometric mean blood lead levels were approximately 37\% lower than at pre-intervention. Children with pre-intervention blood lead levels as low as 10 μg/dL experienced substantial declines in blood lead levels. Previous studies have found substantial improvements only if a child{\textquoteright}s pre-intervention blood lead level was above 20 μg/dL. Individual interior lead hazard control treatments as grouped by Interior Strategy were not a significant predictor of post-intervention blood lead levels. However, children living in dwellings where exterior lead hazard control interventions were done had lower blood lead levels at one-year post-intervention than those living in dwellings without the exterior interventions (all other factors being equal), but those differences were only significant when the mean exterior paint lead loading at pre-intervention was about the 90th percentile (7.0 mg/cm2). This observation suggests that exterior lead hazard control can be an important component of a lead hazard control plan. Children who were six to eleven months of age at pre-intervention had a significant increase in blood lead at one-year post-intervention, probably due to other exposures.},
	keywords = {Blood lead, Children, Housing intervention, Intervention studies, Lead hazard control, Lead poisoning prevention, Paint lead},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2010.11.003},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935110001842?via\%3Dihub$\#$s0035},
	author = {Scott Clark and Warren A. Galke and Paul A. Succop and JoAnn Grote and Pat McLaine and Jonathan Wilson and Sherry L. Dixon and William Menrath and Sandy Roda and Mei Chen and Robert Bornschein and David E. Jacobs}
}
@article {176,
	title = {Major mite allergen Der f 1 concentration is reduced in buildings with improved energy performance},
	journal = {Allergy},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {623-629},
	abstract = {Background:  Environmental conditions play a crucial role in mite growth, and optimal environmental control is key in the prevention of airway inflammation in chronic allergic rhinoconjunctivitis or asthma. Objective:  To evaluate the relationship between building energy performance and indoor mite allergen concentration in a cross-sectional study. Methods:  Major allergen concentration (Der f 1, Der p 1, mite group 2, Fel d 1 and Bla g 2) was determined by quantitative dot blot analysis from mattress and carpet dust samples in five buildings designed for low energy use (LEB) and in six control buildings (CB). Inhabitants had received 4  weeks prior to mite measurement a personal validated questionnaire related to the perceived state of health and comfort of living. Results:  Cumulative mite allergen concentration (with Der f 1 as the major contributor) was significantly lower in LEB as compared with CB both in mattresses and in carpets. In contrast, the two categories of buildings did not differ in Bla g 2 and Fel d 1 concentration, in the amount of dust and airborne mould collected. Whereas temperature was higher in LEB, relative humidity was significantly lower than in CB. Perceived overall comfort was better in LEB. Conclusions:  Major mite allergen Der f 1 preferentially accumulates in buildings not specifically designed for low energy use, reaching levels at risk for sensitization. We hypothesize that controlled mechanical ventilation present in all audited LEB may favour lower air humidity and hence lower mite growth and allergen concentration, while preserving optimal perceived comfort.},
	keywords = {allergen, building, energy saving measures, Enhanced energy efficiency, mite, ventilation},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02230.x},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02230.x},
	author = {Spertini, F. and Berney, M. and Foradini, F. and Roulet, C.-A.}
}
@article {168,
	title = {A randomised trial of home energy efficiency improvement in the homes of elderly COPD patients},
	journal = {European Respiratory Journal},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {303{\textendash}309},
	publisher = {European Respiratory Society},
	abstract = {A randomised trial of 178 patients in Aberdeen, UK with a previous hospital admission for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was carried out in order to determine whether improving home energy efficiency improves health-related quality of life in COPD patients. 118 patients were randomised and 60 agreed to monitoring only. Energy efficiency upgrading was carried out in 42\% of homes randomised to intervention. Independent energy efficiency action was taken by 15\% of control participants and 18\% in the monitoring group. The main outcome measures were respiratory and general health status, home energy efficiency and hospital admissions. Intention-to-treat analysis found no difference in outcomes between the two groups. In 45 patients, who had energy efficiency action independent of original randomisation, there were significant improvements in respiratory symptom scores (adjusted mean 9.0, 95\% CI 2.5{\textendash}15.5), decreases in estimated annual fuel costs (-{\textsterling}65.3, 95\% CI -{\textsterling}31.9{\textendash} -{\textsterling}98.7) and improved home energy efficiency rating (1.1, 95\% CI 0{\textendash}1.4). COPD patients are unlikely to take up home energy efficiency upgrading, if offered. Secondary {\textquotedblleft}pragmatic{\textquotedblright} analysis suggests that those who do take action may achieve clinically significant improvement in respiratory health, which is not associated with an increase in indoor warmth.},
	keywords = {Energy efficiency},
	issn = {0903-1936},
	doi = {10.1183/09031936.00187708},
	url = {https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/35/2/303},
	author = {L. M. Osman and J. G. Ayres and Garden, C. and Reglitz, K. and Lyon, J. and J. G. Douglas}
}
@article {112,
	title = {Childhood Lead Poisoning: Conservative Estimates of the Social and Economic Benefits of Lead Hazard Control},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	volume = {117},
	year = {2009},
	month = {07/2009},
	pages = {1162{\textendash}1167},
	publisher = {Economic Policy Institute},
	abstract = {Background
This study is a cost{\textendash}benefit analysis that quantifies the social and economic benefits to household lead paint hazard control compared with the investments needed to minimize exposure to these hazards.

Objectives
This research updates estimates of elevated blood lead levels among a cohort of children <= 6 years of age and compiles recent research to determine a range of the costs of lead paint hazard control ($1{\textendash}$11 billion) and the benefits of reduction attributed to each cohort for health care ($11{\textendash}$53 billion), lifetime earnings ($165{\textendash}$233 billion), tax revenue ($25{\textendash}$35 billion), special education ($30{\textendash}$146 million), attention deficit{\textendash}hyperactivity disorder ($267 million), and the direct costs of crime ($1.7 billion).

Results
Each dollar invested in lead paint hazard control results in a return of $17{\textendash}$221 or a net savings of $181{\textendash}269 billion.

Conclusions
There are substantial returns to investing in lead hazard control, particularly targeted at early intervention in communities most likely at risk. Given the high societal costs of inaction, lead hazard control appears to be well worth the price.},
	keywords = {cost{\textendash}benefit, economics, Housing, lead poisoning},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0800408 },
	url = {https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/full/10.1289/ehp.0800408},
	author = {Elise Gould}
}
@article {173,
	title = {The effects on health of a publicly funded domestic heating programme: a prospective controlled study},
	journal = {Journal of Epidemiology \& Community Health},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {12{\textendash}17},
	publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group Ltd},
	abstract = {Objective: To assess the effect of a publicly funded domestic heating programme on self-reported health.Design, setting and participants: A prospective controlled study of 1281 households in Scotland receiving new central heating under a publicly funded initiative, and 1084 comparison households not receiving new heating. The main outcome measures were self-reported diagnosis of asthma, bronchitis, eczema, nasal allergy, heart disease, circulatory problems or high blood pressure; number of primary care encounters and hospital contacts in the past year; and SF-36 Health Survey scores.Results: Usable data were obtained from 61.4\% of 3849 respondents originally recruited. Heating recipients reported higher scores on the SF-36 Physical Functioning scale (difference 2.51; 95\% CI 0.67 to 4.37) and General Health scale (difference 2.57; 95\% CI 0.90 to 4.34). They were less likely to report having received a first diagnosis of heart disease (OR 0.69; 95\% CI 0.52 to 0.91) or high blood pressure (OR 0.77; 95\% CI 0.61 to 0.97), but the groups did not differ significantly in use of primary care or hospital services.Conclusions: Provision of central heating was associated with significant positive effects on general health and physical functioning; however, effect sizes were small. Evidence of a reduced risk of first diagnosis with heart disease or high blood pressure must be interpreted with caution, due to the self-reported nature of the outcomes, the limited time period and the failure to detect any difference in health service use.},
	keywords = {Energy efficiency},
	issn = {0143-005X},
	doi = {10.1136/jech.2008.074096},
	author = {Walker, J and Mitchell, R and Petticrew, M and Platt, S}
}
@article {180,
	title = {Heat recovery ventilators prevent respiratory disorders in Inuit children},
	journal = {Indoor Air},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {489-499},
	abstract = {Inuit infants have high rates of reported hospitalization for respiratory infection, associated with overcrowding and reduced ventilation. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial to determine whether home heat recovery ventilators (HRV) would improve ventilation and reduce the risk of respiratory illnesses in young Inuit children. Inuit children under 6  years of age living in several communities in Nunavut, Canada were randomized to receive an active or placebo HRV. We monitored respiratory symptoms, health center encounters, and indoor air quality for 6  months. HRVs were placed in 68 homes, and 51 houses could be analyzed. Subjects had a mean age of 26.8  months. Active HRVs brought indoor carbon dioxide concentrations to within recommended concentrations. Relative humidity was also reduced. Use of HRV, compared with placebo, was associated with a progressive fall in the odds ratio for reported wheeze of 12.3\% per week (95\%CI 1.9{\textendash}21.6\%, P  =  0.022). Rates of reported rhinitis were significantly lower in the HRV group than the placebo group in month 1 (odds ratio 0.20, 95\%CI 0.058{\textendash}0.69, P  =  0.011) and in month 4 (odds ratio 0.24, 95\%CI 0.054{\textendash}0.90, P  =  0.035). There were no significant reductions in the number of health center encounters, and there were no hospitalizations. Use of HRVs was associated with in improvement in air quality and reductions in reported respiratory symptoms in Inuit children. Practical Implications Reduced ventilation is common in the houses of Inuit children in arctic Canada, and is associated with an increased risk of respiratory infection. Installation of HRV brings indoor carbon dioxide concentration, as a marker of adequate ventilation, to within recommended concentrations, although relative humidity is also reduced. Installation of HRV is associated with improvements in indoor air quality, and a reduced risk of wheezing and rhinitis not associated with cold air exposure in young Inuit children. Further research is required to explore traditional Inuit cultural attitudes about air movement in dwellings.},
	keywords = {Bronchiolitis, Child, Inuits, Pneumonia, Preschool, Respiratory Tract Infections, ventilation, Wheezing},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00615.x},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00615.x},
	author = {Kovesi, T. and Zaloum, C. and Stocco, C. and Fugler, D. and R. E. Dales and Ni, A. and Barrowman, N. and N.L. Gilbert and J. D. Miller}
}
@article {175,
	title = {The effect of improving the thermal quality of cold housing on blood pressure and general health: a research note},
	journal = {Journal of Epidemiology \& Community Health},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {793{\textendash}797},
	publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group Ltd},
	abstract = {Objective: To examine the effect of improving the thermal quality of housing on blood pressure (BP) and general health.Design: A before and after study comparing the changes of the intervention with controls.Setting: Four blocks of flats in the Easthall area of Easterhouse in Glasgow.Participants: Residents of the four blocks who agreed to participate.Intervention: Two blocks of flats were upgraded from being cold, damp and mouldy to being comfortably warm, dry and mould free throughout.Main outcome measures: Changes in BP, general health and financial status.Results: In the intervention subjects, systolic and diastolic blood pressures fell very significantly (p\&lt;0.000). There was also an improvement in general health as reported subjectively, and as indicated by a reduction in the use of medication and in hospital admissions. In addition, there was a markedly reduced expenditure on heating costs and other previous expenses. There were no changes in the control subjects in any of these measures.Conclusion: Improving the thermal quality of housing to eliminate damp and mould and produce a comfortable temperature throughout the house has a major impact on the health of the residents. There are also financial benefits for the residents, and indirectly for the NHS.},
	keywords = {Enhanced energy efficiency},
	issn = {0143-005X},
	doi = {10.1136/jech.2007.067835},
	author = {E. L. Lloyd and McCormack, C and McKeever, M and Syme, M}
}
@article {172,
	title = {Effect of insulating existing houses on health inequality: cluster randomised study in the community},
	journal = {BMJ},
	volume = {334},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {460},
	publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group Ltd},
	abstract = {Objective To determine whether insulating existing houses increases indoor temperatures and improves occupants{\textquoteright} health and wellbeing.Design Community based, cluster, single blinded randomised study.Setting Seven low income communities in New Zealand.Participants 1350 households containing 4407 participants.Intervention Installation of a standard retrofit insulation package.Main outcome measures Indoor temperature and relative humidity, energy consumption, self reported health, wheezing, days off school and work, visits to general practitioners, and admissions to hospital.Results Insulation was associated with a small increase in bedroom temperatures during the winter (0.5{\textdegree}C) and decreased relative humidity (-2.3\%), despite energy consumption in insulated houses being 81\% of that in uninsulated houses. Bedroom temperatures were below 10{\textdegree}C for 1.7 fewer hours each day in insulated homes than in uninsulated ones. These changes were associated with reduced odds in the insulated homes of fair or poor self rated health (adjusted odds ratio 0.50, 95\% confidence interval 0.38 to 0.68), self reports of wheezing in the past three months (0.57, 0.47 to 0.70), self reports of children taking a day off school (0.49, 0.31 to 0.80), and self reports of adults taking a day off work (0.62, 0.46 to 0.83). Visits to general practitioners were less often reported by occupants of insulated homes (0.73, 0.62 to 0.87). Hospital admissions for respiratory conditions were also reduced (0.53, 0.22 to 1.29), but this reduction was not statistically significant (P=0.16).Conclusion Insulating existing houses led to a significantly warmer, drier indoor environment and resulted in improved self rated health, self reported wheezing, days off school and work, and visits to general practitioners as well as a trend for fewer hospital admissions for respiratory conditions.},
	keywords = {Energy efficiency},
	issn = {0959-8138},
	doi = {10.1136/bmj.39070.573032.80},
	url = {https://www.bmj.com/content/334/7591/460},
	author = {Howden-Chapman, Philippa and Matheson, Anna and Crane, Julian and Viggers, Helen and Cunningham, Malcolm and Blakely, Tony and Cunningham, Chris and Woodward, Alistair and Saville-Smith, Kay and O{\textquoteright}Dea, Des and Kennedy, Martin and Baker, Michael and Waipara, Nick and Chapman, Ralph and Davie, Gabrielle}
}
@article {138,
	title = {Energy, energy efficiency, and the built environment},
	journal = {The Lancet},
	volume = {370},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1175 - 1187},
	abstract = {Summary
Since the last decades of the 19th century, technological advances have brought substantial improvements in the efficiency with which energy can be exploited to service human needs. That trend has been accompanied by an equally notable increase in energy consumption, which strongly correlates with socioeconomic development. Nonetheless, feasible gains in the efficiency and technology of energy use in towns and cities and in homes have the potential to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse-gas emissions, and to improve health, for example, through protection against temperature-related morbidity and mortality, and the alleviation of fuel poverty. A shift towards renewable energy production would also put increasing focus on cleaner energy carriers, especially electricity, but possibly also hydrogen, which would have benefits to urban air quality. In low-income countries, a vital priority remains the dissemination of affordable technology to alleviate the burdens of indoor air pollution and other health effects in individuals obliged to rely on biomass fuels for cooking and heating, as well as the improvement in access to electricity, which would have many benefits to health and wellbeing.},
	issn = {0140-6736},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61255-0},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673607612550},
	author = {Paul Wilkinson and Kirk R. Smith and Sean Beevers and Cathryn Tonne and Tadj Oreszczyn}
}
@article {43,
	title = {Monetary benefits of preventing childhood lead poisoning with lead-safewindow replacement},
	journal = {Environmental Research },
	volume = {106},
	year = {2007},
	month = {10/2007},
	pages = {410-419},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {Previous estimates of childhood lead poisoning prevention benefits have quantified the present value of some health benefits, but not the costs of lead paint hazard control or the benefits associated with housing and energy markets. Because older housing with lead paint constitutes the main exposure source today in the US, we quantify health benefits, costs, market value benefits, energy savings, and net economic benefits of lead-safe window replacement (which includes paint stabilization and other measures). The benefit per resident child from improved lifetime earnings alone is $21,195 in pre-1940 housing and $8685 in 1940{\textendash}59 housing (in 2005 dollars). Annual energy savings are $130{\textendash}486 per housing unit, with or without young resident children, with an associated increase in housing market value of$5900{\textendash}14,300 per housing unit, depending on home size and number of windows replaced. Net benefits are $4490{\textendash}5,629 for each housing unit built before 1940, and $491{\textendash}1629 for each unit built from 1940{\textendash}1959, depending on home size and number of windows replaced.Lead-safe window replacement in all pre-1960 US housing would yield net benefits of at least $67 billion, which does not include many other benefits. These other benefits, which are shown in this paper, include avoided Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, other medical costs of childhood lead exposure, avoided special education, and reduced crime and juvenile delinquency in later life. In addition,such a window replacement effort would reduce peak demand for electricity, carbon emissions from power plants, and associated long-term costs of climate change.},
	keywords = {Climate change, Cost benefit analysis, Energy efficiency, Housing, lead poisoning},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2007.09.003},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935107001909},
	author = {Rick Nevin and David E. Jacobs and Michael Berg and Jonathan Cohen}
}
@article {107,
	title = {Evaluation of HUD-funded lead hazard control treatments at 6 years post-intervention},
	journal = {Environmental Research},
	volume = {102},
	year = {2006},
	month = {6/2006},
	pages = {237-248},
	publisher = {Elsevier Inc. },
	abstract = {The Evaluation of the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program (Evaluation) was a HUD-funded study of the effectiveness of lead hazard control (LHC) treatments conducted by 14 grantees in communities across the country. A stratified random sampling scheme was used to select treated units at four grantee sites for continued environmental assessment at 6 years post-intervention. The study compared the relative effectiveness after 6 years of the different classes of interventions used by the grantees, after controlling for such factors as housing conditions and characteristics and resident and neighborhood characteristics. Geometric mean dust-lead levels on floors and window sills were 11\% and 23\% lower, respectively, at 6 years post-intervention than at any preceding point following the intervention. Although geometric mean window trough dust-lead levels were slightly higher at 6 years post-intervention than at other post-intervention time periods, they were still over 75\% lower than before intervention. Treatment at more-intensive levels was associated with lower window sill and window trough dust-lead levels; however, statistical modeling found no significant difference in floor dust-lead loadings over time between the levels of treatment; however, significant differences in window sill and window trough dust-lead levels between treatment levels were evident. Findings from the 6-Year Extension study indicate that across all grantees and treatment strategies the treatments applied were effective at significantly reducing environmental lead levels on floors, window sills, and window troughs at least 6 years following the intervention.},
	keywords = {HUD lead hazard control grant program, Interior dust lead levels, Lead based paint, lead poisoning},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2006.04.007},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935106000818?via\%3Dihub$\#$aep-section-id28},
	author = {Jonathan Wilson and Tim Pivetz and Peter Ashley and David E. Jacobs and Warren Strauss and John Menkedick and Sherry L. Dixon and Hsing-Chuan Tsai and Vincent Brown and Warren Friedman and Warren A. Galke and Scott Clark}
}
@article {118,
	title = {Validation of a 20-year forecast of US childhood lead poisoning: Updated prospects for 2010},
	journal = {Environmental Research},
	volume = {102},
	year = {2006},
	month = {02/2006},
	pages = {352-364},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {We forecast childhood lead poisoning and residential lead paint hazard prevalence for 1990{\textendash}2010, based on a previously unvalidated model that combines national blood lead data with three different housing data sets. The housing data sets, which describe trends in housing demolition, rehabilitation, window replacement, and lead paint, are the American Housing Survey, the Residential Energy Consumption Survey, and the National Lead Paint Survey. Blood lead data are principally from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. New data now make it possible to validate the midpoint of the forecast time period. For the year 2000, the model predicted 23.3 million pre-1960 housing units with lead paint hazards, compared to an empirical HUD estimate of 20.6 million units. Further, the model predicted 498,000 children with elevated blood lead levels (EBL) in 2000, compared to a CDC empirical estimate of 434,000. The model predictions were well within 95\% confidence intervals of empirical estimates for both residential lead paint hazard and blood lead outcome measures. The model shows that window replacement explains a large part of the dramatic reduction in lead poisoning that occurred from 1990 to 2000. Here, the construction of the model is described and updated through 2010 using new data. Further declines in childhood lead poisoning are achievable, but the goal of eliminating children{\textquoteright}s blood lead levels ⩾10 μg/dL by 2010 is unlikely to be achieved without additional action. A window replacement policy will yield multiple benefits of lead poisoning prevention, increased home energy efficiency, decreased power plant emissions, improved housing affordability, and other previously unrecognized benefits. Finally, combining housing and health data could be applied to forecasting other housing-related diseases and injuries.},
	keywords = {Childhood lead poisoning, Forecast methodology, Health care, Healthy housing, Housing, Lead, Lead paint, Policy, WindowsEnergy conservation},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2005.12.015},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935105002045},
	author = {David E. Jacobs and Rick Nevin}
}
@article {171,
	title = {The Watcombe housing study: The short-term effect of improving housing conditions on the indoor environment},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	volume = {361},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {73 - 80},
	abstract = {A three-year study (1999{\textendash}2001) was initiated in the UK to assess the effect of improving housing conditions in 3{\textendash}4 bedroom, single-family unit, social rented sector houses on the health of the occupants. The houses were randomised into two groups. Phase I houses received extensive upgrading including wet central heating, on demand ventilation, double-glazed doors, cavity wall and roof/loft insulation. An identical intervention for Phase II houses was delayed for one year. As part of this randomised waiting list study, discrete measurements were made of indoor environmental variables in each house, to assess the short-term effects of improving housing conditions on the indoor environment. Variables representative of indoor environmental conditions were measured in the living room, bedroom and outdoors in each of the three years of the study. In 2000, there was a significant difference between the changes from 1999 to 2000 between Phase I (upgraded) and II (not then upgraded) houses for bedroom temperatures (p=0.002). Changes in wall surface dampness and wall dampness in Phase I houses were also significantly different to the change in Phase II houses in 2000 (p=0.001), but by 2001 the Phase I houses had reverted to the same dampness levels they had before upgrading. The housing upgrades increased bedroom temperatures in all houses. Other indoor environmental variables were not affected.},
	keywords = {Housing and health, Housing upgrades, Indoor air quality, Randomised trial, Social housing},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.05.007},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969705003773},
	author = {George Richardson and Andrew Barton and Meryl Basham and Chris Foy and Susan Ann Eick and Margaret Somerville}
}
@article {109,
	title = {Effectiveness of lead-hazard control interventions on dust lead loadings: Findings from the evaluation of the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program},
	journal = {Environmental Research},
	volume = {98},
	year = {2005},
	month = {04/2005},
	pages = {303-314},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {From 1994 to 1999, the Evaluation of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program studied the intervention experiences of over 2800 homes in 11 states in the USA. Each interior intervention was categorized as (in order of increasing intensity) (a) cleaning/spot painting; (b) complete repainting; (c) complete repainting plus window treatments; (d) window abatement plus treatments to other components; (e) abatement of all lead-based paint hazards; or (f) abatement of all lead-based paint. Complete dust testing and environmental data were available for 1034 and 278 dwellings through 12 and 36 months postintervention, respectively. Strategies ranging from complete repainting to window abatement plus other treatments reduced geometric mean preintervention windowsill and floor dust lead loadings up to 36 months postintervention (reductions for complete repainting, from 16 to 5 μg/ft2 on floors and 182 to 88 μg/ft2 on sills; for window abatement plus other treatments, 27{\textendash}8 μg/ft2 on floors and 570{\textendash}124 μg/ft2 on sills). Full abatement reduced windowsill and floor loadings from baseline to 12 months postintervention [95{\textendash}6 μg/ft2 on floors and 518{\textendash}30 μg/ft2 on sills (data were not available for this strategy at 36 months)]. Window lead-hazard abatement was the most effective measure to reduce dust lead loadings on windows, but this treatment would need to be performed in conjunction with treatments to floors as well as exterior and soil treatments for the most effective control of dust lead on floors.},
	keywords = {Dust wipe sampling, Lead abatement, Lead based paint, Lead dust, Lead hazard control, lead poisoning},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2005.02.002},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935105000216?via\%3Dihub},
	author = {Sherry L. Dixon and Jonathan Wilson and Scott Clark and Warren A. Galke and Paul A. Succop and Mei Chen}
}
@article {19,
	title = {Costs and Benefits of Enforcing Housing Policies to Prevent Childhood Lead Poisoning},
	journal = {Medical Decision Making},
	volume = {22 },
	year = {2002},
	month = {12/2002},
	pages = {482-492},
	abstract = {Background. Lead poisoning remains an important, yet entirely preventable disease among young children. This article compares the costs and benefits of strict versus limited enforcement of lead poisoning prevention housing policies in preventing additional cases of childhood blood lead elevation.Methods. The author conducted decision analysis using population-based data that compared recurrence of childhood lead exposure in 2 urban areas with different enforcement capacity, and cost data from a federal project and from medical and public health literature.Results. Strict enforcement prevented additional cases, resulting in $45,360 savings from decreased medical and education costs and increased productivity for protected children. The model was robust to changing estimates of followup, housing repairs, relocation, and increases in lead levels over baseline. No cost savings were realized by strict enforcement if the probability of recurrence in limited units was 44\% lower than estimated, or if fewer children were identified in limited versus strict enforcement units. If the discount rate for future productivity losses was >=7.5\%, strict enforcement did not lower costs.Conclusion. This analysis suggests that strict enforcement of housing policies to prevent childhood blood lead elevation results in decreased societal costs due to the avoidance of future medical and special education and to increased productivity of resident children.},
	keywords = {cost benefit, housing code enforcement, lead poisoning},
	doi = { 10.1177/0272989X02238298},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0272989X02238298},
	author = {Mary Jean Brown}
}
@book {132,
	title = {Indoor air quality handbook},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {McGraw Hill Professional},
	organization = {McGraw Hill Professional},
	keywords = {Indoor air quality},
	author = {John D. Spengler and John F. McCarthy and Jonathan M. Samet}
}
@article {182,
	title = {Mechanical ventilation and high-efficiency vacuum cleaning: A combined strategy of mite and mite allergen reduction in the control of mite-sensitive asthma},
	journal = {Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {75 - 82},
	abstract = {Background: The relationship between exposure to house dust mite (HDM) allergens and prevalence of sensitization to these allergens in patients with asthma has been confirmed in many studies. Mite population growth is regulated by humidity. Reducing humidity and removing allergen by efficient vacuuming should control mite allergen and reduce symptoms. Objective: We sought to investigate the effect of mechanical ventilation and high-efficiency vacuuming on HDM numbers and Der p 1 concentrations in the homes of mite-sensitive asthmatic subjects and to evaluate the effect of any reductions on symptoms. Methods: The homes of 40 HDM-sensitive asthmatic subjects were randomized to receive (1) mechanical ventilation and a high-efficiency vacuum cleaner (HEVC); (2) mechanical ventilation alone; (3) an HEVC alone; and (4) no intervention. Homes and patients were monitored for 12 months. Change in absolute humidity, mite numbers, Der p 1 concentrations, lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and symptom scores were analyzed. Results: Homes with mechanical ventilation achieved significantly lower humidity levels than those without (P < .001), with an associated reduction of mite numbers (P < .05) and Der p 1 concentrations (P < .001 [in nanograms per gram},
	keywords = {allergy, ASTHMA, Der p 1, house dust mites, Humidity, ventilation},
	issn = {0091-6749},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(00)90181-7},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674900901817},
	author = {Jill A. Warner and Jeanette M. Frederick and Trevor N. Bryant and Christine Weich and Gary J. Raw and Colin Hunter and Frank R. Stephen and Donald A. McIntyre and John O. Warner}
}
@article {111,
	title = {Childhood Lead Poisoning: Solving a Health and Housing Problem},
	journal = {Cityscape},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1996},
	month = {09/1996},
	pages = {167-181},
	publisher = {US Department of Housing and Urban Development},
	abstract = {Lead poisoning is the Nation{\textquoteright}s number one children{\textquoteright}s environmental health problem. Children are poisoned primarily by ingesting lead from household dust in older, low-rent housing. The best way to prevent this situation is to make housing in which young children live or likely to live lead safe. The Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction and Financing Task Force recommended a set of lead-safe standards that would protect children and would be feasible for property owners. It also proposed that, if a resident child were found to have an elevated blood lead level, owners who could document compliance with the standards be afforded some liability relief. Complying owners would then become eligible for liability insurance and financing. HUD is working with State and local governments and the real estate, lending, and insurance industries to develop programs to implement the Task Force{\textquoteright}s recommendations.},
	keywords = {Blood, Chemical hazards, Children Insurance industry, Housing Lead poisoning, Lead hazards, lead poisoning, Liability insurance, Property ownership},
	author = {Nick Farr and Cushing N. Dolbeare}
}
@article {183,
	title = {Clinical efficacy of reduction in house-dust mite exposure in specially designed, mechanically ventilated {\textquotedblleft}healthy{\textquotedblright} homes},
	journal = {Allergy},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {866-870},
	abstract = {In temperate climates, energy-conserving measures may increase indoor humidity, enhancing house-dust mite (HDM) growth. Movement of families to {\textquotedblleft}healthy{\textquotedblright} homes with mechanical ventilation systems reduced HDM exposure. The effect on asthma control of moving to the {\textquotedblleft}healthy{\textquotedblright} homes was studied in 14 asthmatic patients allergic to HDM. Base-line evaluations of lung function, asthma symptoms, and medication requirements were made before moving and again after 5 and 15 months{\textquoteright} residence. A control group of 11 mite-sensitive asthmatic patients who did not move were examined contemporaneously with the study group at base line and at the first follow-up investigation. After 5 months, the residents of the {\textquotedblleft}healthy{\textquotedblright} homes improved in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), medicine score, and serum IgE. These changes were significantly different from control group measurements. After 15 months, statistically significant improvements from base line were found in FEV1, average daily peak expiratory flow values, medicine score, symptom score, and serum IgE. Insignificant trends toward improvement were seen in provocation concentration of histamine and blood eosinophils. A significant relation was found between reduction in medicine score and fall in HDM exposure. The present study shows that a specific HDM-avoidance procedure can result in an overall, clinical improvement in HDM-sensitive asthmatic patients.},
	keywords = {allergens, asthma prevention and control, environmental exposure, mites, ventilation},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb00789.x},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb00789.x},
	author = {Harving, H. and Korsgaard, J. and Dahl, R.}
}
